Maintained activity in ankylosing spondylitis patients treated with TNFi and/or NSAID for at least 12 weeks: a cross-sectional study in Brazil

Abstract

Background

The aim of this study was to evaluate disease activity among patients with axial spondyloarthritis (AS) treated with tumor necrosis factor inhibitors (TNFi) and/or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for at least 12 weeks in private outpatient settings in Brazil.

Methods

This was a cross-sectional, real-world study conducted in 17 Brazilian private health care institutes. Patients were selected if diagnosed with AS or axial radiographic spondyloarthritis (AxSpA) and treated with NSAIDs or TNFi for at least 12 weeks within the last 26 weeks prior to enrollment. The data were collected from interviewed-based and self-administered questionnaires from patients and physicians. Disease activity was defined as active (≥ 4), low /suboptimal (≥ 2 and < 4) and inactive (< 4) by Bath AS Disease Activity Index (BASDAI) and/or very high (≥ 3.5), high (≥ 2.1 to < 3.5), low (≥ 1.3 to < 2.1), and inactive (< 1.3) by AS Disease Activity Score (ASDAS-CRP). Both patients and physicians’ perceptions of disease control were assessed using a numeric rating scale (NRS; 0—inactive to 10—very active disease).

Results

The cohort included 378 patients with a mean age of 46 years, and the median time since diagnosis until enrollment was 5.4 years (interquartile range 2.7–10.5). Most patients were treated with TNFi alone (74%), followed by TNFi in combination with NSAID (15%), and NSAID alone (11%). About half AS patients showed active disease and 24% of patients showed low activity/suboptimal disease control despite having been treated for at least 12 weeks. Although TNFi showed better disease control than NSAID, inactive disease was experienced by few patients. The NRS (mean [standard deviation]) score for disease perception was 4.24 (3.3) and 2.85 (2.6) for patients and physicians, respectively.

Conclusion

This real-world study showed that most AS patients on TNFi and/or NSAID had not achieved an adequate disease control, as almost 75% of them exhibited active disease or low activity/suboptimal disease control. There remains a need for improved disease management among patients with AS.

Keywords:
Ankylosing spondylitis; Axial radiographic spondyloarthritis; Disease activity; Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug; Patient-reported outcome; Real-world study; Tumor necrosis factor inhibitors

Background

Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory disease that primarily affects the axial joints [ ¹ ]. It is estimated to affect 0.02 to 0.8% of the Latin American population [ ² , ³ ]. AS is characterized by an insidious onset of inflammatory low back pain, with or without peripheral arthritis or extra-articular manifestations [ ⁴ ]. AS is not only associated with a significant clinical and economic burden [ ⁵ ] but with impaired quality of life as well.

National and international guidelines for AS recommend nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) as the first-line of pharmacological treatment of AS [ ⁶ – ⁸ ]. Biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, such as tumor necrosis factor inhibitors (TNFi) and interleukin-17 (IL-17) inhibitor, are recommended for patients with high disease activity with AS after at least 2 NSAIDs, with current practice starting with TNFi [ ⁶ , ⁷ , ⁹ ].

Monitoring of disease activity, function, mobility, and radiographic progression is highly recommended to investigate whether treatments are leading to complete clinical remission or low disease activity [ ⁶ , ⁸ ]. The disease monitoring includes measuring disease activity by using composite indices for disease activity (Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score [ASDAS] or Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index [BASDAI]) and laboratory tests (C-reactive protein [CRP]) and imaging, and patient-reported outcomes (PRO) capturing patient perspectives [ ⁶ , ⁷ ].

Over the last decade, the management of AS has changed dramatically. However, a few clinical trials also showed that not all patients could achieve complete clinical remission or adequate disease control [ ¹⁰ – ¹² ]. Similarly, a few observational studies also showed high disease activity and low activity/suboptimal control following treatment in patients with AS especially in middle-income countries like Brazil [ ¹³ , ¹⁴ ]. However, limited data are available on disease activity among patients with AS in real-world settings.

Therefore, this cross-sectional study, INVISIBLE-BRAZIL (Making the INVISIBLE visible), aimed to evaluate disease activity among AS patients treated with TNFi and/or NSAID for at least 12 weeks in Brazilian private health care institutes.

Methods

Study design and participants

The INVISIBLE-BRAZIL study was a multi-center, observational, cross-sectional, noninterventional study conducted among patients with AS treated with tumor necrosis factor inhibitors (TNFi) and/or NSAIDs. This study was conducted in 17 Brazilian private health care institutes from June 2019 to June 2020.

Eligibility criteria included patients with a diagnosis of AS or axial radiographic spondyloarthritis (AxSpA) according to physician evaluation (modified New York criteria or ASAS classification criteria were not mandatory), aged ≥ 18 years old, treated with at least one TNFi and/or NSAID for at least 12 weeks in the last 26 weeks prior to study enrollment. Patients on interleukin-17, or those who had any severe concomitant disease that might influence rheumatic disease evaluation such as neoplasia, noncontrolled psychiatric disease were excluded. Additionally, patients who were not able to read, understand, and complete the questionnaires and/or who were participating in any other study including administration of drug or procedure were excluded.

All patients (participants) and site investigator (physician) were asked to complete the PROs questionnaires. Patients were treated with standard of care according to physician's decision and the treatment was retrospectively assessed.

Data source

Data were collected by the physician, directly from the patients during the single study visit from interviewed-based and self-administered questionnaires, and from patients’ medical records. Patients and their physicians answered the reported outcomes questionnaires to assess disease activity and their perceptions about the disease. Data unrelated to PROs were retrieved from patients’ medical charts. All data were entered into an electronic case report form (eCRF), which constituted the database.

Disease activity assessment

Disease activity was assessed by two PROs that are commonly used and recommended by standard guidelines [ ⁶ , ⁷ ]: Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI) [ ¹⁵ ], which was entirely self-reported, and ASDAS-CRP [ ¹⁶ ], which included an inflammatory marker in addition to the self-reported questions. All patients answered BASDAI, but ASDAS-CRP was only evaluated for those with CRP test results in the 30 days prior to the survey.

The BASDAI Index [ ⁶ , ¹⁷ ] consists of the assessment of five AS symptoms (fatigue, back pain, peripheral joint involvement, enthesitis points, and stiffness) that are evaluated on a numeric rating scale (NRS) varying from 0 to 10 (one being no problem and 10 being the worst problem). The score is obtained by considering the 2 questions regarding stiffness as a single component (average scores of both), and then the average of the 5 partial scores is calculated. Cut-off used to classify disease activity as active was score ≥ 4, and inactive was < 4; an additional analysis was carried out to assess low activity/suboptimal disease control, using the exploratory threshold value of score ≥ 2 and < 4 determined by the study of the disease and references [ ¹² , ¹⁸ – ²⁰ ].

Similarly, ASDAS-CRP [ ⁶ , ¹⁶ , ²¹ ] includes questions answered as NRS related to back pain, stiffness, patient global assessment, peripheral pain, and swelling, but combines C-reactive protein (CRP), an objective laboratory measure of inflammation frequently used to monitor AS. Based on this score, disease activity is categorized as very high activity (≥ 3.5), high activity (≥ 2.1 to < 3.5), low activity(≥ 1.3 to < 2.1), and inactive disease (< 1.3).

Furthermore, both patients and physicians’ perceptions of disease control were assessed using an NRS (0—inactive to 10—very active disease): according to patients’ perceptions, how active was their rheumatic disease during the last week and according to physicians’ perceptions, how was the disease activity of the patient at the time of medical visit.

Statistical analysis

Descriptive analyses were used. Data were described as measures of central tendency (means, medians) and dispersion (standard deviation [SD], interquartile range [IQR]) for continuous variables, and absolute number and percentage for categorical variables. Any missing data was considered as missing information, and no data imputation method was performed.

Chi-squared test was used to compare frequencies, and analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare means of two or more independent groups when continuous variable followed normal distribution. Spearman (ρ) was used for evaluating the correlation between two continuous variables that had no normal data distribution. A Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.2 is considered small effect, 0.5 (medium) and a 0.8 or higher high correlation [ ²² ]. A P-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Also, the ability of physicians or patients to predict real control of disease was analyzed graphically using a receiver operating characteristic curve. The area under the curve (AUC) was displayed for each analysis.

The study sample size was based on statistical precision and allowance of an outcome to have sufficient generaliz-ability. Our sample included 378 individuals, which was adequate to achieve a robust estimation of the population mean (95% confidence interval, level of significance 0.05). It was based on an acceptable error of 5%,

a Brazilian population of 200.4 million inhabitants with an AS prevalence of 0.5% varying from 0.08 to 1.4% [ ²³ ], and assuming that about 50% of AS patients in our study cohort would have had BASDAI < 4 based on literature data [ ¹² , ¹⁸ ].

Analysis was done using SAS 9.4 (SAS Institute, Cary NC).

Ethical committee approval

The study was conducted in accordance with the STROBE (Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology) guidelines and with the ethical principles laid down in the Declaration of Helsinki and local ethical regulation. In addition, the study had ethics committee approval of all participating research centers. All patients provided written informed consent prior to participating in the study.

Results

Patients’ characteristics

Overall, 386 patients were screened, of whom 378 (97.9%) were eligible and completed the study; 4 patients were not eligible (they were not treated for at least 12 weeks) and data from 4 patients could not be evaluated during monitoring activities, so they were not included in the study cohort.

Of the enrolled participants, 213 (56.3%) were male; the mean (SD) age was 46.4 (13.1) years, and the majority of them were employed (58.5%), overweighted and obese (70%), and had no smoking history 294 (77.8%). Mean age of symptoms’ onset was around 32.6 (SD 13.5) years, and patients were diagnosed at mean age of 39.2 (SD 13.8) years. The median time from diagnosis to enrollment was 5.4 years (IQR 2.7–10.5). In total, 277 (73.3%) patients were screened for the presence of HLA-B27 antigen, of whom 181 (65.3%) were positive. Moreover, 36.2% (137) of the patients had undergone CRP evaluation in the past 30 days prior to enrollment, 67.9% of patients had CRP levels lower than 1 mg/dL. Similar characteristics were found for treatment groups, though TNFi group had a higher presence of male and employed people, and had longer time from AS diagnosis ( Table 1 ).

Table 1
Clinical and demographic characteristic of patients enrolled in INVISIBLE-BRAZIL study

		All patients (N=378)	Using only NSAID(n=42)	Using only TNFi(n=281)	Using both TNFi and NSAID(n=55)
Male, n (%)		213 (56.35)	17 (40.48)	174 (61.92)	22 (40.0)
Age (years), mean (SD)
	At study enrollment	46.40 (13.10)	45.7 (11.6)	46.0 (13.5)	49.1 (12.0)
	At AS symptoms onset	32.57 (13.52)	34.83 (13.35)	32.17 (13.48)	32.92 (13.92)
	At AS diagnosis	39.24 (13.75)	40.97 (12.45)	38.35 (13.89)	42.45 (13.63)
BMI (kg/m2), n (%)
	<18.5	1 (0.26)	0	1 (0.36)	0
	18.5 to 24.9	112 (29.63)	19 (45.24)	80 (28.47)	13 (23.64)
	25 to 29.9	161 (42.59)	16 (38.10)	120 (42.70)	25 (45.45)
	30 to 39.9	99 (26.19)	6 (14.29)	77 (27.40)	16 (29.09)
	≥40	5 (1.32)	1 (2.38)	3 (1.07)	1 (1.82)
Employment status, n (%)
	Employed	221 (58.47)	19 (45.24)	174 (61.92)	28 (50.91)
	Unemployed	18 (4.76)	3 (7.14)	12 (4.27)	3 (5.45)
	Retired	82 (21.69)	8 (19.05)	61 (21.71)	13 (23.64)
	Medical leave	6 (1.59)	0 (0.00)	4 (1.42)	2 (3.64)
	Other	51 (13.49)	12 (28.57)	30 (10.68)	9 (16.36)
Smoking habits, n (%)
	Never smoked	294 (77.78)	31 (73.81)	221 (78.65)	42 (76.36)
	Former smoker	61 (16.14)	7 (16.67)	47 (16.73)	7 (12.73)
	Current smoker	23 (6.08)	4 (9.52)	13 (4.63)	6 (10.91)
Time since first diagnosis * (years), median (IQR)		5.41 (2.66-10.51)	3.43 (1.09-6.60)	6.02 (3.03-11.01)	3.68 (1.43-9.85)
Genetic test for HLA-B27, n (%)		N=277	N=35	N=201	N=41
	Positive	181 (65.34)	20 (57.14)	134 (66.67)	27 (65.85)
CRP in the past 30 days * (mg/dL), n (%)		N=137	N=19	N=96	N=22
	<0.1	24 (17.5)	3 (15.79)	18 (18.75)	3 (13,64)
	0.1 to 1.0	93 (67.9)	13 (68.42)	66 (68.75)	14 (63.64)
	>1.0	20 (14.6)	3 (15.79)	12 (12.5)	5 (22.73)
Mean (SD)		1.65 (12.21)	1.10 (2.50)	0.52 (0.82)	7.06 (30.35)

• ^*
  Based on enrollment date (informed consent form signature)
• AS ankylosing spondylitis, BMI body mass index, HLA-B27 human leukocyte antigen B27, IQR interquartile range, SD standard deviation

Treatment characteristics and disease control

Most patients (74% [281/378]) were treated with TNFi alone, whereas 15% (55/378) of patients were taking TNFi in combination with NSAID. Considering patients who used only NSAID (11% [42/378]), five used ≥ 2 NSAIDs in the past 26 weeks prior to study enrollment. ( Table 2 ).

Table 2
Disease activity according to treatment

	All patients(n=378)	Using only NSAID(n=42)	Using only TNFI(n=281)	Using both TNFI and NSAID(n=55)	P-value
BASDAI score - n (%)					<0.01*
Inactive disease (<2)	103 (27.25)	2 (4.76)	97 (34.52)	4 (7.27)
Low activity/suboptimal control (≥2 and <4)	90 (23.81)	9 (21.43)	75 (26.69)	6 (10.91)
Active disease (≥4)	185 (48.94)	31 (73.81)	109 (38.79)	45 (81.82)
BASDAI mean (SD)	4.06 (2.67)	6.07 (2.50) b	3.43 (2.50) a	5.77 (2.09) b	<0.01**
ASDAS-CRP score - n (%)					<0.01*
Inactive disease (<1.3)	36 (26.28)	1 (5.26)	33 (34.38)	2 (9.09)
Low activity/suboptimal control (≥1.3 - <2.1)	31 (22.63)	2 (10.53)	28 (29.17)	1 (4.55)
High activity (≥2.1 - <3.5)	49 (35.77)	11 (57.89)	25 (26.04)	13 (59.09)
Very high activity (≥3.5)	21 (15.33)	5 (26.32)	10 (10.42)	6 (27.27)
ASDAS-CRP mean (SD)	2.28 (1.18)	3.01 (0.90) b	1.96 (1.07) a	3.07 (1.24) b	<0.01**

• AS ankylosing spondylitis, ASDAS-CRP Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score, BASDAI Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index, NSAID nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, SD standard deviation, TNFI tumor necrosis factor inhibitors

The most used TNFi was adalimumab (126, 45%), followed by etanercept (54, 19%) and infliximab (48, 17%); whereas the most commonly used NSAIDs were naproxen and celecoxib, followed by etoricoxib and diclofenac. ^{Supplementary Tables 1} and ^{Supplementary Table 2} detail the treatment characteristics in terms of treatment duration, commonly used dosage and frequency of TNFi and NSAIDs, respectively.

Table 4 shows the proportion of patients with active and inactive disease, classified according to BASDAI and/or ASDAS-CRP scores (as illustrated at Fig. 1 ), and the mean score per treatment type. About half of AS patients had active disease at the time of study enrollment despite having been treated for at least 12 weeks; moreover, only 26–27% had inactive disease, while the others presented with low disease activity/suboptimal disease control. Only about one-third of these patients had inactive and well controlled disease, with those treated with TNFi alone (~ 34% with inactive disease) with better disease control than those treated with TNFi in combination with NSAID (~ 7–9%) or NSAID alone (~ 5%); >73% of patients on TNFi in combination with NSAID or NSAID alone had active disease.

Fig. 1
Disease activity according to (A) BASDAI and (B) ASDAS-CRP, as the number and percentage of patients defined as inactive (blue), low disease activity (yellow), active or high activity (orange), and very high activity [ASDAS-CRP only] (dark orange)

Fig. 2
AUC of patient's (A, B) and physician's (C, D) NRS for predicting disease activity according to BASDAI and ASDAS-CRP ASDAS-CRP Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score, AUC area under the curve, BASDAI Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index, CI confidence interval, NRS numeric rating scale

Table 4
Correlation coefficient (95%CI) of patients and physicians' perceptions of disease activity with the PRO.

	BASDAI	ASDAS-CRP
NRS (patient)	0.77 (0.72; 0.80)	0.84 (0.78; 0.88)
NRS (physician)	0.68 (0.62; 0.73)	0.81 (0.74; 0.86)

• Data presented as Spearman (CI), ρ Spearman test
• ASDAS-CRP Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Sco re , BASDAI Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index, CI , confidence interval, NRS numeric rating scale, NSAID Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, PRO patientreported outcome, SD standard deviation, TNFi tumor necrosis factor inhibitors

Perception of disease control

Patients perceived their disease to be more active than their physicians. For both patients and physicians, the disease was moderately active (mean NRS scores ≥ 5) for patients treated with TNFi in combination with NSAID or NSAID alone. For patient under TNFi alone, both patients and physicians reported moderate-to-low disease activity; but score mean for disease activity reported was 2.85 for physicians and 4.24 for patients ( Table 3 ).

Table 3
Perception of disease activity

	All patients	Using only NSAID (n=42)	Using only TNFi (n=281)	Using both TNFi and NSAID(n=55)
NRS - patient	4.24 (3.25)	6.67 (2.76)	3.55 (3.11)	5.85 (2.88)
NRS - physician	2.85 (2.57)	5.98 (2.47)	2.07 (2.08)	4.44 (2.42)

• Data presented as mean (SD)
• NRS numeric rating scale, NSAID nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, SD standard deviation, TNFi tumor necrosis factor inhibitors

Both patients and physicians’ perceptions were highly correlated to BASDAI and ASDAS-CRP scores ( Table 4 ). Both patients and physicians were able to predict disease activity as active or inactive. All AUC were higher than 0.8 for BASDAI and ASDAS-CRP cut-offs for disease activity ( Fig. 1 ).

Discussion

This noninterventional and observational study described the disease activity of patients with AS treated with TNFi and/or NSAID for at least 12 weeks in the past 26 weeks in Brazil.

The demographics of the study sample were comparable to previous studies [ ¹⁴ , ²⁴ – ²⁶ ], as most patients were male and typically had disease onset before the age of 40–45 years. As expected, HLA-B27 presence among patients with AS was high in this study cohort, and these data are in line with previous studies in Latin America [ ² ], although the HLA-B27 frequency was lower than that in studies outside Brazil, which showed as high as 91% frequency of HLA-B27 whereas it was 65% in the current study [ ²⁴ ].

Both NSAID and TNFi are efficacious, prescribed for AS control, and the results are as expected from the phase III studies of the evaluated drugs. In the INVISIBLE study, despite having been treated with TNFi and/or NSAID for at least 12 weeks, half of the patients exhibited moderate to high disease activity, whereas ~ 23% showed low activity but still low activity/suboptimal control (not very inactive disease). The majority of patients included in this study was using TNFi alone (mainly adalimumab) and although showing better control of the disease than patients using NSAIDs alone or in combination with TNFi, more than half of the patients using TNFi alone still have not reached adequate disease control (36–38% with active disease plus 27 − 19% with low activity/suboptimal control). A few real-world studies have shown that disease activity scores and CRP decrease among patients with AS after initiating biological therapy [ ²⁴ , ²⁷ – ²⁹ ]. However, corroborating with our findings, it has also been reported that 20–40% of AS patients on TNFi showed an inadequate response or become intolerant to the treatment over time [ ³⁰ ]. Additionally, other studies showed that TNFi is efficacious in reducing disease activity but still might not lead to good or adequate disease control after second and third of anti-TNF treatment [ ¹⁰ , ³¹ , ³² ].

Overall, groups treated with NSAIDs (alone or in combination with TNFi) had worse disease activity results than TNF alone. Although NSAIDs have been proven to be efficacious in symptom reduction and in reducing inflammatory serum biomarkers, they do not always lead to adequate symptom control [ ³³ ]. Moreover, a transversal unicentric study (N = 152) [ ¹⁴ ] reported a significantly higher proportion of patients with AS with low disease activity and inactive disease in patients treated with TNFi than in those treated with NSAIDs. In the current study, most patients under NSAID presented inadequate disease control, worse than those using TNFi. This might suggest that many patients under NSAID might be eligible for switching therapy for biologics, as indicated in disease guidelines.

Although the first line of treatment is NSAIDs in AS, the number of patients using NSAIDs was relatively low in this cohort. As this study did not require patients to be under first-line of therapy, most patients might have switched their NSAID to biologics therapy over time, which would explain the higher number of included cases under biologics. Besides, NSAID group showed higher disease activity than the biologics, which might be reflecting patients under their first line of therapy that are failing NSAID and are now eligible for initiating biologics.

However, regardless the treatment received, the proportion of AS patients with low disease activity or inactive disease in the current study is lower than in previous studies, which showed around 75% of AS patients [ ³⁴ ] with low disease activity or inactive disease and around 50% of patients with restricted inactive disease after AS treatment [ ¹⁴ ]. This study included clinics with a high standard care (e.g., national guidelines are followed, detailed standard operating procedures are develop and followed, etc.) in Brazil, which could not be generalized to the entire country; however, it is reasonable to believe that patients in different settings may have worse disease control. Even though included patients were on assumed great care, many still presented with disease activity, bringing to the attention that there might be very complex mechanisms for patients to be unable to achieve adequate treatment. Some possible explanations for treatment failure may be due to [ ¹ ] non-compliance and non-adherence by patients - studies have shown that lack of knowledge about the disease and consequences of poor compliance could be the reason for this patient behavior; [ ² ] sporadic and not routine use of PROs by healthcare providers – it has been reported that time constraint, insufficient knowledge and lack of integration of PROs into clinical system, are some of the barriers for the implementation of PROs in the clinical practice [ ³⁵ ]; [ ³ ] lack of effective communication between healthcare providers and patients [ ³⁶ ] - healthcare providers, including physician, improving communication with patients can further improve overall management of the disease [ ³⁷ , ³⁸ ]; and [ ⁴ ] clinical inertia – failure of physicians to initiate, change or intensify therapy when required especially when there is evidence of disease activity for chronic disease such as AS [ ³⁹ , ⁴⁰ ].

AS is a multidimensional inflammatory disease requiring overall management of the disease including morbidities, complications, and disease progression. Adequate care is possible but requires a broad and multi-disciplinary effort. Healthcare providers must strive to get the right and early diagnosis, and also to treat the right patient, at the right time, with the right treatment, at the right dose. Patients should be encouraged to self-management and self-advocacy through effective listening and empathy by healthcare providers. Physicians are essential for that, but pharmacists, physiotherapists, community or family healthcare providers, and many other professionals can help supporting and engaging the correct and adequate AS treatment, pharmacological and non-pharmacological. A suboptimal management of chronic disease such as AS can further increase risk of subsequent adverse health outcomes such as fatigue, pain, impaired function, and psychosocial problems; nevertheless, misdiagnosis and other factors that may lead to undesirable treatment outcome may occur. [ ⁴¹ , ⁴² ].

For chronic pain disease such as AS, therapeutic decisions and assessment of disease activity rely on PROs in addition to physicians’ clinical evaluation [ ⁴³ ] as they are reliable and effective in reflecting changes in disease activity over time [ ⁴⁴ ]. A qualitative study assessed PROs in patients with AS indicated that PROs measures should be routinely used in outpatient settings to help improve shared decision-making discussions between patients and physicians [ ³⁷ ]. The patient perspective is critical to make continuous improvement in the treatment of AS by encouraging appropriate treatment switching and escalation. In this study, there was a slight patient–physician discrepancy regarding the perception of AS disease activity. The patients perceived their disease to be more active than the physicians; this is in keeping with data from a systematic review of literature [ ³⁸ , ⁴⁴ ]. A plausible explanation could be, patients solely subjective perception of pain and discomfort, so they tend to perceive more severe disease not only due to the disease status but also psychological distress and comorbidities [ ⁴⁴ ].

This study has some limitations. Patients who regularly visited their physicians in clinics were more likely to be approached and enrolled in this study. The investigator selection bias was minimized by enrolling consecutive patients who fulfilled the eligibility criteria. Patients presenting with symptoms were more likely to get a medical consultation and to be included in this study, as they were visiting the clinics. Few CRP were available to allow ASDAS-CRP evaluation, leaving only BASDAI for disease activity determination; and because it relies solely on patient's perception, it could have inflated disease activity in this study. It is well stablished that a psychological distress is commonly a trigger and an aggravating factor to nociplastic pain; therefore, stress or other problems in patient care caused by the COVID-19 pandemic may influence the results, including the perception of the disease (overall more active to patient than to their physician) and the proportion of AS patients with inactive or low disease activity (lower in this study than in previous ones). Also, race/ethnicity data was not collected, which may limit the understanding of these population [ ⁴⁵ , ⁴⁶ ]. The treatment was retrospectively assessed to reduce physician bias with regard to treatment selection and indication; however, patients and disease characteristics are key points for physician's choice of treatment, so comparison among treatment groups within this study should be done with caution.

The strength of this study is the nature of it, which reflects real world scenario, where physicians were not biased in assigning treatment, and patient's outcomes reflects what is happening in clinical practice. The INVISIBLE-BRAZIL study has highlighted the importance of seeking for better disease control, improving monitoring and treatment selection. Moreover, controlling disease manifestation is important to maintain or improve patients’ quality of life.

Conclusion

In this Brazilian real world study, half of patients with AS treated with TNFi and/or NSAID exhibited active disease or low activity/suboptimal disease control, despite being treated for at least 12 weeks. Results from this study raise the need for a widespread use of disease monitoring and PROs can improve physicians’ understanding of disease activity and aid treatment decision-making, which can further improve patient satisfaction and management of the disease. More studies are needed to understand the factors associated with the inadequate disease control.

Study limitation

The results of inadequate disease control of the present study are probably impacted by the profile of patients included in the study considering that it is known that individuals with painful sensitization and fibromyalgia that fulfill criteria for spondylarthritis show better treatment outcomes than patients with symptoms without an inflammation biomarker. The treatment duration can also play an important bias in the assessment of disease activity even when in this study the treatment with TNFi, NSAID or combination of both were, at least, equal or superior to 6 months. Other limitation of this study is regarding that it was not assessed pre study treatment for AS as well as the questionnaire obtaining process and timing are potential biases.

• Funding
  This study was funded by Novartis.
• Availability of data and materials
  The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
• Declarations
  Ethics approval and consent to participate
  The study had ethics committee approval of all participating research centers. All patients provided written informed consent to participate in the study. This study protocol was reviewed and approved by ethics committee CPCLIN -CENTRO DE PESQUISAS CLINICAS LTDA, approval number 3.725.041.
• Consent for publication
  Not applicable.
• Publisher's Note
  Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Acknowledgements

The authors thank all the participants for their willingness to contribute data. The authors also thank Shweta Vadnerkar (PhD of IQVIA) for the editorial and medical writing support.

The authors would like to thank the Investigators and their team Dr. Alexandre Ibrahim Uehbe de Oliveira, Dr. Antonio Carlos Ximenes, Dr. Denison Santos Silva, Dr. Eduardo de Souza Meirelles, Dr. Filipe Martins de Mello, Dr. Glaucio Ricardo Werner de Castro, Dr. Paulo Chicarone Pereira, Dr. Pedro Weingrill, Dra. Flora Maria D’Andrea Marcolino, Dra. Giovana Gomes Ribeiro, Dra. Tatiana Karenini Muller, Dr. Marcelo Pimenta, In Memoriam of Dr. Morton Aaron Scheinberg , Dr. Valderilio Feijó Azevedo for its important contribution to this study.

Abbreviations

• AS  ankylosing spondylitis
• ASDAS-CRP  ankylosing spondylitis disease activity score
• BASDAI  bath ankylosing spondylitis disease activity index
• CRP  C-reactive protein
• IQR  interquartile range
• NRS  numeric rating scale
• NSAIDs  nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
• PRO  patient-reported outcome
• SD  standard deviation
• TNFi  tumor necrosis factor inhibitors

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Supplementary Material 1

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  14 Nov 2022
• Date of issue
  2022

History

• Received
  18 Apr 2022
• Accepted
  12 Oct 2022
• Published
  28 Oct 2022