Ghrelin and glucagon-like peptide-1 according to body adiposity and glucose homeostasis

Lopes, Karynne Grutter; Silva Junior, Vicente Lopes da; Lopes, Fernanda de Azevedo Marques; Bouskela, Eliete; Souza, Maria das Graças Coelho de; Kraemer-Aguiar, Luiz Guilherme

doi:10.20945/2359-3997000000611

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Archives of Endocrinology and Metabolism

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Original Article • Arch. Endocrinol. Metab. 67 (4) • 2023 • https://doi.org/10.20945/2359-3997000000611 copy

Ghrelin and glucagon-like peptide-1 according to body adiposity and glucose homeostasis

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Objective:

We investigated the biological behavior of ghrelin and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) after a standard liquid meal according to body adiposity and glucose homeostasis.

Subjects and methods:

This cross-sectional study included 41 individuals (92.7% women; aged 38.3 ± 7.8 years; BMI 32.2 ± 5.5 kg/m²) allocated into three groups according to body adiposity and glucose homeostasis, as follows: normoglycemic eutrophic controls (CON, n = 11), normoglycemic with obesity (NOB, n = 15), and dysglycemic with obesity (DOB, n = 15). They were tested at fasting and 30 and 60 min after the ingestion of a standard liquid meal in which we measured active ghrelin, active GLP-1, insulin, and plasma glucose levels.

Results:

As expected, DOB exhibited the worst metabolic status (glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, HbA1c) and an inflammatory status (TNF-α) at fasting, besides a more significant increase in glucose than postprandial NOB (p ≤ 0.05). At fasting, no differences between groups were detected in lipid profile, ghrelin, and GLP-1 (p ≥ 0.06). After the standard meal, all groups exhibited a reduction in ghrelin levels between fasting vs. 60 min (p ≤ 0.02). Additionally, we noticed that GLP-1 and insulin increased equally in all groups after the standard meal (fasting vs. 30 and 60 min). Although glucose levels increased in all groups after meal intake, these changes were significantly more significant in DOB vs. CON and NOB at 30 and 60 min post-meal (p ≤ 0.05).

Conclusions:

Time course of ghrelin and GLP-1 levels during the postprandial period was not influenced by body adiposity or glucose homeostasis. Similar behaviors occurred in controls and patients with obesity, independently of glucose homeostasis.

Keywords
Obesity; glucose tolerance; inflammation; gastrointestinal peptides

		CON ( n = 11)	NOB ( n = 15)	DOB ( n = 15)	p -value
Demographic characteristics
	Age (years)	39 ± 7	33 ± 7	41 ± 6†	0.02
	Women (n, %)	10 (90.9)	13 (86.7)	15 (100)	0.36
	Weight (kg)	63.4 ± 8.6	95.1 ± 12.2 ^* * Significant difference between NOB and CON vs. DOB ( p ≤ 0.05);	92.2 ± 12.6 ^* * Significant difference between NOB and CON vs. DOB ( p ≤ 0.05);	<0.001
	Body mass index (kg/m²)	23.6 ± 1.5	33.8 ± 3.5 ^* * Significant difference between NOB and CON vs. DOB ( p ≤ 0.05);	35.4 ± 2.9 ^* * Significant difference between NOB and CON vs. DOB ( p ≤ 0.05);	<0.001
	Waist circumference (cm)	85.4 ± 5.0	110.1 ± 6.8 ^* * Significant difference between NOB and CON vs. DOB ( p ≤ 0.05);	107.4 ± 7.4 ^* * Significant difference between NOB and CON vs. DOB ( p ≤ 0.05);	<0.001
	Hip circumference (cm)	97 [92-100]	116 [113-127]	115.5 [110-122]	0.07
	Waist-to-hip ratio	0.84 ± 0.13	0.92 ± 0.05	0.92 ± 0.06	0.07
	Hypertension (n, %)	0 (0)	2 (13.3)	8 (53.3) ^f f Significant difference between DOB vs . CON and NOB ( p ≤ 0.05).	0.003
	Heart rate (bpm)	70 ± 8	69 ± 7	66 ± 7	0.29
Body composition
	Lean mass (kg)	46.2 ± 6.8	56.1 ± 7.9 ^* * Significant difference between NOB and CON vs. DOB ( p ≤ 0.05);	54.8 ± 6.5 ^* * Significant difference between NOB and CON vs. DOB ( p ≤ 0.05);	0.02
	Fat mass (%)	26.0 ± 2.7	40.0 ± 4.0 ^* * Significant difference between NOB and CON vs. DOB ( p ≤ 0.05);	40.4 ± 2.2 ^* * Significant difference between NOB and CON vs. DOB ( p ≤ 0.05);	<0.001
Biochemical profile
	Glucose (mg/dL)	95.8 ± 8.1	97.9 ± 7.1	140.3 ± 53.6 ^* * Significant difference between NOB and CON vs. DOB ( p ≤ 0.05); ^† † Significant difference between NOB vs . DOB ( p ≤ 0.05);	0.009
	Insulin (pg/mL)	268.0 ± 280.7	313.2 ± 103.9	566.7 ± 477.4 ^* * Significant difference between NOB and CON vs. DOB ( p ≤ 0.05);	0.05
	HOMA-IR	1.68 ± 1.75	1.91 ± 0.60	4.51 ± 3.51 ^* * Significant difference between NOB and CON vs. DOB ( p ≤ 0.05); ^† † Significant difference between NOB vs . DOB ( p ≤ 0.05);	0.005
	HbA1c (%)	5.3 [5.0-5.4]	5.5 [5.3-5.6]	6.1 [6.0-8.4] ^* * Significant difference between NOB and CON vs. DOB ( p ≤ 0.05);	<0.001
	TC (mg/dL)	183.4 ± 33.9	178.7 ± 38.8	175 ± 23.4	0.34
	HDL-c (mg/dL)	51.5 [42-59.7]	54 [40-62.5]	46 [39-49]	0.22
	LDL-c (mg/dL)	106 [93-133]	104 [88-117.5]	111 [93-119]	0.85
	Triglycerides (mg/dL)	96.5 [74.2-131.5]	83 [65-135.5]	118 [86-155]	0.22
	TNF-α (pg/mL)	0.56 ± 0.25	0.76 ± 0.40	0.96 ± 0.41 ^* * Significant difference between NOB and CON vs. DOB ( p ≤ 0.05);	0.03
	Ghrelin (pg/mL)	81.6 ± 60.6	73.5 ± 35.5	45.3 ± 24.1	0.06
	GLP-1 (pM)	0.62 [0.43-0.96]	0.59 [0.50-0.73]	0.84 [0.63-0.89]	0.23

		Baseline	After		p -values
		Baseline	30 min	60 min	Time effect	Group effect	Interaction
Ghrelin (pg/mL)
	CON	81.6 ± 60.6	56.2 ± 45.5	39.1 ± 31.5 ^* * Compared to the same group, at fasting ( P ≤ 0.05);	<0.0001	0.08	0.44
	NOB	73.5 ± 35.5	58.8 ± 42.8	39.4 ± 34.2 ^* * Compared to the same group, at fasting ( P ≤ 0.05);
	DOB	45.3 ± 24.1	32.4 ± 25.5	23.7 ± 15.0 ^* * Compared to the same group, at fasting ( P ≤ 0.05);
GLP-1 (pM)
	CON	0.62 [0.43-0.96]	1.95 [0.66-2.10] ^* * Compared to the same group, at fasting ( P ≤ 0.05);	1.06 [0.79-1.74] ^* * Compared to the same group, at fasting ( P ≤ 0.05);	<0.0001	0.64	0.97
	NOB	0.59 [0.50-0.73]	1.99 [1.04-2.17] ^* * Compared to the same group, at fasting ( P ≤ 0.05);	1.36 [1.00-2.02] ^* * Compared to the same group, at fasting ( P ≤ 0.05);
	DOB	0.84 [0.63-0.89]	1.19 [0.84-2.53] ^* * Compared to the same group, at fasting ( P ≤ 0.05);	1.39 [1.19-1.99] ^* * Compared to the same group, at fasting ( P ≤ 0.05);
Insulin (pg/mL)
	CON	268.0 ± 280.7	853.8 ± 672.5 ^* * Compared to the same group, at fasting ( P ≤ 0.05);	1030.5 ± 388.2 ^* * Compared to the same group, at fasting ( P ≤ 0.05);	<0.0001	0.08	0.36
	NOB	313.2 ± 103.9	1022.7 ± 536.3 ^* * Compared to the same group, at fasting ( P ≤ 0.05);	1466.8 ± 829.5 ^* * Compared to the same group, at fasting ( P ≤ 0.05);
	DOB	566.7 ± 477.4	1539.6 ± 1200.1 ^* * Compared to the same group, at fasting ( P ≤ 0.05);	1728.9 ± 1109.4 ^* * Compared to the same group, at fasting ( P ≤ 0.05);
Glucose (mg/dL)
	CON	95.8 ± 8.1	109.9 ± 11.3 ^* * Compared to the same group, at fasting ( P ≤ 0.05);	109.1 ± 22.7 ^* * Compared to the same group, at fasting ( P ≤ 0.05);	<0.0001	0.003	0.01
	NOB	97.9 ± 7.1	105.9 ± 14.7 ^* * Compared to the same group, at fasting ( P ≤ 0.05);	107.7 ± 10.4 ^* * Compared to the same group, at fasting ( P ≤ 0.05);
	DOB	140.3 ± 53.6	163.1 ± 67.4 ^* * Compared to the same group, at fasting ( P ≤ 0.05); ^† † Compared to CON at the same time point ( P ≤ 0.05); ^f f Compared to the NOB at the same time point ( P ≤ 0.05).	178.6 ± 65.9 ^* * Compared to the same group, at fasting ( P ≤ 0.05); ^† † Compared to CON at the same time point ( P ≤ 0.05); ^f f Compared to the NOB at the same time point ( P ≤ 0.05).

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[1] Correspondence to: Luiz Guilherme Kraemer-Aguiar, Endocrinologia, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524, PHLC, sala 104, Maracanã 20550-013 – Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil lgkraemeraguiar@gmail.com