Cervical ventral slot in rabbits (<i>Oryctolagus cuniculus</i>). Piezosurgery versus conventional technique

Roscamp, Marcelo; Hataka, Alessandre; Zambon, Frederico Carlini; Ferreira, Danyelle Rayssa Cintra; Minto, Bruno Watanabe; Dias, Luis Gustavo Gosuen Gonçalves

doi:10.1590/ACB360606

Marcelo Roscamp

DVM, MSc. Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery – College of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine – Universidade Estadual Paulista “Julio de Mesquita Filho” – Jaboticabal (SP), Brazil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4035-0297

Alessandre Hataka

DVM, PhD. Department of Veterinary Clinic – College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science – Universidade Estadual Paulista “Julio de Mesquita Filho” – Botucatu (SP), Brazil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2023-212X

Frederico Carlini Zambon

DVM, Veterinarian. Anestesia Veterinária Especializada. Sao Paulo (SP), Brazil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6306-3955

Danyelle Rayssa Cintra Ferreira

DVM, MSc. Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery – College of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine – Universidade Estadual Paulista “Julio de Mesquita Filho” – Jaboticabal (SP), Brazil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8987-7567

Bruno Watanabe Minto

DVM, PhD. Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery – College of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine – Universidade Estadual Paulista “Julio de Mesquita Filho” – Jaboticabal (SP), Brazil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8808-4127

Luis Gustavo Gosuen Gonçalves Dias ^**Corresponding author: gustavogosuen@gmail.com | (55 16)3209-7537

DVM, PhD. Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery – College of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine – Universidade Estadual Paulista “Julio de Mesquita Filho” – Jaboticabal (SP), Brazil

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3993-1649

*Corresponding author: gustavogosuen@gmail.com | (55 16)3209-7537

Conflict of interest: Nothing to declare.

Author’s contribution

Substantive scientific and intellectual contributions to the study: Roscamp M, Minto BW and Dias LGGG; Conception and design: Roscamp M, Minto BW and Dias LGGG; Data analysis and interpretation: Roscamp M, Hataka A and Ferreira DRC; Technical procedures: Roscamp M, Hataka A and Zambon FC; Statistics analysis: Roscamp M; Manuscript writing: Roscamp M and Ferreira DRC; Critical revision: Roscamp M, Hataka A, Zambon FC, Ferreira DRC, Minto BW and Dias LGGG; Final approval: Roscamp M, Hataka A, Zambon FC, Ferreira DRC, Minto BW and Dias LGGG.

DVM, MSc. Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery – College of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine – Universidade Estadual Paulista “Julio de Mesquita Filho” – Jaboticabal (SP), Brazil.

DVM, PhD. Department of Veterinary Clinic – College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science – Universidade Estadual Paulista “Julio de Mesquita Filho” – Botucatu (SP), Brazil.

DVM, Veterinarian. Anestesia Veterinária Especializada. Sao Paulo (SP), Brazil.

DVM, MSc. Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery – College of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine – Universidade Estadual Paulista “Julio de Mesquita Filho” – Jaboticabal (SP), Brazil.

DVM, PhD. Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery – College of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine – Universidade Estadual Paulista “Julio de Mesquita Filho” – Jaboticabal (SP), Brazil.

DVM, PhD. Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery – College of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine – Universidade Estadual Paulista “Julio de Mesquita Filho” – Jaboticabal (SP), Brazil

Figures (2)
Tables (3)

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Figure 1
Photomicrographs of the histopathological study of rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) submitted cervical ventral slot (CVS) between C3-C4 with piezosurgery (T1) and conventional technique with high-speed burs (T2). (a) Histological section of the surgery site (animal 19, T1, Group A): note the degenerated muscle fibers (arrows) and surrounded by mononuclear inflammatory cells (Masson’s trichrome, x40); (b) Histological section of the spinal cord (animal 7, T1, Group A): note the axonal vacuolization, spherocytes (short arrows) and Gitter cells (hematoxylin and eosin, x20); (c) Histological section of the spinal cord (animal 13, T1, Group A): note the axonal vacuolization, spherocytes and Gitter cells (hematoxylin and eosin, x10); (d) Histological section of the spinal cord (animal 9, T1, Group C): note the lesion area (arrows) (hematoxylin and eosin, x1); (e) Previous figure in the highest magnification (x5); (f) Previous figure in higher magnification (x20): note the axonal vacuolization, spherocytes and Gitter cells (Sampling date: September 29, 2017).

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Figure 2
Photomicrographs of the histopathological study of rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) submitted to cervical ventral slot (CVS) between C3-C4 with piezosurgery (T1) and conventional technique with high-speed burs (T2). (a) Histological section of the spinal cord (animal 28, T2, group D), with no morphological changes worthy of note (hematoxylin and eosin, x1); (b) Histological section of the spinal cord (animal 29, T1, group E): note the malacia area at the top of the image (arrows) (hematoxylin and eosin, x5); (c) Previous figure in higher magnification (x20): note the vacuolization and the spherocytes (arrows); (d) Histological section of the spinal cord (animal 23, T1, group F): note the areas of malacia (arrows) (hematoxylin and eosin, x5). Right upper corner: figure in highest magnification (x10); (e) Histological section of the spinal cord (animal 24, T2, group F): with no morphological changes worthy of note (hematoxylin and eosin, x1);(f) Previous figure in highest magnification (x10) (Sampling date: September 29, 2017).

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Table 1
Mean and standard deviations of the variables evaluated in cervical ventral slot (CVS) between C3-C4 in rabbits with piezosurgery (T1) and conventional technique with high-speed burs (T2)^* * different letters show differences between treatments (p < 0.05) by the Student’s t-test. .

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Table 2
Mean and standard deviation of anesthesia monitoring data before, during and after cervical ventral slot (CVS) between C3-C4 in rabbits with piezosurgery (T1) and conventional technique with high-speed burs (T2).

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Table 3
Histopathological changes classified according to the type and degree of lesion present in the spinal cord of rabbits after cervical ventral slot (CVS) with piezosurgery (T1) and conventional technique with high-speed burs (T2)^* * different letters show difference (p < 0.05) by the Mann-Whitney test, in which capital letters represent differences between treatments (T1 and T2) for the experimental groups with the same postoperative period; ,^# # animals that presented intraoperative venous sinus hemorrhage; .

Variables	T1	T2
Weight (kg)	3.35 ± 0.32 a	3.29 ± 0.59 a
Access time (min)	9 min 24 s ± 3 min 0 s a	8 min 2 s ± 2 min 35 s a
Time of use of the appliance (min)	8 min 43 s ± 2 min 18 s a	7 min 35 s ± 3 min 20 s a
Curettage time (min)	6 min 8 s ± 3 min 27 s a	4 min 0 s ± 1 min 39 s b
CVS time (min)	14 min 51 s ± 5 min 18 s a	11 min 35 s ± 3 min 46 s a
Total time (min)	24 min 34 s ± 5 min 31 s a	19 min 37 s ± 5 min 30 s b
Room temperature (ºC)	24.57 ± 1.84 a	25.11 ± 1.75 a
Temperature of the irrigation solution (ºC)	23.70 ± 1.52 a	24.23 ± 1.87 a
Temperature before CVS (ºC)	31.85 ± 1.73 a	30.81 ± 2.53 a
Temperature during CVS (ºC)	27.59 ± 2.26 a	27.39 ± 2.00 a
Temperature after CVS (ºC)	26.59 ± 2.08 a	26.56 ± 2.39 a
Difference between the temperatures before and after the CVS (ºC)	5.25 ± 1.09 a	4.25 ± 1.20 b

	Treatment	Before CVS	During CVS	After CVS
Heart rate (bpm)	T1	198.83 ± 19.17	184.77 ± 21.12	185.16 ± 17.40
Heart rate (bpm)	T2	196.12 ± 17.27	193.86 ± 15.45	185.98 ± 24.31
Respiratory rate (mpm)	T1	25.21 ± 5.24	25.20 ± 7.21	24.35 ± 7.80
Respiratory rate (mpm)	T2	23.36 ± 6.64	25.47 ± 4.08	25.70 ± 4.35
Systolic arterial pressure (mmHg)	T1	105.87 ± 9.63	102.76 ± 11.47	106.15 ± 9.97
Systolic arterial pressure (mmHg)	T2	104.81 ± 10.92	101.28 ± 11.66	102.54 ± 6.89
Diastolic arterial pressure (mmHg)	T1	47.82 ± 11.99	45.28 ± 11.74	45.97 ± 10.68
Diastolic arterial pressure (mmHg)	T2	45.72 ± 9.35	43.78 ± 7.70	43.93 ± 8.92
Mean arterial pressure (mmHg)	T1	74.16 ± 7.52	71.82 ± 6.86	72.28 ± 5.14
Mean arterial pressure (mmHg)	T2	73.57 ± 8.45	70.59 ± 9.10	70.77 ± 7.13
Oxygen saturation (%)	T1	98.71 ± 0.41	98.66 ± 0.46	98.59 ± 0.57
Oxygen saturation (%)	T2	98.73 ± 0.50	98.84 ± 0.30	98.52 ± 0.67
Concentration of carbon dioxide at the end of expiration (mmHg)	T1	47.08 ± 6.95	45.91 ± 4.06	45.69 ± 5.59
	T2	48.04 ± 4.87	47.08 ± 6.24	47.70 ± 4.27
Body temperature (ºC)	T1	38.90 ± 0.67	38.68 ± 0.70	38.38 ± 0.75
Body temperature (ºC)	T2	38.72 ± 0.59	38.39 ± 0.75	38.08 ± 0.80
Isoflurane (%)	T1	1.85 ± 0.43	1.60 ± 0.50	1.40 ± 0.53
Isoflurane (%)	T2	1.79 ± 0.39	1.57 ± 0.36	1.31 ± 0.24
Fluid therapy (mL/h)	T1	33.68 ± 3.24	41.91 ± 31.62	33.68 ± 3.24
Fluid therapy (mL/h)	T2	34.68 ± 5.73	40.04 ± 23.53	35.27 ± 7.15

Treatment	Experimental group	Animal	Type of injury	Degree
T1	A^A A and B A and B: euthanasia at 14 postoperative days;	1^# # animals that presented intraoperative venous sinus hemorrhage;	Discrete Wallerian degeneration	+
		7^# # animals that presented intraoperative venous sinus hemorrhage; ,^$ $ animals that presented proprioceptive deficits in the postoperative period;	Malacia with spherocytes and Gitter cells	++
		13	Malacia with spherocytes and Gitter cells	++
		19	Absent	-
		25	Malacia with spherocytes and Gitter cells	++
T2	B^B A and B A and B: euthanasia at 14 postoperative days;	2	Absent	-
		8	Discrete Wallerian degeneration	+
		14	Discrete Wallerian degeneration	+
		20	Absent	-
		26^# # animals that presented intraoperative venous sinus hemorrhage;	Discrete Wallerian degeneration	+
T1	C^A A and B A and B: euthanasia at 14 postoperative days;	3	Technical artifact^ artifact technique indicates a damaged sample during processing, making it impossible to read;
		9^$ $ animals that presented proprioceptive deficits in the postoperative period;	Malacia with spherocytes and Gitter cells	++
		15^$ $ animals that presented proprioceptive deficits in the postoperative period;	Malacia with spherocytes and Gitter cells	++
		21	Malacia with spherocytes and Gitter cells	++
		27	Absent	-
T2	D^B A and B A and B: euthanasia at 14 postoperative days;	4	Absent	-
		10	Absent	-
		16	Absent	-
		22	Absent	-
		28	Absent	-
T1	E^A A and B A and B: euthanasia at 14 postoperative days;	5	Absent	-
		11^# # animals that presented intraoperative venous sinus hemorrhage;	Absent	-
		17^# # animals that presented intraoperative venous sinus hemorrhage;	Absent	-
		23	Wallerian degeneration with spherocytes	+
		29	Discrete Wallerian degeneration	+
T2	F^B A and B A and B: euthanasia at 14 postoperative days;	6	Absent	-
		12	Absent	-
		18	Absent	-
		24	Absent	-
		30^# # animals that presented intraoperative venous sinus hemorrhage;	Technical artifact^ artifact technique indicates a damaged sample during processing, making it impossible to read;

[1] *Corresponding author: gustavogosuen@gmail.com | (55 16)3209-7537

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Cervical ventral slot in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Piezosurgery versus conventional technique

ABSTRACT

Purpose

Methods

Results

Conclusions