Dexmedetomidine protects against renal ischemia and reperfusion injury by inhibiting the P38-MAPK/TXNIP signaling activation in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats ¹

Abstract

Purpose:

To determine whether dexmedetomidine (DEX) could attenuate acute kidney injury (AKI) induced by ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats.

Methods:

Four groups each containing six rats were created (sham control(S), diabetes-sham (DS), diabetes I/R (DI/R), and diabetes-I/R-dexmedetomidine (DI/R-DEX). In diabetes groups, single-dose (65 mg/kg) STZ was administered intraperitoneally (i.p.). In Group DI/R, ischemia reperfusion was produced via 25 min of bilateral renal pedicle clamping followed by 48 h of reperfusion. In Group DI/R-DEX, 50 μg/kg dexmedetomidine was administered intraperitoneally 30 minutes before ischemia. Renal function, histology, apoptosis, the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and oxidative stress in diabetic kidney were determined. Moreover, expression of P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (P38-MAPK), phosphorylated-P38-MAPK(p-P38-MAPK) and thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) were assessed.

Results:

The degree of renal I/R injury was significantly increased in DI/R group compared with S group and DS group. The levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, oxidative stress and apoptosis were found significantly higher in DI/R Group when compared with S Group and DS Group. The protein expression of p-P38-MAPK and TXNIP were significantly increased after I/R. All these changes were reversed by DEX treatment.

Conclusion:

The renoprotective effects of DEX-pretreatment which attenuates I/R-induced AKI were partly through inhibition of P38-MAPK activation and expression of TXINP in diabetic kidney.

Key words:
Dexmedetomidine; p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; Diabetes Mellitus; Kidney; Ischemia; Reperfusion; Rats.

Introduction

Acute kidney injury(AKI) is a common syndrome that is associated with incrased morbidity rates and affects many hospitalized patients1. The foremost causes of AKI include ischemia-reperfusion(I/R) injury, hypoxia or nephrotoxicity¹, all of which is involved in excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to initiate a cascade of deleterious cellular responses². Diabetes has been identified as an independent risk factor for AKI³, and AKI will be more serious in diabetic condition^4-5. This is related to inflammatory response and apoptosis. However, the underlying mechanisms in which inflammatory reaction and oxidative stress exerts adverse effects in ischemia-reperfusion induced AKI are not clear.

The thioredoxin(TRX) as a ROS scavenging system keep the balance of intracelluar reduction/oxidation⁶. TRX-interacting protein(TXNIP) is an intracelluar endogenous inhibitor of TRX⁷. It is reported that TXNIP could be up-regulated by high glucose in HK-2 cells⁸, and is involved in podocyte injury during diabetic nephropathy(DN)⁹. Moreover, TXNIP contributes to myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in diabetic mice¹⁰. However, the role of TXNIP in diabetic kidney to ischemia injury is unknown.

P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (P38-MAPK) plays an important role in intracellular responses. Activation of P38 pathway is involved in human renal disease, including diabetic nephropathy and acute renal failure¹¹. Previous studies have demonstrated that P38-MAPK pathway contributes to the HG-induced upregulation of TXNIP expression and further increases intracellular ROS level¹². However, the influence of P38-MAPK on TXNIP expression in combined ischemia and diabetes is unknown.

Dexmedetomidine (DEX), as a highly selective α2-adrenergic receptors agonist, is used for clinical anesthesia¹³. Pharmacologic benefits of DEX include sedation, analgesia, as well as anti-inflammatory¹⁴. Moreover, the beneficial effects of DEX have been showed to ameliorate I/R injury(I/RI) in many organs including kidney¹⁵ and recent studies have showed the protective effects of the brain and heart through anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic and anti-oxidative stress in diabetic rats^16-17. However, the protective effects of DEX in diabetic kidney to ischemia-reperfusion injury have not been thoroughly investigated. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the protective effects of DEX in kidney against diabetic combined I/R induced injury. We hypothesized that DEX could suppress inflammatory response and oxidative stress in diabetic kidney during I/RI. Furthermore, we examined whether DEX could attenuate I/RI in diabetic kidney through inhibiting P38-MAPK activation and TXNIP expression.

Methods

Animals grouping and induction of diabetes

All the experiments complied with Ethics Committee of Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University. Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats (250-300g, purchased from Beijing HFK Bioscience Co. Ltd, Beijing, China.) were used in this study. All the rats were maintained in the animal center of Wuhan University and kept under constant conditions at a temperature of 25±1^oC with a 12h dark/light cycle and had free access to food and water for one week before setting up the diabetic model.

Twenty-four rats were randomly divided into four groups each consisting of six rats: Group S(non-diabetic rats were used as sham control group); Group DS(diabetic rats were used as diabetic sham control group); Group DI/R(diabetic rats were subjected to I/R); and Group DI/R-DEX(diabetic rats received 50µg/kg of DEX (Hengrui, Jiangsu, China) injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) 30 minutes prior to I/R¹⁵ ). Diabetes was induced by a single injection of STZ (65mg/kg, i.p.) (Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis. MO, USA) which was dissolved in citrate buffer (0.1 Molar, pH 4.5). Two weeks after the STZ-induced injection, animals had a blood glucose level more than 300 mg/dl were accepted as type-1diabetic¹⁸. These rats were used 4 weeks after STZ-induced5. Prior to the induction of I/R, diabetic rats were not given food but had free access for drinking.

Establishment of rat kidney I/R model

Renal I/R was induced as previously described⁵. Briefly, the rats were anesthetized through intraperitoneal injection pentobarbital sodium (60mg/kg). The anesthetized rats were placed on a thermostatically controlled heating pad and kept body temperature at 37^oC. A middle laparotomy was performed. The kidneys were located inside the peritoneum and the renal pedicles were carefully isolated. The rats were subjected to bilateral renal occlusion for 25 min using nontraumatic artery clamps to clamp the renal pedicles, followed by reperfusion for 48 h. After the clamps were removed, the kidneys were observed for further 5 min to ensure reflow. Rats in the sham group underwent laparotomy without performing renal ischemia as controls. Rats were given 1-2 ml of warm saline intraperitoneally and kept in a warm incubator until they regained consciousness.

Blood sample were obtained from the left ventricle at the time point of 48 h after renal I/R, and centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 15 min. Serum was stored at -20^oC for further biomedical determination. After 48 h I/R, the right kidney was snap frozen at -80^oC and the left kidney was immediately post-fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde, dehydrated with ethanol and embedded in paraffin for further analysis.

Histology and apoptosis examination

4% paraformaldehyde-fixed renal tissues were dehydrated, embedded in paraffin and sliced into 4µm thick sections which were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Histopathological evaluation under light microscopy was performed, the percentage of tubular injury as indicated by tubular epithelial swelling, loss of brush border, vacuolar degeneration, necrotic tubules, cast formation, and desquamation. The degree of kidney damage was estimated using five randomly selected fields for each rat assessed using quantitative analysis with the following criteria: 0=no abnormalities; 1=slight (< 25% involvement of the cortex or outer medulla); 2=moderate (25-50% involvement of the cortex or outer medulla); 3=severe (50-75% involvement of the cortex or outer medulla); and 4=more severe abnormalities (>75% involvement of the cortex or outer medulla).

Renal apoptosis was examined by TUNEL assay using the in situ Apoptosis Detection kit from Roche Applied Science. TUNEL-positive cells were identified through the nucleus, which was either stained tan or brown. Five fields were randomly selected and the apoptosis index was calculated as the ratio of apoptotic-to-total cells.

All experimental analyzes were done by two examiners who were initially blinded to the experiment.

Biochemical analysis

Serum creatinine and plasma urea concentrations were measured by commercial kits (Jiancheng Biotech, Nanjing, China) to indicate renal function. The quantification of TNF-α and IL-1β was carried out by using the TNF-α and IL-1β commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit following the manufacturer’s instructions (Elabscience Biotechnology Co.,Ltd, Wuhan, China).

Measurement of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD)

The malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, superoxide dismutase(SOD) were detected using commercially-available kits(Jiancheng Biotech, Nanjing, China), according to manufactuer, instructions.

Immunohistochemistry (IHC)

The IHC staining for TXNIP expression in renal tissues was performed on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded samples; 4μM sections were deparaffinized in graded xylene-alcohol solutions. Subsequently, the samples were subjected to antigen retrieval and then incubated in 3% H₂O₂ 15 min then washed by PBS. The sections were incubated overnight (15 hours) at 4˚C with a primary antibody anti-TXNIP (1:50) and then incubated with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated anti-IgG secondary antibody for 20-30 min. The reaction was visualized with a solution of diaminobenzidine (DAB) and counterstained with hematoxylin.

Western blot analysis

The expressions of TXNIP, P38-MAPK and p-P38-MAPK were measured using Western blot. Protein content was determined with BCA protein assay and protein samples were separated by electrophoresis on SDS-PAGE and transferred to a polyvinylidene difluoride membrane. The membranes were blocked with 5% milk and incubated overnight with the appropriate primary antibodies respectively(Anti-TXNIP, 1:500, Abcam, USA. Anti-p38 and anti-p-p38, 1:1000, CST, USA), followed by incubation with the corresponding secondary antibodies. The blots were visualized with ECL-plus reagent. GAPDH was used as the internal loading control.

Statistical analysis

Data are expressed as the means ± SE in each group. Experimental results were analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test for multiple comparisons between the means of each group. All statistical analyses were performed using GraphPad Prism software version 5.0 (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA, USA). A value of P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.

Results

Body weight and blood glucose levels

The diabetic rats showed both increased blood glucose levels (Figure 1A) and reduced body weight (Figure 1B) significantly over 4 weeks. The results showed the success of the model of diabetes.

Figure 1
Blood glucose (A) and body weight (B) were measured before surgery. Data are presented as the means ± SE (n=6). *P<0.05 vs S group.

DEX treatment attenuated histological lesion and improved renal function

In histopathological evaluation, we found normal morphology of tubular architecture and tubular cells in the S group (Figure 2A), and mild damage was observed in the DS group (Figure 2 B). In contrast, diabetic renal I/R resulted in severe tubular damage in the DI/R group, the destruction included tubular epithelial swelling, loss of brush border, vacuolar degeneration, necrotic tubules, cast formation, and desquamation (Figure 2C). However, the injury was significantly ameliorated in the DI/R-DEX group (Figure 2D). The histopathological scores of renal tubular injury were presented (Figure 2E). The scores in the DI/R group were significantly higher than that in the DS group and also in the S group. However, the injury was significantly attenuated in DI/R-DEX group when compared to the DI/R group.

Figure 2
Histological evaluation of renal tissue in four groups(×400): (A) S group; (B) DS group; (C) DI/R group; (D) DI/R-DEX group. Histopathological scoring (E). Serum creatinine (F) and BUN (G) were measured after 48h reperfusion. Data are presented as the means ± SE (n=6)., *P<0.05 vs S group, P<0.05 vs DS group. #P<0.05 vs DI/R group.

In the DI/R group, serum creatinine and plasma urea (BUN) levels were significantly higher than those measured in S group and DS group, indicating renal dysfunction in the DI/R group. In the DI/R-DEX group, serum creatinine and BUN levels were significantly lower than those measured in DI/R group (Figure 2F and G).

Effect of DEX on apoptosis of tubular epithelial cells

To evaluate the apoptosis of tubular epithelial cells induced by renal I/R in diabetic rats, the TUNEL assay was used. A large number of apoptotic cells were visible in the DI/R group (P<0.05 vs. the S group and the DS group). However, DEX treatment was associated with the occurrence of apoptosis (P<0.05 vs. the S group and the DS group) which was less than seen in the DI/R group (Figure 3).

Figure 3
Apoptosis of tubular epithelial cells of renal tissue in four groups (×400). (A) S group; (B) DS group; (C) DI/R group; (D) DI/R-DEX group. Apoptosis% was assayed by TUNEL staining. Apoptosis % (E). Data are presented as the means ± SE (n=6). *P<0.05 vs S group, P<0.05 vs DS group. #P<0.05 vs DI/R group.

Effect of DEX on inflammation and oxidative stress level

Inflammatory cytokines TNF-α (Figure 4A) and IL-1β (Figure 4B) were markedly higher in DI/R group than that in S group and DS group. Treatment with DEX significantly decreased TNF-αand IL-1βlevels as compared with DI/R group.

Figure 4
TNF-α (A), IL-1β (B), MDA (C) and SOD (D) were measured after 48h reperfusion. Data are presented as the means ± SE (n=6). *P<0.05 vs S group, P<0.05 vs DS group. #P<0.05 vs DI/R group.

Additionally, diabetic rats underwent renal I/R exhibited a significant increase of MDA (Figure 4C) concentrations associated with significant reduction in SOD activity (Figure 4D) in comparison with the S group and DS group. The oxidative stress level associated with I/R was improved by the treatment with DEX in comparison with DI/R group.

Effect of DEX on the expression of p38-MAPK and TXNIP in I/R diabetic kidney

TXNIP protein was mainly expressed in renal tubular epithelial cells. DS group had week expression of TXNIP (Figure 5A). Immunohistochemical staining showed augmented expression of TXNIP protein in the DI/R group (Figure 5B). The expression of TXNIP decreased in the DI/R-DEXgroup (Figure 5C).

Figure 5
Immunohistochemical staining of the TXNIP expression level (×400). (A) DS group; (B) DI/R group; (C) DI/R-DEX group.

We performed western blot to analyse the phosphorylation of P38-MAPK (p-P38) (Figure 6A-B) and expression of TXNIP (Figure 6C). Western blotting revealed that p-P38 and TXNIP protein was low expression in the DS group. p-P38 and TXNIP protein expression in the renal tissue in the DI/R group was significantly higher than DS group. I/R induced p-P38 and TXNIP protein expression was significantly inhibited in DI/R-DEX group. The expression of P38 had no significantly change among three groups.

Figure 6
Western blot analysis of p38 (A), p-P38 (B) and TXNIP (C) protein expression. Data are presented as the means ± SE (n=5). P<0.05 vs DS group. #P<0.05 vs DI/R group.

Discussion

In this study, we demonstrated that DEX improved renal function, inhibited oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis in I/R challenged diabetic kidney. The mechanism about this protection, at last in part, involved important role of the P38-MAPK/TXNIP signaling pathways.

It was well known that diabetic kidney was susceptibility to I/R injury. However, the possible mechanisms and therapeutic strategies are still poorly understood. Previous researches demonstrated that may be related to oxidative stress¹⁹, inflammation activition⁴ and apoptosis⁵. Effects of DEX with anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory were shown in diabetic animals combined organs I/R^16-17,20. In our present study, which in accordance with previous study, renal I/R in diabetic rats induced high levels of apoptosis and oxidative stress (indicated by MDA and SOD), enhanced release of IL-1β and TNF-α. Futhermore, treatment of DEX could significantly alleviate renal I/R injury in diabetic rats (indicated by histological scores, BUN and SCr), suggesting a new strategy for renoprotection. However, the concrete mechanism remain further investigation.

TXNIP regulate the celluar redox state by binding to and inhibting TRX, is influenced by a variety of stress stimuli including hyperglycaemia⁸, hypoxia²¹ and so on. It was reported that increasing of TXNIP was major contributior to hyperglycaemia-induced oxidative stress in HK-2 cells⁸ and mediated IL-1β transcription in Human Adipose Tissue²². IL-1β is an important mediator of inflamation in I/R injury²³. Recently study showed that lessening TXNIP expression in diabetic mice could protects against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury¹⁰. However, the role of TXNIP about I/R injury in diabetic kidney have not been elucidated. In this research, for the first time to our knowledge, showed that I/R induced TXNIP expression up-regulation in diabetic kidneys. Moreover, DEX pretreatment suppressed TXNIP expression and reduced oxidative stress and IL-1β production. Thus we speculate that TXNIP may be a potential therapeutic target for ischemia AKI in diabetic kidney.

P38-MAP kinase, one of three subgroups of MAPK systems, is involved in the regulation of cellular function. Different stimuli such as inflammatory, oxidative stress, and hyperglycemia could activate P38-MAPK²⁴. Recent study showed that a novel mechanism for P38-MAPK cause kidney I/R injury by leading redox stress and cell apoptosis, suggested it is a potential therapeutic target of tissue injury²⁵. Meldrum, K.K further demonstrated that P38-MAPK mediates renal tubular cell TNF-αproduction and TNF-α-dependent apoptosis during simulated ischemia²⁶. However, there is no study examined the P38-MAPK pathway in combining ischemia-reperfusion and diabetes. Datas from our study also indicated that I/R insulted diabetic kidney significantly increased phosphorylation of P38-MAPK, accompanied with high levels of TNF-αand apoptosis. More importantly, TNF-α as a key inflammatory factor which involved in increasing susceptibility with ischemia AKI of db/db mice⁴. Our result further demonstrated that suppressed P38-MAPK pathway by DEX in diabetic kidney could not only markedly reduced P38-MAPK phosphorylation, but also decreased TXNIP expression and oxidative stress level. Other studies had also reported that upregulation of TXNIP impaired TRX antioxidative system through P38-MAPK and FOXO1 for glucose-induced increase in intracellular ROS¹². Su et al found that hyperglycemia promoted the TXNIP expression and results in the exacerbation of cardiac injury following I/R possibly through P38-MAPK activation²⁷. Furthermore, hyperglycemia-induced TXNIP expression is involved in diabetes-mediated oxidative stress in pancreatic cancer via P38 MAPK pathways²⁸. These observations indicated that P38-MAPK as an upstream mechanism for TXNIP expression during hyperglycemia even hyperglycemia combined with I/R-induced injury.

DEX had been shown to improve renal dysfunction and inflammation in renal ischemic injury¹⁵. Moreover, DEX attenuated myocardial I/R induced lung damage in STZ-induced diabetic rats through the modulation of oxidative stress²⁰. Previous study reported that DEX protected against brain and heart ischemia injury in diabetic rats by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation^16-17. Other research indicated that DEX-mediated decrease of the JNK and P38-MAPK pathways which inhibited isoflurane-induced neuroapoptosis²⁹. Meanwhile, DEX attenuates isoflurane-induced cognitive impairment through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptosis in aging rat by inhibition of P38-MAPK expression³⁰.Our present research has shown that induced oxidative and inflammation-mediated diabetic kidney tubular cell apoptosis is ameliorated by DEX via preventing P38-MAPK phosphorylation and TXNIP expression. Thus, DEX may be a candidate for development of a multipotent drug.

Taken together, our data provide a molecular basis that treatment with DEX favourably inhibited the P38-MAPK/TXNIP pathways which further prevented inflammation, oxidative stress and apoptosis in the I/R induced renal injury in diabetic rats.

Conclusions

Our work provide a new molecular basis (p38-MAPK/TXNIP pathway) for DEX to be a potential therapeutic for AKI in diabetic patients.

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• Financial source:

  The Basic Scientific Research of Central University Fund (2042017kf0144)

• 1
  Research performed at Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Hubei, China.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  June 2017

History

• Received
  04 Feb 2017
• Reviewed
  06 Apr 2017
• Accepted
  08 May 2017