VITAL (2525 Hahn J, Cook NR, Alexander EK, Friedman S, Walter J, Bubes V, et al. Vitamin D and marine omega 3 fatty acid supplementation and incident autoimmune disease: VITAL randomized controlled trial. BMJ. 2022;376.) (USA) |
25,874 |
5.3 |
Vitamin D3 at a dose of 2,000 IU/day; omega-3 at a dose of1 g/day |
Cancer and CV disease |
Supplementation with vitamin D did not result in lower incidents of invasive cancer or CV events than placebo |
Significant reduction in cancer mortality in the supplementation group after excluding deaths in the first year |
Ancillary study of autoimmune diseases |
Resulted in lower incidents of autoimmune diseases than placebo group |
Over the last 3 years of intervention, the supplemented group had 39% fewer participants with confirmed autoimmune diseases |
ViDA (2626 Scragg R, Khaw KT, Toop L, Sluyter J, Lawes CMM, Waayer D, et al. Monthly High-Dose Vitamin D Supplementation and Cancer Risk: A Post Hoc Analysis of the Vitamin D Assessment Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Oncol. 2018;4(11).)(New Zealand) |
5,110 |
3.3 |
One dose of 200,000and 100,000 IU/month |
CV events and mortality |
Vitamin D supplementation does not decrease the risk of cardiovascular disease |
Vitamin D supplementation did not reduce cancer incidences |
D2d (2727 Dawson-Hughes B, Staten MA, Knowler WC, Nelson J, Vickery EM, Leblanc ES, et al. Intratrial Exposure to Vitamin D and New-Onset Diabetes Among Adults With Prediabetes: A Secondary Analysis From the Vitamin D and Type 2 Diabetes (D2d) Study. Diabetes Care. 2020;43(12):2916.)(USA) |
2,423 |
2.5 |
4,000 IU/day |
T2DM |
No effect in progression of prediabetes into T2DM |
Significant reduction in progression into T2DM in individuals with baseline BMI < 30 kg/m2, severe vitamin D deficiency, good adherence, or serum 25OHD > 40 ng/mL |
DO-HEALTH (2424 Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Vellas B, Rizzoli R, Kressig RW, da Silva JAP, Blauth M, et al. Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation, Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation, or a Strength-Training Exercise Program on Clinical Outcomes in Older Adults: The DO-HEALTH Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2020;324(18):1855.)(Europe) |
2,157 |
3 |
2,000 IU/day; omega 3 at 1 g/day;strength-training exerciseprogram |
Systolic and diastolic blood pressure, physical and cognitive performance, non-vertebral fractures and infections |
Overall, there were no statistically significant benefits of any intervention, individually or combined, for the 6 endpoints after 3 years |
Subgroup comparisons had statistically significant results, but should be considered for hypothesis generation due to the main null effect and the large number of statistical comparisons |
FIND (2323 Virtanen JK, Nurmi T, Aro A, Bertone-Johnson ER, Hyppönen E, Kröger H, et al. Vitamin D supplementation and prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer in the Finnish Vitamin D Trial: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2022;115(5):1300-10.)(Finland) |
2,495 |
5.0 |
1,600 IU/day or 3,200 IU/day |
Incident of major CVD and invasive cancer |
Supplementation did not reduce the incidents of major CVD events, invasive cancer, or mortality among generally healthy and mostly vitamin D-sufficient older adults in Finland |
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