Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in patients with Behçet’s disease

Abstract

Background:

Behçet’s disease (BD) is a multisystemic vasculitis that may affect the heart. However, the incidence and nature of cardiac involvement in BD have not been clearly documented yet. The aim of this study was to delineate the cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) appearances of cardiac involvement in BD patients.

Methods:

This cross-sectional observational study was carried out 30 BD patients without known cardiac disease. Patients were subjected to history taking, physical examination, echocardiography and cardiac MRI.

Results:

At least one abnormality on cardiac MRI was observed in 20/30 patients (66.67%). Myocardial oedema was observed in 3 patients (10%) and late gadolinium enhancement in 1 patient (3.3%). Pericardial effusion was found in 3 patients (10.0%), global hypokinesia in 6 patients (20.0%) and intra-cardiac thrombosis in only 1 patient (3.3%). Pulmonary artery was dilated in 4 patients (13.3%). Left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) end diastolic volume were altered in 4 patients (13.3%) and 7 patients (23.3%) respectively. LV and RV end systolic volume were abnormal in 7 patients (23.3%) and 5 patients (16.7%) respectively. There was aortic valve regurge in 2 patients (6.7%), tricuspid valve regurge in 9 patients (30%), and mitral valve regurge in 9 patients (30%). Dilated left main coronary artery was found in 2 patients (6.7%) and arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia in only one patient 1 patient (3.3%). On logistic regression analysis, BD activity index score was a significant predictor of cardiac abnormalities.

Conclusion:

BD may cause cardiac abnormalities without clinical manifestations and cardiac MRI may represent a tool for early detection of these subtle abnormalities. Higher BD activity index scores are strongly linked to cardiac problems.

Keywords:
Behçet’s disease; Heart; Cardiac MRI

Background

Behçet disease (BD) is a chronic, relapsing inflammatory disorder of unknown etiology [ ¹ ]. Although BD occurs worldwide, it is most prevalent along the “Silk road” region extending from Japan to the Middle Eastern countries [ ² ]. The exact pathogenesis is still unknown, but it is a multifactorial disease classified as vasculitis. It may be triggered by many environmental factors as infection in genetically predisposed persons [ ³ ].

BD was first described as a trisymptom complex of recurrent oral and genital ulcers and uveitis [ ⁴ ] and later recognized as a multisystem disease with neurological, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal, vascular and cardiac involvement [ ⁵ ].

Venous pathology and thrombotic complications are hallmarks of BD. However, cardiac involvement is rare and underestimated [ ⁶ ]. All cardiac layers may be involved resulting in pericarditis, myocarditis, endocarditis, intracardiac thrombosis and valvular disease [ ⁷ ]. Early recognition of cardiac involvement is important being associated with poor prognosis. There are only few data on cardiac manifestations in BD. Additionally, routine methods assessing heart involvement in BD patients such as echocardiography are not sensitive nor specific [ ⁸ ].

Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a noninvasive, non-radiating safe modality that can be valuable in assessing cardiac structure and function [ ⁹ ]. The aims of the present study were to evaluate usefulness of cardiac MRI in BD patients without known cardiac disease and to detect areas of hyperenhancement after IV administration of gadolinium. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate silent cardiac involvement in patients with BD using Cardiac MRI.

Methods

Patients

This is an observational analytical cross-sectional study conducted on 30 patients with BD. Patients were recruited from Rheumatology and Immunology unit at Mansoura University Hospital, Egypt between May 2018 to December 2019. All patients met the following inclusion criteria: (a) age > 18 years (b) classified as having BD according to the International Criteria for Behcet’s Disease (ICBD) [ ¹⁰ ] (c) BD duration more than one year (d) without known cardiac disease or manifestations. Exclusion criteria included: diabetes mellitus, hypertension, ischemic heart diseases, liver cell failure, overlap with other autoimmune diseases, and coexistent infection or malignancy. Patients with glomerular filtration rate below 30 ml/min/1.73 m² or had cardiac pacemaker or cochlear implants were also excluded from the start. The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Research Board of the Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University (approval registration number: MS/18.02.44). The study was explained to all patients, and informed written consent was obtained from all of them before starting the study.

Demographic, clinical and laboratory data

For the included patients, sex, age and BD duration were recorded. BD cumulative manifestations affecting the eye, gastrointestinal tract, joints, skin, blood vessels and central nervous system were evaluated and registered by an experienced rheumatologist. BD activity within the past 4 weeks was also evaluated using Behçet’s Disease Current Activity Form 2006 (BDCAF) ( http://www.behcet.ws ).

The following investigations were evaluated and recorded at the same day of clinical assessment: complete blood count (CBC), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP) and serum creatinine (SCr).

Transthoracic echocardiographic evaluation

Transthoracic echocardiographic evaluation of each patient was done by an experienced internist who was blinded to the clinical data. All patients were scanned by the same physician using commercial imaging analysis software (Philips Affiniti 50) with high frame rates (> 60 frames/s) and evaluated according to the American Society of Echocardiography [ ¹¹ ].

Cardiac MRI protocol

Each patient was evaluated by cardiac MRI within 24 h after clinical and echocardiographic assessment. Cardiac MRI was performed on a 1.5-T scanner (Philips Ingenia, Best, Netherlands). Retrospective ECG gating was used, and sequences were obtained with breath hold. Routine cine steady-state free-precession (SSFP) sequence was used to obtain a stalk of contiguous slices in the short-axis, axial, three chamber and four chambers. Parameters were TR = 3.2 ms, TE = 1.6 ms, field of view (FOV) 350 mm², slice thickness = 5 mm, no slice gap. Intravenous contrast agent (DOTAREM, Magnevest) was injected at a dose of 0.2 mmol/kg. After 10–15 min of contrast injection, T1-weighted inversion recovery sequence (PSIRTFE-BH) was acquired in the short axis and 4 chamber planes with the following parameters: FOV 350 × 350 mm², slice thickness 8–10 mm, acquisition matrix 220 × 176, voxel size 1.6 × 1.9 × 10, TR/TE 6.1 ms/3 ms, flip angle 25°, and inversion time (TI) 250–425 ms. T2-weighted images were acquired in the short axis plane with a triple inversion recovery fast spin echo with the following parameters: TR, 1500 ms, TE 30 ms, FA 90°, FOV 350 × 350 mm², matrix 196–149 and slice thickness 8 mm.

Cardiac morphology and function were evaluated by an experienced radiologist blinded to echocardiography reports, using the dedicated cardiac MR software. Left ventricle and right ventricle volume and function were assessed by manually tracing the endocontours at endsystole and end-diastole. No sedation was used, and all patients were in sinus rhythm during the examination.

Cardiac MRI Post processing and image analysis

Cardiac morphology and function were evaluated by an experienced radiologist, blinded to echocardiography reports, using extended MR 130 Workspace 2.6.3.5, Philips medical systems Netherland. Semi-automated method was used to trace the endocardial contours of both left and right ventricles and LV epicardial contours on each slice from base to apex on short axis plane for left ventricle and axial plane for right ventricle on end systole and end diastole. The end diastolic volume (EDV) and end systolic volume (ESV) were recorded. The Stroke volume (SV) was obtained as the difference between EDV and ESV. The ejection fraction (EF) is the SV/EDV. The end diastolic wall mass of left ventricle (LVM) was calculated as the total myocardial volume multiplied by specific gravity of myocardial tissue (1.05 g/mL). Both ventricular end diastolic volume indexed (EDVi) and the left ventricular mass indexed (LVMi) were measured by dividing the EDV and myocardial mass by the BSA. Late contrast enhancement and myocardial oedema were evaluated on PSIR-TFE-BH sequence and T2 with triple inversion recovery sequence.

Statistical analysis

The collected data were coded, processed, and analysed using IBM SPSS for Windows version 24 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). After examining the distribution of continuous variables for normality using the Shapiro–Wilk test, data were expressed as mean and standard deviation if normally distributed or as median, minimum, and maximum if not normally distributed. Qualitative data were presented as frequencies and relative percentages. The Mann–Whitney test and independent samples t-test were used to compare continuous variables. The chi-square test was used to assess the differences between qualitative variables. The Spearman’s rank-order correlation was used to determine the strength and direction of a linear relationship between two non-normally distributed continuous variables and/or ordinal variables. Logistic regression analysis was carried out to identify the potential predictors for cardiac MRI abnormalities. A ROC curve was also generated and the area under the curve (AUC) was calculated for BDCAF score to identify the cut off points above which cardiac MRI abnormalities are likely. P values of ≤ 0.05 were considered significant.

Results

Patients’ characteristics and echocardiographic findings

A total of 30 BD patients were included in the study. The patients’ characteristics and transthoracic echocardiographic findings are described in Table 1 . Among the studied patients, 21 (70%) were males and their mean age was 32.3 years (SD 8.9). The median duration of BD was 3 years with a range from1.5–7 years. Echocardiography detected tricuspid valve regurge in 8 patients (26.7%) and global myocardium hypokinesia in 6 patients (20%).

Table 1
Demographic, clinical, laboratory, echocardiographic and treatment characteristics of patients (n = 30)

Characteristic		Value
Demographic and clinical characteristics
Age (years), M ± SD		32.3 ± 8.9
Sex
	Male, n (%)	21 (70)
	Female, n (%)	9 (30)
Behçet’s disease duration (years), median (min-max)		3 (1.5-7)
Height (cm), M ± SD		171.03 ± 5.49
Weight (kg), M ± SD		75.37 ± 9.22
BMI (kg/m2), M ± SD		25.82 ± 3.37
Heart rate (bpm), M ± SD		89.50 ± 7.69
SBP (mmHg), M ± SD		127.5 ± 6.53
DBP (mmHg), M ± SD		78.33 ± 9.49
Behcet disease activity index score, M ± SD		4.60 ± 1.4
	≤ 4, n (%)	15 (50)
	> 4, n (%)	15 (50)
Cumulative manifestations of Behcet disease, n (%)
	Orogenital Ulcers	30 (100)
	Uveitis	23 (76.7)
	Cutaneous manifestations	11 (36.7)
	Musculoskeletal manifestations	10 (33.3)
	Gastrointestinal tract manifestations	1 (3.3)
	Deep venous thrombosis	4 (13.3)
Laboratory characteristics
Complete blood count
	Hb (g/dL), M ± SD	11.83 ± 1.01
	WBCs (103 /mm3), M ± SD	4.63 ± 1.5
	PLT (103 /mm3), M ± SD	222.8 ± 53.6
Serum creatinine (mg/dL), M ± SD		0.91 ± 0.11
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (mm/hr), M ± SD		35.33 ± 10.08
Positive C-reactive protein, n (%)		14 (46.7)
Echocardiographic findings
	Ejection fraction (%), M ± SD	59.73 ± 5.09
	Pericardial effusion, n (%)	2 (6.7)
	Global hypokinesia, n (%)	6 (20)
	Aortic valve regurge, n (%)	1 (3.3)
	Tricuspid valve regurge, n (%)	8 (26.7)
	Intra-cardiac thrombosis, n (%)	1 (3.3)
Medications used for treatment, n (%)
	Colchicine	30 (100)
	Steroids	30 (100)
	Azathioprine	14 (46.7)
	Cyclosporine	14 (46.7)
	Anticoagulants	5 (16.7)
	Biological agents	10 (33.3)
Dose of steroids (mg /day), median (min-max)		20 (0-60)

• BMI, body mass index; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; SBP, systolic blood pressure

Cardiac MRI evaluation

Cardiac MRI showed at least one abnormality in 25 (83.33%) of the studied 30 BD patients. The main cardiac MRI findings are shown in Table 2 . Increased signal intensity on T2 weighted images ( Fig. 1 ) was found in 3 patients (10%) while myocardial delayed contrast enhancement was detected in only one patient (3.3%). Tricuspid and mitral valves showed evidence of regurge in 9 patients (30%). Four of the 30 studied patients (13.3%) showed dilatation at the main pulmonary artery while only one patient (3.3%) showed aneurysmal dilatation and thrombosis of both right and left pulmonary arteries. Aneurysmal dilatation was observed at the left main coronary artery in 2 patients (6.7%). Superior vena cava (SVC) was thrombosed in only 1 patient (3.3%).

Table 2
Findings of cardiac MRI of the studied Beçget’s patients (n = 30)

Findings of cardiac MRI		The study patients (n = 30)
End diastolic volume (ml), M ± SD
	Left ventricle	79.36 ± 19.71
	Right ventricle	85.46 ± 23.09
End systolic volume (ml), M ± SD
	Left ventricle	31.59 ± 9.59
	Right ventricle	40.84 ± 12.15
Stroke volume (ml), M ± SD
	Left ventricle	46.74 ± 12.29
	Right ventricle	46.27 ± 11.53
Ejection fraction (%), M ± SD
	Left ventricle	60.20 ± 5.81
	Right ventricle	53.70 ± 4.74
End diastolic wall mass (g/m2), M ± SD		61.46 ± 11.2
Signs of myocarditis, n (%)
	Myocardial edema	3 (10)
	Late gadolinium enhancement	1 (3.3)
Cardiac valves, n (%)
	Aortic valve regurge	2 (6.7)
	Pulmonary valve regurge	0
	Tricuspid valve regurge	9 (30)
	Mitral valve regurge	9 (30)
Blood vessels
	Mid ascending aorta diameter (mm), M ± SD	28.18 ± 3.07
	Aortic sinus root diameter (mm), M ± SD	29.98 ± 2.76
	Main pulmonary artery diameter (mm), M ± SD	23.74 ± 3.45
	Pulmonary /aortic ratio, M ± SD	0.80 ± 0.16
	Right pulmonary artery diameter (mm), M ± SD	16.09 ± 2.24
	Left pulmonary artery diameter (mm), M ± SD	16.71 ± 2.38
	Increased Pulmonary /aortic ratio, n (%)	3 (10)
	Dilated main pulmonary artery, n (%)	4 (13.3)
	Bilateral pulmonary artery aneurysm and embolism, n (%)	1 (3.3)
	Dilated left main coronary artery (coronary aneurysm), n (%)	2 (6.7)
	SVC thrombosis	1 (3.3)
Other findings, n (%)
	Pericardial effusion	3 (10)
	Global hypokinesia	6 (20)
	Arrythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia *	1 (3.3)
	Right ventricular thrombus	1 (3.3)

• SVC, Superior vena cava
• ^*
  Major criterion of ARVD by MRI; dyskinesia of right ventricular free wall with right ventricular end diastolic volume indexed to body surface area more than 110 ml/m²

Fig. 1
Cardiac MRI of a 33-year-old male patient with Behcet’s disease with A small patchy area of myocardial edema in lateral segment of basal myocardium of left ventricle in cardiac MRI T2 edema sequence short axis view and B small right sided pleural effusion in Cardiac MRI cine SSFP axial view

Pericardial effusion was detected in 3 patients (10%). Additionally, global myocardium hypokinesia was present in 6 patients (20%). The right ventricle showed evidence of thrombosis in 1 patient (3.3%), and arrhythmogenic ventricular dysplasia in another 1 patient (3.3%).

No significant difference between patients with and without cardiac MRI abnormalities when compared regarding demographic, clinical and therapeutic data as shown in Table 3 .

Table 3
Comparison between the studied patients with normal and abnormal cardiac MRI

Variables		With normal cardiac MRI )n = 5( (% = 16.67)	With abnormal cardiac MRI (n = 25( (% = 83.33)	P value
Demographic and clinical characteristics
Age (years), M ± SD		26.0 ± 2.65	33.56 ± 9.22	.084
Sex
	Male, n (%)	2 (40)	19 (76)	.109
	Female, n (%)	3 (60)	6 (24)
Behçet’s disease duration (years), median (min-max)		2 (2-3)	3 (1-7)	.176
Height (cm), M ± SD		171.6 ± 4.77	170.92 ± 5.71	.723
Weight (kg), M ± SD		74 ± 8.22	75.64 ± 9.54	.723
BMI (kg/m2), M ± SD		25.08 ± 1.86	25.96 ± 3.6	.60
Heart rate (bpm), M ± SD		88 ± 4.47	89.9 ± 8.23	.641
SBP (mmHg), M ± SD		124 ± 5.47	128.2 ± 6.59	.19
DBP (mmHg), M ± SD		70 ± 7.07	80 ± 9.13	.806
Behcet disease activity index score, M ± SD
	≤ 4, n (%)	1(20)	14(56)	.33
	> 4, n (%)	4(80)	11(44)
Cumulative manifestations of Behcet disease
	Orogenital Ulcers	5(100)	25(100)	1
	Uveitis	4(80.0)	19(76.0)	1
	Cutaneous manifestations	1(20.0)	10(40.0)	.63
	Musculoskeletal manifestations	2 (40)	8 (32)	1
	Gastrointestinal tract manifestations	1 (20)	1(4)	1
	Deep venous thrombosis	1(20)	3 (12)	.53
Laboratory characteristics
Complete blood count
	Hb (g/dL), M ± SD	11.90 ± 0.74	11.82 ± 1.07	.88
	WBCs (103 /mm3), M ± SD	4.26 ± 0.78	4.71 ± 0.71	.21
	PLT (103 /mm3), M ± SD	225.0 ± 32.02	222.36 ± 57.48	.92
Serum creatinine (mg/dL), M ± SD		0.86 ± 0.09	0.916 ± 0.11	.312
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (mm/hr), M ± SD		33.0 ± 12.04	33.0 ± 12.04	.58
Positive C-reactive protein, n (%)		2(40)	12(48)	1
Medications used for treatment, n (%)
	Colchicine	5 (100)	25 (100)	1
	Steroids	5 (100)	25 (100)	1
	Azathioprine	4 (80)	10 (40)	.157
	Cyclosporine	1 (20)	11 (44)	.62
	Anticoagulants	1 (20)	4 (16)	1
	Biological agents	1 (20)	9 (36)	.64

• BMI, body mass index; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; Hb, hemoglobin; PLT, platelets; SBP, systolic blood pressure; WBCs, white blood cells

For prediction of cardiac MRI abnormalities, logistic regression analysis was carried out. Diastolic blood pressure and BDCAF score were the most significant predictors for cardiac MRI abnormalities ( Table 4 ). As shown in Fig. 2 the AUC of BDCAF score revealed that a cut off value of > 6 identifying the probability of cardiac MRI abnormalities with 84% sensitivity and 60% specificity.

Table 4
Logistic regression analysis for of independent predictors associated with abnormal cardiac MRI in the studied patients (n = 30)

Variable	Odds ratio (95% CI)	95% CI		P value
		LL	UL
Age/years	1.25	0.97	1.59	.08
Sex (male)	4.75	0.64	35.48	.13
Behcet disease duration	1.88	0.72	4.96	.19
Heart rate	1.04	0.85	1.27	.74
SBP	1.32	0.98	1.79	.07
DBP	1.28	1.03	1.59	.03 *
BMI	1.26	0.83	1.92	.28
Behcet’s disease activity index	0.42	0.18	1.0	.05 *
Azathioprine	0.17	0.007	4.03	.270
Cyclosporine	0.79	0.02	33.18	.902
Anticoagulants	0.81	0.03	23.56	.904
Biological agents	1.44	0.03	66.77	.853

• BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; LL, lower limit; SBP, systolic blood pressure; UL, upper limit
• ^*
  P ≤ 0.05

Fig. 2
Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for Behcet’s disease activity index score as a predictor of abnormal cardiac MRI (n = 30)

Echocardiography versus cardiac MRI in detecting cardiac abnormalities

When we explored the performance of echocardiography in heart evaluation compared to cardiac MRI in BD patients, the results showed sensitivity of 64%, specificity of 100%, positive predictive value (PPV) of 100%, negative predictive value of 37.5% and accuracy of 70%. Kappa agreement was 0.372 indicating slight agreement ( P = 0.45).

Discussion

BD is a rare chronic autoinflammatory disorder that is usually seen along the Silk road including the Middle East and Far-east Asia [ ¹² ]. It is characterized by four main symptoms of recurrent oral aphthous ulcers, genital ulcers, cutaneous manifestations, and ocular symptoms [ ¹³ ]. Cardiac involvement have been reported in about 6% of BD patients and may be subclinical [ ¹⁴ ]. Cardiac MRI is a non-invasive modality that can evaluate cardiac function and structure [ ¹⁵ ]. In the present study, we used cardiac MRI to evaluate cardiac abnormalities in a group of 30 BD patients with no known cardiac disease.

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first detailed study of cardiac abnormalities encountered in patients with BD, which utilizes cardiac MRI. Previous studies in the literature used echocardiography to analyze the spectrum of cardiac involvement in BD patients [ ¹⁶ – ¹⁸ ].

The main results of this study are as the following; first, the majority of BD patients (83%) had at least one abnormality on cardiac MRI. Second, cardiac MRI enabled us to evaluate the pattern of these cardiac abnormalities. Third, cardiac MRI is more sensitive than echocardiography in detecting any cardiac abnormalities in BD patients. Lastly, higher scores of BDCAF are highly suggestive of cardiac abnormalities.

One of the most striking findings to emerge from this study is the high prevalence of detected subtle cardiac abnormalities. Pathological cardiac findings were detected in 83% of our study patients. However, in the study by Geri et al . [ ¹⁴ ], cardiac lesions were found in only 6% of a cohort of 807 patients with BD. This variability may be attributed to the different tools used for assessment of the heart. These results suggest that heart affection in BD may be underestimated, and cardiac MRI is more sensitive in detecting any subtle cardiac abnormalities.

Cardiovascular involvement is a remarkable systemic affection of BD [ ¹⁹ ] and may be overlooked. Aktürk E and coworkers evaluated the left atrium using real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE) in 30 BD patients with no cardiac symptoms and found significant impairment in left atrium volumes and mechanical functions in BD patients [ ¹⁷ ].

Myocardial edema has been detected in 10% of our patients. Additionally, one of these patients showed late gadolinium enhancement. These findings are highly suggestive of acute myocardial injury mostly myocarditis. Myocarditis is extremely rare in patients with BD [ ²⁰ , ²¹ ] and may contribute to cardiomegaly and cardiac fibrosis [ ²² ]. Cardiac MRI has emerged as a noninvasive diagnostic tool for early detection of myocarditis [ ²³ ]. Kechida et al. have recently reported a case of BD with chest pain related to myocarditis that documented by cardiac MRI in spite of normal echocardiography [ ²⁴ ].

Our results cast a new light on endocardial involvement in BD as valvular regurgitation was frequently observed in our cohort. The most frequently affected valves were the tricuspid and mitral valves (9/30 patients) followed by the aortic valve (2/30 patients). Endocardial involvement was also identified in previous studies [ ¹⁴ , ²⁵ – ²⁸ ]. A similar pattern of results was also obtained by another study; wherein a cross-sectional study evaluated 35 BD patients using transesophageal echocardiography and revealed that mitral valve prolapse, and mitral regurgitation are the most frequent common findings of cardiac involvement in patients with BD [ ²⁹ ].

The current study revealed dilated pulmonary artery in 4 cases and one case with bilateral pulmonary aneurysm and embolism. Pulmonary artery involvement is rare, it occurs in 1 to 7.7% of BD patients [ ³⁰ ]. Pulmonary artery aneurysm with or without thrombosis is a typical feature of BD [ ³¹ , ³² ].

Coronary arteries are rarely involved by aneurysms formation in vasculitis [ ³³ – ³⁵ ] and usually observed in Kawasaki disease [ ³⁶ ]. In a case–control study on 476 BD patients, coronary aneurysm were present in only 9 patients [ ³⁷ ]. Similarly, we have demonstrated coronary aneurysm in 3 patients only. Notably, they were all asymptomatic.

Our cohort revealed one case of superior vena cava (SVC) thrombosis. Involvement of great veins is a well-defined but rare complication of BD [ ³⁸ ]. SVC thrombosis occurs in 2% of BD patients [ ³⁸ ].

Among the studied 30 BD patients, cardiac MRI showed evidence of pericardial effusion in 3 patients. Pericarditis seemed to be the most frequently observed cardiac feature in BD patients, occurring in up to 40% of cardiac involvement [ ¹⁴ ]. However severe pericardial effusion is not commonly observed [ ²⁵ ].

Only 22 cases of intracardiac thrombosis associated with BD were reported from 1992 to 2010, most of the cases were limited to the right ventricle and atrium [ ¹⁴ ]. In this cohort, we have detected one case with evidence of right ventricular thrombosis.

We could not present any difference in BD activity between patients with and without cardiac abnormalities. However, the score of BDCAF was among the most significant predictors of cardiac abnormalities in BD patients on logistic regression analysis. Others have shown that cardiac manifestations in BD patients are not proportional to systemic BD activity [ ³⁹ ].

Finally, we admit that this study has some limitations; namely, the small sample size, the absence of a matched control group and the cross-sectional nature with only a single evaluation of the heart status in BD patients. Also, there was no information about serum level of important cardiac enzymes as troponin and CK-MB. Advanced cardiac MRI tools as T1/T2 mapping and extra-cellular volume (ECV) quantifications were not part of this study protocol. It would be highly favorable to perform future multi-parametric cardiac MRI studies on patients with BD. However, the detailed assessment of the functional and anatomical cardiac abnormalities and investigating the relation between these abnormalities and BD activity index score are strengths of this study.

Conclusion

BD may cause cardiac abnormalities without clinical manifestations and cardiac MRI may represent a tool for early detection of these subtle abnormalities. Higher BD activity index scores are strongly linked to cardiac problems. Echocardiography may be not enough for screening for cardiac involvement in BD patients and cardiac MRI is recommended especially in those with high BD activity index.

Acknowledgements

Not applicable

• Funding
  None.
• Availability of data and materials
  The outputs are available from the authors upon request.
• Declarations
  Ethics approval and consent to participate
  The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Research Board of the Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University (approval registration number: MS/18.02.44).
• Consent for publication
  Not applicable.
• Publisher’s Note
  Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  20 Dec 2021
• Date of issue
  2021

History

• Received
  18 Aug 2021
• Accepted
  24 Nov 2021
• Published
  07 Dec 2021