Cyclosporine A attenuates apoptosis and necrosis after ischemia-reperfusion-induced renal injury in transiently hyperglycemic rats¹

Abstract

Purpose:

To investigate the effects of cyclosporine A on renal ischemia-reperfusion injury during transient hyperglycemia in rats.

Methods:

In a model of ischemia-reperfusion-induced renal injury and transiently induced hyperglycemia by intraperitoneal injection of glucose, 2.5 g.kg-1, Wistar rats were anesthetized with either isoflurane or propofol and received intravenous cyclosporine A, 5 mg.kg-1, five minutes before reperfusion. Comparison groups were isoflurane and propofol sham groups and isoflurane and propofol ischemia-reperfusion-induced renal injury. Renal tubular cell viability was quantitatively assessed by flow cytometry after cell culture and classified as early apoptosis, necrotic cells, and intact cells.

Results:

Early apoptosis was significantly higher in isoflurane and propofol anesthetized animals subjected to renal ischemia-reperfusion injury when compared to both cyclosporine A treated and sham groups. Necrosis percentage was significantly higher in propofol-anesthetized animals subjected to renal ischemia-reperfusion injury. The percentage of intact cells was lower in both, isoflurane and propofol anesthetized animals subjected to renal ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Conclusion:

In a model of ischemia-reperfusion-induced renal injury, cyclosporine A, 5 m.kg-1, administered five minutes before renal reperfusion in rats with acute-induced hyperglycemia under either isoflurano or propofol anesthesia, attenuated early apoptosis and preserved viability in renal tubular cells, regardless of the anesthetic used.

Key words:
Cyclosporine; Hyperglycemia; Reperfusion Injury; Apoptosis; Kidney; Rats.

Introduction

Acute hyperglycemia is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in patients with trauma, cardiovascular collapse, and those subjected to heart surgery¹, due to increased oxidative stress in ischemic organs²-⁴.

The choice of anesthetic techniques, with drugs that provide better protection against the effects of ischemia and reperfusion, has been studied particularly in renal transplantation using the general anesthesia technique with propofol or isoflurane⁵.

The mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening occurs within the initial minutes of reperfusion after ischemia and is associated with pathogenesis of necrosis and apoptosis and should be regarded as a determining step for reversible or irreversible cell death⁶. Inhibition of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore by cyclosporine A at the onset of reperfusion has been shown to protect the myocardium subjected to ischemia⁷,⁸. Krolikowski et al.⁹ demonstrated that keeping the mitochondrial permeability transition pore closed with cyclosporine A enhanced cardioprotection produced by isoflurane-induced postconditioning. Huhn et al.¹⁰ assessed the extent of myocardial infarct in rats after ischemia-reperfusion injury and demonstrated that hyperglycemia blocked sevoflurane-induced postconditioning, worsening the injury. They also showed that the inhibition of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore with cyclosporine A was able to reverse the loss of sevoflurane-induced postconditioning and cardioprotection¹⁰.

Thus, we hypothesized that cyclosporine A could protect the ischemia-reperfusion-induced renal injury during transiently hyperglycemia in a rat model under propofol or isoflurane anesthesia. In this study, we proposed to determine the effects of cyclosporine A in hyperglycemic rat kidneys subjected to ischemia-reperfusion injury under the exposition of either propofol or isoflurane.

Methods

The Institutional Review Board on Animal Experimentation approved this study, protocol # CEEA 875-2011. We used the ischemia-reperfusion-induced renal injury model similar to other experiments in our laboratory¹¹-¹³.

We randomly divided 36 male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus albinus), weighting 250-320 g into six groups. For the initial instrumentation, all the animals were anesthetized with 3-4% isoflurane in 100% inspired fraction of oxygen inside an acrylic compartment. The animals' tracheas were subjected to endotracheal intubation and the animals were mechanically ventilated with a Harvard Rodent Ventilator 683 (Harvard Apparatus, Holliston, Massachusetts, USA). Ventilation was adjusted to deliver tidal volumes of 10 mL.kg-1 with a respiratory rate of 70-80 breaths.min-1. Further adjustments were made to maintain end-tidal carbon dioxide between 30 to 40 mmHg (Datex, Engstron, Finland). According to the studied group, anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane at 1.5-2% alveolar concentration in 100% inspired fraction of oxygen (Ohmeda Excel 210 SE anesthesia apparatus with Isotec 5 Ohmeda vaporizer, GE Healthcare, Chicago, IL, USA) or with propofol 1 mg.kg-1.min-1 (equivalent to 0.16 mg.kg-1.min-1 for humans) via an infusion pump (ANNE(r), Abbott Laboratories, Lake Bluff, IL, USA). Inspired and expired anesthetic gas concentrations were continuously measured throughout the procedure (Datex, Engstron, Finland). Mean arterial pressure was continuously recorded using a catheter surgically inserted into the left carotid artery and connected to a pressure transducer (Datex, Engstron, Finland). The right internal jugular vein was cannulated for fluid (lactated Ringer's solution, 3 ml.kg-1.h-1) and drug administration. After a median laparotomy, all groups were subjected to right nephrectomy. Hyperglycemia was induced in all animals at the trial onset by administration of glucose, 2.5 g.kg-1, via intraperitoneal injection.

The animals were differentiated in six groups, as follows:

• Isoflurane group (n = 6), isoflurane-anesthetized animals plus intravenous (IV) injection of normal saline, 1 ml, five minutes before renal reperfusion;

• Isoflurane/cyclosporine A group (n = 6), isoflurane-anesthetized animals plus cyclosporine, 5 mg.kg-1 IV, diluted in 1 ml of normal saline, five minutes before renal reperfusion;

• Isoflurane sham group (n = 6), isoflurane-anesthetized animals and no ischemia-reperfusion-induced renal injury;

• Propofol group (n = 6), propofol-anesthetized animals plus IV injection of normal saline, 1 ml, five minutes before renal reperfusion;

• Propofol/cyclosporine A group (n = 6), propofol-anesthetized animals plus cyclosporine, 5 mg.kg-1 IV, diluted in 1 ml of normal saline, five minutes before renal reperfusion;

• Propofol sham group (n = 6), propofol-anesthetized animals and no ischemia-reperfusion-induced renal injury.

In the groups with ischemia-reperfusion-induced renal injury, left kidney was exposed and subjected to ischemia by clamping the renal artery with a microaneurysm clamp for 25 minutes. Cyclosporine A, 5 mg.kg-1, or normal saline were injected intravenously five minutes before reperfusion according to the group studied. Rectal temperature was monitored and kept between 37° and 38°C with a warmed jelly blanket.

After the reperfusion, the vascular catheters were removed, surgical wounds were infiltrated with 0.25% bupivacaine and were sutured. Analgesia was also provided with subcutaneous injection of buprenorphine, 0.05 mg.kg-1. The anesthetic administration was interrupted, the tracheal tubes were removed and the animals were maintained in the animals' cages and were provided with standard rat chow and water ad libitum.

After 24 hours, the animals were anesthetized with isoflurane as previously described, a median laparotomy was performed and the left kidney was removed for analysis. The animals under isoflurane anesthesia were then euthanized.

Cell viability (apoptosis) assessment

After removal, the left kidney was placed in an appropriate culture to assess cell viability by flow cytometry¹⁴. The viability of the cells (initial apoptotic process, necrotic cells, and intact cells) was quantitatively determined (percentage of initial apoptosis and viable cells). We used an apoptosis detection kit consisting of annexin V-FITC and propidium iodide (Pharmingen(r), Becton, Dickinson and Company, San Jose, CA, USA)¹⁵. The assessments were performed using a FACSCalibur(r) flow cytometer (Becton, Dickinson and Company, San Jose, CA, USA), consisting of three fluorescence detectors via CellQuest(r) and Paint-a-gate(r) software (Becton, Dickinson and Company, San Jose, CA, USA). Blinded technicians to the groups studied performed flow cytometric analyses.

Statistics

Flow cytometry data was assessed using analysis of variance in a completely randomized design, followed by Tukey's test for multiple comparisons between means. Mean arterial pressure was submitted to two-way (groups and measurement occasions interactions) repeated measures analysis of variance followed by Student-Newman-Kuels post hoc tests. The significance level was set at 0.05.

Results

The values of mean arterial pressure are shown in Table 1, according to the groups studied and measurement occasions. The values of mean arterial pressure were not statistically different among groups and measurement occasions (p>0.05). The values of blood glucose levels are shown in Table 2, according to the groups studied and measurement occasions. Intraperitoneal injection of glucose was equally effective in causing a transient hyperglycemia in all groups studied. The percentages of initial (early) apoptosis, dead tubular cells and intact tubular cells are shown in Table 3. The groups anesthetized with either isoflurane or propofol and treated with cyclosporine A exhibited a marked and statistically (p<0.001) reduction of early apoptosis, when compared to non-treated groups. Non-treated propofol anesthetized animals presented with a higher percentage of dead tubular cells (p<0.001) and percentage of intact tubular cells was lower in both non-treated propofol and isoflurane groups (p<0.001).

Table 1
Mean arterial pressure (mmHg) at selected measurement occasions according to the groups studied. Values are shown as mean + standard deviation.

Groups	Baseline	After hyperglycemia induction	Immediately after renal ischemia induction
Isoflurane (n = 6)	94.5 + 16.1	92.0 + 17.9	95.8 + 20.1
Isoflurane/cyclosporine A (n = 6)	106.1 + 5.9	97.7 + 15.6	107.0 + 10.9
Isoflurane sham (n = 6)	90.5 + 27.2	95.7 + 15.8	93.5 + 23.5
Propofol (n = 6)	99.2 + 3.3	92.0 + 16.9	94.7 + 19.2
Propofol/cyclosporine A (n = 6)	101.7 + 20.8	106.0 + 14.7	110.7 + 12.9
Propofol sham (n = 6)	105.5 + 17.2	110.2 + 20.0	87.5 + 29.4

• p>0.05 for all comparisons (groups and measurement occasions).

Table 2
Blood glucose levels (mg.dL-1) at selected measurement occasions according to the groups studied. Values are shown as mean + standard deviation.

Groups	Baseline	5 minutes after reperfusion	24 hours after reperfusion
Isoflurane (n = 6)	152.7 + 38.2	271.0 + 45.4*	152.0 + 35.2
Isoflurane/cyclosporine A (n = 6)	158.8 + 33.8	281.8 + 75.7*	98.4 + 41.2
Isoflurane sham (n = 6)	212.4 + 48.3	302.5 + 79.9*	181.2 + 12.7
Propofol (n = 6)	127.6 + 30.9	259.8 + 26.2*	130.2 + 24.1
Propofol/cyclosporine A (n = 6)	155.6 + 32.7	246.9 + 67.5*	118.7 + 34.1
Propofol sham (n = 6)	180.7 + 49.0	301.8 + 42.9*	175.7 + 16.8

• *p<0.001 vs. Baseline and 24 hours after reperfusion.

Table 3
Percentages (+ standard deviation) of tubular cells in specimens according to flow cytometric classes in the studied groups.

Groups	Early apoptosis (%)	Dead tubular cells (%)	Intact tubular cells (%)
Isoflurane (n = 6)	86.3 + 9.0*	1.8 + 1.6	10.0 + 9.3¥
Isoflurane/cyclosporine A (n = 6)	21.2 + 17.5	4.2 + 2.3	72.8 + 17.8
Isoflurane sham (n = 6)	9.9 + 6.6	1.7 + 2.4	88.4 + 6.0
Propofol (n = 6)	79.3 + 11.4§	14.5 + 12.2¶	4.8 + 6.2║
Propofol/cyclosporine A (n = 6)	15.1 + 11.2	4.0 + 3.2	73.2 + 17.7
Propofol sham (n = 6)	10.3 + 5.3	1.4 + 0.7	88.4 + 4.7

• *p<0.001 vs. Isoflurane/cyclosporine A, Isoflurane sham, Propofol/cyclosporine A and Propofol sham groups (within early apoptosis).
• ^§
  p<0.001 vs. Isoflurane/cyclosporine A, Isoflurane sham, Propofol/cyclosporine A and Propofol sham groups (within early apoptosis).
• ^¶
  p<0.001 vs. Isoflurane, Isoflurane/cyclosporine A, Isoflurane sham, Propofol/cyclosporine A and Propofol sham groups (within dead tubular cells).
• ^¥
  p<0.001 vs. Isoflurane/cyclosporine A, Isoflurane sham, Propofol/cyclosporine A and Propofol sham groups (within intact tubular cells).
• ^║
  p<0.001 vs. Isoflurane/cyclosporine A, Isoflurane sham, Propofol/cyclosporine A and Propofol sham groups (within intact tubular cells).

Discussion

The most important data in our study were obtained after analyzing cell viability by flow cytometry. There was a lower percentage of apoptotic cells and higher percentage of intact cells in kidneys of cyclosporine A-treated animals.

Male rats were chosen in this study because they are more susceptible to ischemia/reperfusion renal injury¹⁶. The 25-minute ischemia duration was also used by some authors to cause mild or moderate renal injury¹⁶ and is considered the best ischemia duration that outlines the impact of hyperglycemia¹⁷. There were no differences in mean arterial pressure values among groups. These results indicate that there was hemodynamic stability during the experimental phases and that the values were suitable for the animals anesthetized with either propofol or isoflurane.

Cyclosporine A is a potent immunosuppressive agent that has been used to prevent graft rejection in liver, heart and kidney transplantation for more than 30 years¹⁸. Nonetheless, its efficacy as an immunosuppressive agent was damped by several associated side effects, including renal toxicity¹⁹. These problems were attributed to the high doses initially used and were substantially improved after lowering the dose for solid organ transplantation.

Cyclosporine A is considered to inhibit mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening by preventing the binding of cyclophilin D to the adenine nucleotide translocase. The mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening, triggered by mitochondrial calcium overload and overproduction of reactive oxygen species, plays a central role in severe and even lethal reperfusion injury²⁰.

Considering the effects of both acute and chronic hyperglycemia on the preconditioning protection in heart and renal tissues, its been demonstrated that it attenuates or even abolishes the protective effects afforded by either ischemic²¹ or pharmacological preconditioning²²,²³.

Lemoine et al.²⁴, in a non-induced hyperglycemia model of renal ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice, showed that cyclosporine A, 3 mg.kg-1, administered 5 minutes before the end of the ischemia was able to protect the kidneys against the ischemia-reperfusion insult. In their experimental model, cyclosporine A not only attenuated renal injury (verified by a histological score and apoptosis markers) but also limited mortality, similarly to what they observed with the ischemic postconditioning protection²⁴. A new finding in our study was that cyclosporine A was able to attenuate the renal ischemia-reperfusion injury in conditions of hyperglycemia.

We may consider the dose of cyclosporine A used in our study low when compared to the higher doses used in the rat to study renal hemodynamic, which were up to 40 mg.kg-1 ²⁵,²⁶. Cyclosporine A is a potential nephrotoxic drug that decreases renal blood flow and increases renal vascular resistance²⁷. Its toxicity is dose-dependent and, as previously shown, lower doses are effective in postconditioning renal protection against ischemia-reperfusion²⁴ and should be preferable for this purpose.

The mechanisms responsible for apoptosis after the ischemia-reperfusion-injury episode are attributed to increased endonuclease activity, increased calcium entry into the cell, or release of reactive oxygen species. Reactive oxygen species induce apoptosis, causing damage to deoxyribonucleic acid, oxidation of lipid membranes, and/or direct activation and expression of genes/proteins responsible for apoptosis. Chien et al.²⁸ demonstrated that reactive oxygen species are produced in significant quantities in the epithelium of proximal tubules during reperfusion and may be responsible for cell apoptosis. However, unlike proximal tubule cells, other mechanisms than the formation of reactive oxygen species may prevail in induced apoptosis in distal tubule epithelial cells from kidneys subjected to ischemia-reperfusion-injury. Treatment with superoxide dismutase and other free radical scavengers may be effective in preventing apoptosis mediated by reactive oxygen species in proximal tubule cells. Analysis of apoptosis levels by flow cytometry showed differences in percentage of initial apoptosis between both, isoflurane and propofol ischemia-reperfusion-induced injury and the other groups, indicating that cyclosporine A was able to restore protection, regardless the anesthetic used.

The model studied, with 25-minute ischemia duration followed by reperfusion, did not produce statistically significant levels of cell necrosis in the groups studied, except by the propofol anesthetized animals. This result differs from the results of a previous study of our group comparing the effects of propofol and isoflurane on renal ischemia-reperfusion-injury during transient hyperglycemia when we observed no differences on the percentage of dead tubular cells between isoflurane and propofol¹³.

The percentage of intact cells was higher in sham groups and in the cyclosporine A treated groups. Renal injury associated with ischemia-reperfusion is a result of a dynamic process, involving a complex interaction between the vasculature and renal tubules. The events that modulate the vasculature alter the supply of oxygen and nutrients to epithelial cells and damaged epithelial cells respond with production of autocrine factors, affecting their own survival, whereas paracrine factors affect the vasculature. The signaling cascade is then activated, resulting in hemodynamic changes, leukocytosis, and direct injury to the tubular epithelial cells, followed by a repair process that may restore morphology and function²⁹.

Conclusions

In the model of ischemia-reperfusion-induced renal injury, cyclosporine A, 5 m.kg-1, administered five minutes before renal reperfusion in rats with acute-induced hyperglycemia under either isoflurano or propofol anesthesia, and considering classification of cells by flow cytometry, attenuated early apoptosis and preserved viability in renal tubular cells, regardless of the anesthetic used.

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• Financial source:

  FAPESP
• 1
  Research performed at Department of Anesthesiology, Botucatu Medical School, Universidade Estadual de São Paulo (UNESP), Botucatu-SP, Brazil. Part of PhD degree thesis, Postgraduate Program in Anesthesiology. Tutor: Pedro Thadeu Galvão Vianna.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  Mar 2017

History

• Received
  19 Nov 2016
• Reviewed
  17 Jan 2017
• Accepted
  21 Feb 2017