Correlations between the production of phonological classes and word classes in Brazilian Portuguese

Wiethan, Fernanda Marafiga; Mota, Helena Bolli; Moraes, Anaelena Bragança de

doi:10.1590/2317-6431-2015-1669

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Audiology - Communication Research

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Sumário

Original Article • Audiol., Commun. Res. 21 (0) • 2016 • https://doi.org/10.1590/2317-6431-2015-1669 copy

Correlations between the production of phonological classes and word classes in Brazilian Portuguese

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Purpose

Describing the word classes and phonological classes’ acquisition of the Brazilian Portuguese in children typically developed and verifying the correlations between these two language systems.

Methods

In this study 186 children with typical language development, aged from 1 year, 6 months to 5 years, 11 months, who were Brazilian Portuguese speakers took part. The data collection involved speech, language and hearing assessments and spontaneous speech recordings. The production probabilities of each sound class were considered and the words produced were divided into word classes. The correlations among sound and word classes were analyzed.

Results

Nasals and stops are the first sounds acquired followed by fricatives and liquids. Nouns and verbs are the first word classes produced. Regarding to statistically significant correlations, stops were positively correlated with nouns, adjectives, adverbs and pronouns. Fricatives had a lot of positive and negative correlations with different word classes. Liquids had positive correlations with adjectives and articles; and negative correlations with nouns, adverbs and numerals. No correlation was found among nasals and the sound classes.

Conclusion

The acquisition of stops and nasals are precocious. The fricatives and liquids are more complex. Nouns and verbs are prevalent in the beginning of acquisition. The elements mostly related to syntax are acquired later. There are many correlations between phonology and vocabulary, showing a clear relationship between one another.

Child; Preschool; Child language; Speech; Vocabulary

Age group	Stops				Fricatives				Nasals				Liquids

	Mean	Min	Max	SD	Mean	Min	Max	SD	Mean	Min	Max	SD	Mean	Min	Max	SD
(A)1;6 – 1;11	3.2 ^{(D – M)}	2	5	1.4	0.4 ^{(E – M)}	0	1	0.5	1.0 ^{(C – M)}	0	2	0.7	0.1 ^{(G – M)}	0	1	0.3
(B) 2;0 – 2;3	4.2 ^{(D, F – M)}	2	6	1.2	2.5 ^{(F – M)}	0	5	1.3	2.5	0	3	0.9	0.6 ^{(G – M)}	0	2	0.6
(C) 2;4 – 2;7	5.2	2	6	13	3.5 ^{(H – M)}	0	6	1.5	2.8 ^(A)	2	3	0.4	1.3 ^{(G – M)}	0	3	1.1
(D)2;8 – 2;11	6.0 ^(A.B)	6	6	0	4.6	3	6	1.3	3.0 ^(A)	3	3	0	1.6 ^{(G – M)}	1	3	0.6
(E) 3;0 – 3;3	5.9 ^(A)	5	6	0.3	5.3 ^(A)	3	6	1.0	3.0 ^(A)	3	3	0	2.1 ^{(J – M)}	1	3	1.0
(F) 3;4 – 3;7	6.0 ^(A.B)	6	6	0	5.6 ^{(A – B)}	3	6	0.9	3.0 ^(A)	3	3	0	2.8	2	4	0.7
(G)3;8 – 3;11	6.0 ^(A.B)	6	6	0	5.7^{(A – B)}	4	6	0.6	3.0 ^(A)	3	3	0	3.1 ^(A.B)	1	4	0.8
(H) 4;0 – 4;3	6.0 ^(A.B)	6	6	0	5.9 ^{(A – C)}	5	6	0.3	3.0 ^(A)	3	3	0	3.5 ^{(A – D)}	2	4	0.8
(I) 4;4 – 4;7	6.0 ^(A.B)	6	6	0	6.0 ^{(A – C)}	6	6	0	3.0 ^(A)	3	3	0	3.3 ^{(A – D)}	2	4	0.7
(J) 4;8 – 4;11	6.0 ^(A.B)	6	6	0	5.9 ^{(A – C)}	5	6	0.3	3.0 ^(A)	3	3	0	3.9 ^{(A – E)}	3	4	0.3
(K) 5;0 – 5;3	6.0 ^(A.B)	6	6	0	6.0 ^{(A – C)}	6	6	0	3.0 ^(A)	3	3	0	3.9 ^{(A – E)}	3	4	0.3
(L) 5;4 – 5;7	6.0 ^(A.B)	6	6	0	6.0 ^{(A – C)}	6	6	0	3.0 ^(A)	3	3	0	3.7 ^{(A – E)}	3	4	0.5
(M) 5;8 – 5;11	6.0 ^(A.B)	6	6	0	6.0 ^{(A – C)}	6	6	0	3.0 ^(A)	3	3	0	3.9 ^{(A – E)}	3	4	0.3

Age group	Average numbers of words

	Nouns	Verbs	Adv	Adj	Conj	Pron	Prep	Art	Num	I + O
(A)1;6 – 1;11	7.3 ^{(F - M)}	5.1 ^{(D, F - M)}	1.3^{(F - M)}	0.1 ^{(F - M)}	0.1 ^{(F - M)}	1.2^{(D,F - M)}	0.4 ^{(D - M)}	1.7 ^{(D - M)}	0	3.6
(B) 2;0 – 2;3	20.4^{(G - M)}	16.7^{(G - J)}	5.5^{(F - M)}	1.6 ^{(F - M)}	0.9 ^{(F - M)}	5.8 ^{(F - M)}	2.8 ^{(G - M)}	3.8 ^{(G - K,M)}	0.1 ^(G,L,M)	2.4
(C) 2;4 – 2;7	30.7 ^(I,J)	27.6	10.1 ^(J)	2.9 ^(J)	1.8 ^(J,M)	10.6	4.8 ^(J)	5.1	1.2	4.8 ^(M)
(D) 2;8 – 2;11	36.5	30.6 ^(A)	10.6 ^(J)	2.6^{(G - J,M)}	1.8^{(H - J,M)}	11.7 ^(A)	6.5 ^(A)	5.6 ^(A)	1.3	5.4 ^(M)
(E) 3;0 – 3;3	36.2	27.8	9.7 ^(J)	5.1 ^(A.B)	1.7^{(H - J,M)}	10.7	6.7 ^(A)	5.5 ^(A)	0.5	2.7
(F) 3;4 – 3;7	39.3 ^(A)	32.2 ^(A)	15.5 ^(A,B)	6.8 ^(A.B)	3.4 ^(A,B)	14.1 ^(A,B)	7.3 ^(A)	5.5 ^(A)	2.3	5.0 ^(M)
(G) 3;8 –3;11	47.3 ^(A,B)	35.5 ^(A,B)	16.3 ^(A,B)	8.1 ^(A,B,D)	3.8 ^(A,B)	14.1 ^(A,B)	7.9 ^(A,B)	5.8 ^(A,B)	1.9 ^(B)	4.7 ^(M)
(H) 4;0 – 4;3	47.8 ^(A,B)	35.5 ^(A,B)	15.3 ^(A,B)	8.4 ^(A,B,D)	4.1 ^{(A,B, D,E)}	14.1 ^(A,B)	8.0 ^(A,B)	5.9 ^(A,B)	1.4	5.5 ^(M)
(I) 4;4 – 4;7	51.7^{(A - C)}	36.9 ^(A,B)	17.6 ^(A,B)	8.9 ^(A,B,D)	4.1 ^{(A,B, D,E)}	14.8 ^(A,B)	8.3 ^(A.B)	5.8 ^(A.B)	2.9	4.7 ^(M)
(J) 4;8 – 4;11	54.8^{(A - C)}	45.1 ^(A,B)	19.7^{(A - E)}	10.2 ^(A,B)	4.3 ^{(A - E)}	15.2 ^(A,B)	8.8 ^{(A – C)}	6.0 ^(A.B)	1.9	5.3 ^(M)
(K) 5;0 – 5;3	44.3 ^(A,B)	31.7 ^(A)	15.7 ^(A,B)	7.0 ^(A,B)	4.0 ^(A,B)	12.9 ^(A,B)	8.2 ^(A.B)	6.2 ^(A.B)	1.7	2.3 ^(M)
(L) 5;4 – 5;7	48.1 ^(A,B)	30.7 ^(A)	16.5 ^(A,B)	8.2 ^(A.B)	3.9 ^(A,B)	13.1 ^(A,B)	7.4 ^(A.B)	5.5 ^(A)	2.2 ^(B)	2.3
(M) 5;8 –5;11	45.8 ^(A,B)	34.5 ^(A)	17.2 ^(A,B)	8.6 ^(A,B,D)	4.4 ^{(A - E)}	13.1 ^(A,B)	7.6 ^(A.B)	6.0 ^(A.B)	3.0 ^(B)	1.5^{(C,D,F - K)}

Age group	Word classes		Coefficient (r)	p-value
1:6 – 1:11	Stops X	Word classes	No significant correlation
2;0 – 2;3	Stops X	Nouns	0.566	0.044*
		Adjectives	0.624	0.023*
2;4 – 2;7	Stops X	Adverbs	0.592	0.033*
		Pronouns	0.735	0.004*
2;8 – 2;11	Stops X	Word classes	No significant correlation
3;0 – 3;3	Stops X	Word classes	No significant correlation
3;4 – 3;7	Stops X	Word classes	No significant correlation
3;8 – 3;11	Stops X	Word classes	No significant correlation
4;0 – 4;3	Stops X	Word classes	No significant correlation
4;4 – 4;7	Stops X	Word classes	No significant correlation
4;8 – 4;11	Stops X	Word classes	No significant correlation
5;0 – 5;3	Stops X	Word classes	No significant correlation
5;4 – 5;7	Stops X	Word classes	No significant correlation
5;8 – 5;11	Stops X	Word classes	No significant correlation

Age group	Word classes		Coefficient (r)	p-value
1;6 – 1;11	Fricatives X	Prepositions	0.725	0.027*
		Articles	0.791	0.011*
2;0 – 2;3	Fricatives X	Adjectives	0.709	0.007*
		Conjunctions	0.592	0.033*
2;4 – 2;7	Fricatives X	Verbs	0.733	0.004*
		Adverbs	0.618	0.024*
		Conjunctions	0.644	0.017*
		Pronouns	0.589	0.034*
2;8 – 2;11	Fricatives X	Word classes	No significant correlation
3;0 – 3;3	Fricatives X	Pronouns	- 0.709	0.003*
		Prepositions	- 0.650	0.009*
3;4 – 3;7	Fricatives X	Articles	- 0.617	0,014*
3;8 – 3;11	Fricatives X	Word Classes	No significant correlation
4;0 – 4;3	Fricatives X	Word Classes	No significant correlation
4;4 – 4;7	Fricatives X	Word classes	No significant correlation
4;8 – 4;11	Fricatives X	Word classes	No significant correlation
5:0 – 5:3	Fricatives X	Word classes	No significant correlation
5:4 – 5:7	Fricatives X	Word classes	No significant correlation
5:8 – 5:11	Fricatives X	Word classes	No significant correlation

Age group	Word classes		Coefficient (r)	p-value
1;6 – 1;11	Liquids X	Adjectives	1.000	0.00*
2;0 – 2;3	Liquids X	Word classes	No significant correlation
2;4 – 2;7	Liquids X	Articles	0.583	0.037*
2;8 – 2;11	Liquids X	Word classes	No significant correlation
3;0 – 3;3	Liquids X	Word classes	No significant correlation
3;4 – 3;7	Liquids X	Word classes	No significant correlation
3;8 – 3;11	Liquids X	Word classes	No significant correlation
4;0 – 4;3	Liquids X	Word classes	No significant correlation
4;4 – 4;7	Liquids X	Word classes	No significant correlation
4;8 – 4;11	Liquids X	Nouns	- 0.563	0.029*
		Adverbs	- 0.705	0.003*
		Numerals	- 0.587	0.021*
5;0 – 5;3	Liquids X	Word classes	No significant correlation
5;4 – 5;7	Liquids X	Word classes	No significant correlation
5;8 – 5;11	Liquids X	Word classes	No significant correlation

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[1] Corresponding author: Fernanda Marafiga Wiethan. E-mail: fernanda_wiethan@yahoo.com.br