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Handgrip test handgrip strength [ 5454 Marin RV, Pedrosa MAC, Moreira-Pfrimer LDF, Matsudo SMM, Lazaretti-Castro M. Association between lean mass and handgrip strength with bone mineral density in physically active postmenopausal women. J Clin Densitom. 2010;13:96–101. ] |
Takei dynamometer (GRIP-THE-Takei Physical Fitness Test T.K.K.5001, Japan) |
Arms parallel to the body. While standing, the subject holds the dynamometer on one hand, flexing the joints of the proximal phalanges of the second and fifth metacarpals. Upon the command ofwAttention!! Go!!” from the observer, the individual applies force against the bar of the dynamometer with the fingers, hand palms, and thumb base, trying to pull the bar up with maximum isometric strength for 5 s. Two movements are recorded for each hand |
Best measured strength value from each hand (in kilograms) |
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Trunk extension trunk muscle strength [ 5757 Vestergaard S, Patel KV, Bandinelli S, Ferrucci L, Guralnik JM. Characteristics of 400-meter walk test performance and subsequent mortality in older adults. Rejuvenation Res. 2009;12:177–84.
58 Martin HJ, Yule V, Syddall HE, Dennison EM, Cooper C, Aihie SA. Is hand-held dynamometry useful for the measurement of quadriceps strength in older people? A comparison with the gold standard Bodex dynamometry. Gerontology. 2006;52:154–9. - 5959 Lee PH, Macfarlane DJ, Lam TH, Stewart SM. Validity of the international physical activity questionnaire short form (IPAQ-SF): a systematic review. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2011;8:115. ] |
Lafayette Manual Muscle Test System, Model 01163. Lafayette Instrument, IN, USA |
Subject in the prone position on an elevated examination table, chin beyond the limit of the table to avoid improper cervical spine positioning, arms extended alongside the body, and palms of the hands parallel to the hips. The observer places the dynamometer in the midline of the eighth thoracic vertebra between the inferior angle of both scapulae. Upon command, the subject performs maximum trunk extension (attempting to raise the chest from the table) for 5 s, trying to “push” the observer’s hand. The observer should not offer resistance to the subject’s movement. The test is performed 3 times |
Peak strength value 5 s after the subject pushes against the device. The result obtained is the average of the 3 attempts (in kilograms) |
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Hip flexor strength pelvitrochanteric muscle strength [ 5757 Vestergaard S, Patel KV, Bandinelli S, Ferrucci L, Guralnik JM. Characteristics of 400-meter walk test performance and subsequent mortality in older adults. Rejuvenation Res. 2009;12:177–84.
58 Martin HJ, Yule V, Syddall HE, Dennison EM, Cooper C, Aihie SA. Is hand-held dynamometry useful for the measurement of quadriceps strength in older people? A comparison with the gold standard Bodex dynamometry. Gerontology. 2006;52:154–9. - 5959 Lee PH, Macfarlane DJ, Lam TH, Stewart SM. Validity of the international physical activity questionnaire short form (IPAQ-SF): a systematic review. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2011;8:115. ] |
Lafayette Manual Muscle Test System, Model 01163. Lafayette Instrument, IN, USA |
Subject seating on a chair with lumbar support, hip and knees flexed at 90°, and both hands crossed in front of the body. The observer positions the device perpendicular to the thigh, 5 cm above the patella’s base, while an assistant stabilizes the subject’s shoulders to ensure stable movement and avoid lateral or anteroposterior compensations. After a command to start, the subject performs hip flexion by raising the knee from the chair. The test is performed 3 times |
Peak strength value 5 s after the subject pushes against the device. The final result is an average of the 3 measurements (in kilograms) |
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Knee extensor strength quadriceps strength [ 5757 Vestergaard S, Patel KV, Bandinelli S, Ferrucci L, Guralnik JM. Characteristics of 400-meter walk test performance and subsequent mortality in older adults. Rejuvenation Res. 2009;12:177–84.
58 Martin HJ, Yule V, Syddall HE, Dennison EM, Cooper C, Aihie SA. Is hand-held dynamometry useful for the measurement of quadriceps strength in older people? A comparison with the gold standard Bodex dynamometry. Gerontology. 2006;52:154–9. - 5959 Lee PH, Macfarlane DJ, Lam TH, Stewart SM. Validity of the international physical activity questionnaire short form (IPAQ-SF): a systematic review. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2011;8:115. ] |
Lafayette Manual Muscle Test System, Model 01163. Lafayette Instrument, IN, USA |
Subject seating on a chair with lumbar support, hip and knees flexed at 90°, and arms crossed in front of the chest to avoid touching the side of the chair. The dynamometer is positioned 5 cm above a medial point between the medial and lateral ankle malleoli. The observer voices a command to start the test, and the subject extends the knee at maximum effort against resistance by the dynamometer for 5 s. The test is performed 3 times |
Peak strength value 5 s after the subject pushes against the device. The final result is an average of the 3 measurements (in kilograms) |
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Elbow flexion strength upper limb strength [ 5454 Marin RV, Pedrosa MAC, Moreira-Pfrimer LDF, Matsudo SMM, Lazaretti-Castro M. Association between lean mass and handgrip strength with bone mineral density in physically active postmenopausal women. J Clin Densitom. 2010;13:96–101. , 5555 Rikli RE, Jones CJ. Development and validation of a functional fitness test for community-residing older adults. J Aging Phys Act. 1999;7:129–61. ] |
Stopwatch and dumbbell (2 kg for women and 4 kg for men) |
Subject seated on a chair, with back straight against the back of the chair and feet flat on the floor, holds the dumbbell on his or her side with the hand closed. The test begins with the subject’s arm extended downwards alongside the chair and perpendicular to the floor. At the command of “Attention!! Now!!,” the subject rotates the palm of the hand upwards while flexing the arm until completing the entire range of movement, then returns to the initial position with the elbow fully extended. Upon returning to the initial position, the subject must hold the dumbbell with a closed hand |
Total number of movements performed in 30 s (in number of maximum repetitions) |
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Chair to stand lower limb strength, dynamic balance [ 5454 Marin RV, Pedrosa MAC, Moreira-Pfrimer LDF, Matsudo SMM, Lazaretti-Castro M. Association between lean mass and handgrip strength with bone mineral density in physically active postmenopausal women. J Clin Densitom. 2010;13:96–101. , 5555 Rikli RE, Jones CJ. Development and validation of a functional fitness test for community-residing older adults. J Aging Phys Act. 1999;7:129–61. ] |
Stopwatch and armless chair |
Subject seated on a chair, back straight up, feet flat on the floor, and arms crossed in front of the chest. Upon command, the subject stands up fully and then returns to the initial seated position |
Total number of movements performed in 30 s (in number of maximum repetitions) |
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Stationary march gait, cardiorespiratory endurance, general motor coordination, dynamic balance, and lower limb strength [ 5454 Marin RV, Pedrosa MAC, Moreira-Pfrimer LDF, Matsudo SMM, Lazaretti-Castro M. Association between lean mass and handgrip strength with bone mineral density in physically active postmenopausal women. J Clin Densitom. 2010;13:96–101. , 5555 Rikli RE, Jones CJ. Development and validation of a functional fitness test for community-residing older adults. J Aging Phys Act. 1999;7:129–61. ] |
Stopwatch and measuring tape |
While the subject is standing, the observer measures with a measuring tape the distance between the subject’s anterosuperior iliac crest and patella’s base.The midpoint ?f this measurement is marked (on a wall, with the observer holding up his/her hand, or with a rope tied across two chairs) and the subject is instructed to elevate the knees to the marked height while walking in place. The observer times the executions with a stopwatch, counting the number of times that the subject’s right foot touches the floor |
Greatest number of times in 2 min that the foot touches the floor after the knee elevation (in number of maximum repetitions) |
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Timed up and go functional mobility [ 6060 Podsiadlo D, Richardson S. The timed “Up & Go”: a test of basic functional mobility for frail elderly persons. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1991;39:142–8. ] |
Stopwatch and armless chair |
Subject seated on a chair with back supported against the chair. Upon the command of “Attention!! Go!!! from the observer, the subject stands up and walks 3 m up to a predetermined spot marked on the floor. The subject turns around, walks back to the chair, and sits again with the back supported against the chair.The subject should walk at maximum speed but without running. The time is recorded using a stopwatch and an interval of 1 min is given between executions |
Shortest duration of two executions (in seconds) |
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Single-leg stance (Flamingo) static balance [ 5454 Marin RV, Pedrosa MAC, Moreira-Pfrimer LDF, Matsudo SMM, Lazaretti-Castro M. Association between lean mass and handgrip strength with bone mineral density in physically active postmenopausal women. J Clin Densitom. 2010;13:96–101. , 5555 Rikli RE, Jones CJ. Development and validation of a functional fitness test for community-residing older adults. J Aging Phys Act. 1999;7:129–61. ] |
Stopwatch |
Subject standing upright, with hands on the hips, is instructed to look at a fixed point at a wall (2 m ahead) and stand on one leg by flexing back the opposite leg to the level of the knee, and attempting to maintain the position for at least 30 s. The observer, on the subject’s side, starts the stopwatch when the subject’s foot is raised from the floor and stops it as soon as the foot touches the floor again, even if before 30 s. The test is performed 3 times |
Longer duration or completed test (in |
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Five times chair to stand reaction time, lower limb strength, dynamic balance, risk of falls [61] |
Stopwatch, armless chair |
Subject seated on a chair, back straight against the back of the chair, and arms crossed in front of the chest. Upon the command “Attention!! Now!!,” the subject must stand up and sit 5 times as fast as possible. The test is performed 2 times |
Shortest duration of the two executions (in seconds) |
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Gait speed functional mobility, dynamic balance, strength [ 5555 Rikli RE, Jones CJ. Development and validation of a functional fitness test for community-residing older adults. J Aging Phys Act. 1999;7:129–61. ] |
Stopwatch, ground demarcation of a 3.33-m x 33.3-cm rectangle |
Subject standing, at command, must walk on the demarcated rectangle. In the first part of the test, must walk at a normal speed, and in the second part, must walk quickly. Each test is performed 3 times at each stage |
Shortest duration of the three executions (in seconds) |
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| Conefesf functional mobility, muscle strength, dynamic balance [ 5555 Rikli RE, Jones CJ. Development and validation of a functional fitness test for community-residing older adults. J Aging Phys Act. 1999;7:129–61. ] |
Stopwatch, chair, ground demarcation with a 6-m x 4-m rectangle, two cones positioned on a straight line 3 m in front of a chair |
Subject seated on the chair with supported back, upon command from the observer the subject stands up and walks swiftly, going around the first cone, and returns to sit on the chair with feet on the floor. The subject stands up again and walks in a straight line to go around the other cone, and returns to the chair. The execution is done twice with a 1-min break |
Shortest duration of the two executions (in seconds) |
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Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB)timed test evaluating balance, walking speed, and lower limb strength (5-time chair stand test) [ 6262 Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Bahat G, Bauer J, et al. Sarcopenia: revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis. Age Ageing. 2019;48:16–31. ] |
Stopwatch, armless chair |
The balance test is evaluated in 3 positions for 10 s: two feet together, one foot slightly in front of the other (semi-tandem), and one foot in front of the other (tandem). In all positions, the subject is standing with eyes open. For the walking test, the subject walks 400 m (marked on the floor with a tape) at maximum speed. For the chair stand test, the subject sits on a chair without back support and stands up 5 times with the arms crossed in front of the chest |
Each test receives its own score. For the balance test, the individual receives a score of 1 if able to stay in position for 10 s and a score of 0 if unable to stay in position. For the test of the third position of the feet (tandem), the individual receives a score of 1 if able to stay in position for 3–9.9 s, a score of 2 if able to stay in position for 10 s, and 0 if unable to stay in position. For the gait speed test, the subject receives a score between 1 and 4 depending on the reached speed: the greater the speed, the higher the score. For the chair stand test, the subject receives a score between 1 and 4 depending on the time taken to stand up: the lower the time, the greater the score; the score is 0 if the subject is unable to perform the test |
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400-m walk gait, cardiovascular endurance (maximum V02 consumption), mortality prediction [ 5757 Vestergaard S, Patel KV, Bandinelli S, Ferrucci L, Guralnik JM. Characteristics of 400-meter walk test performance and subsequent mortality in older adults. Rejuvenation Res. 2009;12:177–84. ] |
Space for a 400-m walk |
Subject standing, must complete 20 laps of 20 m each, walking as fast as possible. Resting is allowed twice during the test |
Total walking duration and maximum V02 consumption (calculated using tables and formulas) in the last 10 s. Unit of measure: min/sec |
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6-min walk gait, cardiovascular endurance [ 5555 Rikli RE, Jones CJ. Development and validation of a functional fitness test for community-residing older adults. J Aging Phys Act. 1999;7:129–61. ] |
Space of about 50m |
Subject standing, must walk as fast as possible (without running) during 6 min a 45.72-m rectangular course demarcated at every 4.57 m |
Distance walked (in meters) |
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