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Effects of carbon dioxide therapy on the healing of acute skin wounds induced on the back of rats

Abstract

PURPOSE: To evaluate the healing effect of carbon dioxide therapy on skin wounds induced on the back of rats. METHODS: Sixteen rats underwent excision of a round dermal-epidermal dorsal skin flap of 2.5 cm in diameter. The animals were divided into two groups, as follows: carbon dioxide group - subcutaneous injections of carbon dioxide on the day of operation and at three, six and nine days postoperatively; control group - no postoperative wound treatment. Wounds were photographed on the day of operation and at six and 14 days postoperatively for analysis of wound area and major diameter. All animals were euthanized on day 14 after surgery. The dorsal skin and the underlying muscle layer containing the wound were resected for histopathological analysis. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference between groups in the percentage of wound closure, in histopathological findings, or in the reduction of wound area and major diameter at 14 days postoperatively. CONCLUSION: Under the experimental conditions in which this study was conducted, carbon dioxide therapy had no effects on the healing of acute skin wounds in rats.

Wound Healing; Carbon Dioxide; Skin; Rats


3 - ORIGINAL ARTICLE

WOUND HEALING

Effects of carbon dioxide therapy on the healing of acute skin wounds induced on the back of rats1 Correspondence: João Batista de Sousa Universidade de Brasília Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro-Faculdade de Medicina Laboratório de Cirurgia Experimental 70910-900 Brasília - DF Brasil Tel.: (55 61)9984-2845 sousajb@unb.br

Maria Vitória Carmo PenhavelI; Victor Henrique Tavares NascimentoII; Eliana Ferreira Ribeiro DurãesIII; Fabiana Pirani CarneiroIV; João Batista de SousaV

IGraduate student, School of Medicine, University of Brasilia(UnB), Brasilia-DF, Brazil. Acquisition and interpretation of data, technical procedures, statistical analysis, manuscript writing

IIGraduate student, School of Medicine, UnB, Brasilia-DF, Brazil. Acquisition and interpretation of data, technical procedures, statistical analysis, critical revision

IIIFellow Master degree, Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, UnB, Brasilia-DF, Brazil. Technical procedures, statistical analysis, interpretation of data, critical revision

IVPhD, Associate Professor of Pathology, School of Medicine, UnB, Brasilia-DF, Brazil. Macroscopic and histopathological examinations, interpretation of data, critical revision

VPhD, Associate Professor of Surgery, School of Medicine, UnB, Brasilia-DF, Brazil. Intellectual and scientific content of the study, design the protocol, technical procedures, interpretation of data, manuscript writing, critical revision

Correspondence Correspondence: João Batista de Sousa Universidade de Brasília Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro-Faculdade de Medicina Laboratório de Cirurgia Experimental 70910-900 Brasília - DF Brasil Tel.: (55 61)9984-2845 sousajb@unb.br

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To evaluate the healing effect of carbon dioxide therapy on skin wounds induced on the back of rats.

METHODS: Sixteen rats underwent excision of a round dermal-epidermal dorsal skin flap of 2.5 cm in diameter. The animals were divided into two groups, as follows: carbon dioxide group - subcutaneous injections of carbon dioxide on the day of operation and at three, six and nine days postoperatively; control group - no postoperative wound treatment. Wounds were photographed on the day of operation and at six and 14 days postoperatively for analysis of wound area and major diameter. All animals were euthanized on day 14 after surgery. The dorsal skin and the underlying muscle layer containing the wound were resected for histopathological analysis.

RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference between groups in the percentage of wound closure, in histopathological findings, or in the reduction of wound area and major diameter at 14 days postoperatively.

CONCLUSION: Under the experimental conditions in which this study was conducted, carbon dioxide therapy had no effects on the healing of acute skin wounds in rats.

Key words: Wound Healing. Carbon Dioxide. Skin. Rats.

Introduction

Wound healing consists in a coordinated cascade of cellular and molecular events that interact to allow tissue repair. Tissue injury triggers healing and initiates a series of temporally overlapping phases, including inflammation, new tissue formation, and tissue remodeling. Immediately after injury, the repair process is initiated by the action of a number of growth factors, cytokines, and products released from platelets and injured blood vessels. After the formation of the blood clot, inflammatory cells invade the wound tissue and exert functions of protection against contaminating microorganisms, being also an important source of growth factors and cytokines, which initiate the proliferative phase of wound healing. The proliferative phase starts with the migration and proliferation of keratinocytes at the wound edge and is followed by multiplication of dermal fibroblasts in the neighborhood of the injured tissue. Subsequently, fibroblasts begin to produce large amounts of extracellular matrix. Still in the proliferative phase, the granulation tissue is formed, name given by the granular appearance due to the presence of newly formed capillaries, which are essential for the repair process. Finally, a transition from granulation tissue to mature scar occurs, characterized by continued collagen synthesis and degradation. The scar tissue is mechanically insufficient and lacks epidermal appendages1,2.

Since ancient times, man has tried to interfere in the tissue repair process. In recent decades, much effort has been devoted to identify substances and techniques in wound management which are able to promote healing. The search for substances with angiogenic activity has also been enhanced because of their great potential for clinical application. However, due to the high prevalence of complicated chronic ulcers, associated with organic diseases and disorders, wound healing remains a challenging clinical problem3.

The controlled injection of carbon dioxide (CO2) or CO2 therapy has been used as a simple, safe, biocompatible, low-cost treatment option for wound management. CO2 therapy requires a portable device that enables subcutaneous application of CO2 for therapeutic purposes4.

The percutaneous route was the first to be used by means of CO2-enriched water baths to treat peripheral vascular diseases5. Injections of CO2 in the skin and adipose tissue have been widely used in aesthetic medicine with good results6-8. Studies have demonstrated that CO2 plays a role in the recovery of granulation tissue in chronic venous insufficiency ulcers9, and stimulates granulation in acute and chronic ulcers10.

The search for better clarification about the healing process and the factors able to modify it is of fundamental importance for daily surgical practice. Therefore researchers remain extremely committed to the study of healing in different experimental models11-13.

This study aimed to evaluate the healing effect of CO2 therapy on skin wounds induced in rats.

Methods

All experiments and procedures were carried out in accordance with the ethical principals involving animals in research defined by the Brazilian College for Animal Experimentation (COBEA), affiliated with the International Council for Laboratory Animal Science, and conformed to the Brazilian guidelines involving animals in research (Federal Law No. 6638 of 1979). The study was approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of University of Brasilia, School of Medicine (protocol no. 52439/2011).

Sixteen adult male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus albinus, Rodentia mammalia), with initial body weight of 188 to 386g and about 60 days of age, were used in the study. For seven days preoperatively, the animals were housed individually in home cages, maintained on a 12:12 light/dark cycle at room temperature and humidity, and had free access to water and specific chow (Purina®, Labina Ltda., Campinas-SP, Brazil).

Experimental design

The animals were randomly divided into two groups of eight individuals each to receive either subcutaneous injections of CO2 on the day of operation and at three, six and nine days postoperatively (CO2 group) or no postoperative wound treatment (control group). All animals were killed on day 14 after surgery.

Surgical procedure

The animals were anesthetized with xylazine hydrochloride (10 mg/kg body weight) and ketamine hydrochloride (75 mg/kg body weight) intramuscularly. All surgical procedures were performed by same team.

After an adequate level of anesthesia was obtained, the animals were fixed in the prone position on a surgical board. Before surgical intervention, an area on the dorsal region of each rat was shaved and aseptically prepared with 2% chlorhexidine gluconate. All animals in both groups underwent the same surgical procedure. The center of the shaved area was previously demarcated with a dermatological metallic punch of 2.5 cm in diameter, and the excision of the skin flap was completed using a scalpel (Figure 1). Hemostasis was achieved by digital compression of the bleeding point with gauze. Then, animals in the experimental group received CO2 injected subcutaneously into the wound edge by inserting the needle directed toward the center of the wound (Figure 2). Animals in the control group received no postoperative wound treatment.

FIGURE 1
- Skin excision. Detail of the “punched-out” area, which was resected respecting the muscle layer.
FIGURE 2
- Carbon dioxide (CO2) therapy. Subcutaneous injection of CO2 into the wound edge, with the needle directed toward the center of the wound.

CO2 therapy was performed again at three, six and nine days postoperatively in the experimental animals. All animals, including control rats, were previously anesthetized on the days mentioned above. Neither group received occlusive dressing after application of treatment. At the end of the procedures, the animals were placed back in their respective cages under the same preoperative conditions.

Postsurgical wound progression

With the animals fixed on the surgical board, minor and major wound diameters were measured using calipers for comparison with the standard initial measurement. At this moment, wounds were photographed using a digital camera. This procedure was performed on the day of operation and at six and 14 days postoperatively. The images were transferred to ImageJ® software and, after outlining the wound boundary using the polyline method (demarcation of all points of the wound), all images were analyzed for wound area and major diameter.

Collection of material for analysis

On the 14th postoperative day, all 16 animals were anesthetized with ketamine and xylazine intramuscularly. Then, a dorsal block containing the wound and the underlying muscle layer was resected. The animals were killed with a lethal dose of thiopental intraperitoneally (25 mg/kg). The specimens were fixed in formalin for histopathological analysis.

Histopathology

For histopathological analysis, paraffin-embedded specimens were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and examined under an optical microscope. The amount of collagen, fibroblasts, and polymorphonuclear and mononuclear infiltration was analyzed and graded on a scale of 0 to 3, with 0 indicating absence, 1 mild amount, 2 moderate amount, and 3 marked amount of the analyzed parameter. Newly formed vessels were quantified in five high-power fields. The presence or absence of re-epithelialization, foreign body, abscesses or hair follicles in the scar tissue were also documented.

Statistical analysis

Data were analyzed using SigmaStat® version 3.5. Wound areas and major diameters in experimental and control groups, on each experimental day, were compared using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Fisher's exact test and the chi-square test were used to evaluate histological variables. The level of significance was set at p<0.05.

Results

Wound measurements

A comparison of wound areas between CO2 and control groups, on day 0 and postoperative day 6, showed no statistically significant difference (p=0.220 and p=0.090, respectively), although on postoperative day 6 the CO2 group showed a mean wound area smaller than that of controls. On postoperative day 14, there was also no significant difference in wound area between groups (p=0.157) (Table 1).

TABLE 1
- Wound area (cm2) in control and carbon dioxide (CO2) groups.

SD = standard deviation.

Regarding the measurement of wound major diameter, there was no statistically significant difference between groups on any experimental day.

The percentage of wound closure from day 0 to postoperative day 6 showed no statistically significant difference in the comparison between groups (p=0.182). However, a higher percentage of wound closure was observed in the CO2 group compared to the control group (64.8% and 59.5%, respectively).

Microscopic evaluation

Tables 2, 3 and 4 show the histological comparison between groups on postoperative day 14, revealing no statistically significant difference in any factor analyzed. Although not statistically significant, the number of neovessels in the CO2 group, as observed in high-power microscopic fields, was larger than that of controls (Figure 3).

TABLE 2
- Histological comparison between control and carbon dioxide (CO2) groups on the 14th postoperative day.

CO2 X control, p=0.105.

TABLE 3
- Histological comparison between control and carbon dioxide (CO2) groups on the 14th postoperative day (2).
TABLE 4
- Comparison between control and carbon dioxide (CO2) groups - quantifi cation of newly formed vessels on the 14th postoperative day.

SD = standard deviation.

FIGURE 3
- Photomicrograph of repair tissue of rat skin - 14 days postoperatively. A. Carbon dioxide group; B. Control group (H&E, 40x). Greater amount of neovessels in A (arrow).

Discussion

The present study investigated the possible effect of controlled subcutaneous injection of CO2 as an experimental procedure on wounds induced on the back of rats. According to available literature, CO2 therapy is a biocompatible treatment, which is easy to perform, has properties of neoangiogenesis and tissue repair, and contributes to healing in animal models and humans.

The increase in CO2 tissue concentration in the microcirculation, caused by controlled injection of this gas, leads to a reduction in pH and an immediate increase in oxygen availability to tissues through the Bohr effect. As a final consequence of the reduction in pH and the release of mediators, vasomotor effects on the microcirculation, neoangiogenesis and fibrogenesis in the extracellular matrix are observed4,9. Ito et al.5 using CO2 percutaneously, provided experimental support for the clinical use of CO2-enriched water bathing in the treatment of skin circulatory disorders and ulcers.

According to Piazzolla at al.4, in a preliminary experience with carbon dioxide therapy in the treatment of pressure ulcers in a bedridden elderly patient, this treatment is especially beneficial for elderly adults with pressure ulcers due to immobility because they may have injections at home, avoiding hospitalization.

Abramo and Teixeira9 administered CO2 therapy by subcutaneous injection in 10 patients with chronic venous ulcers of the lower limbs, with a mean ulcer duration of 12.5 months. The authors used a 72-hour interval between CO2 application sessions, similar to what was proposed in our study. Although the authors found no significant reduction in wound dimensions, all wounds showed increased numbers of macrophages and fibroblasts and improved granulation tissue after treatment.

Those and other studies supporting the efficacy of CO2 therapy have used this treatment in patients with chronic ulcers, especially ulcers due to venous insufficiency. Such results are best explained by the effect of CO2 therapy on clinical conditions or diseases that involve, in their pathophysiology, tissue hypo-oxygenation9. These conditions differ from those investigated in this study, which analyzed acute ulcers induced in healthy animals. This may explain the discordant results, since there was no statistical significance when comparing wound area reduction and histopathological parameters between the group receiving CO2 therapy and untreated control animals. Furthermore, despite using the same treatment, a discrepancy between the results obtained in chronic ulcers, of any etiology, and those in acute ulcers is expected, since the latter have a different microenvironment and healing pattern. Differences at the level of proinflammatory cytokines, proteases, cell mitosis and growth factors between a healing ulcer and difficult-to-heal ulcers emphasize the need for specific therapies for each type of wound14.

In the present study, the animals receiving CO2 therapy showed greater neovascularization than controls, although without statistical significance. In agreement with this observation, Wollina et al.10, studying patients with chronic ulcers of different origin and patients with acute surgical wounds undergoing CO2 therapy, found clinical evidence of improvement in granulation, even in acute ulcers. Other studies have also highlighted the neoangiogenic properties of CO2 therapy, even proposing the involvement of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and nitric oxide (NO) formation in this mechanism15.

Nevertheless, further studies involving a larger sample of animals are warranted to clarify the beneficial effect of CO2 therapy on acute ulcers. Serial wound biopsies may also be used in order to evaluate the effect of CO2 therapy on each developmental phase of wound healing.

Conclusion

Carbon dioxide therapy had no effects on the healing of acute skin wounds induced in rats.

Received: January 23, 2013

Review: March 21, 2013

Accepted: April 22, 2013

Conflict of interest: none

Financial source: none

1 Research performed at Experimental Surgery Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of Brasilia (UnB), Brazil.

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  • Correspondence:
    João Batista de Sousa
    Universidade de Brasília
    Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro-Faculdade de Medicina
    Laboratório de Cirurgia Experimental
    70910-900 Brasília - DF Brasil
    Tel.: (55 61)9984-2845
  • Publication Dates

    • Publication in this collection
      20 May 2013
    • Date of issue
      May 2013

    History

    • Received
      23 Jan 2013
    • Accepted
      22 Apr 2013
    • Reviewed
      21 Mar 2013
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