EFFECT OF HELICOBACTER PYLORI ERADICATION ON HEPATIC STEATOSIS, NAFLD FIBROSIS SCORE AND HSENSI IN PATIENTS WITH NONALCOHOLIC STEATOHEPATITIS: a MR imaging-based pilot open-label study

O efeito da erradicação do Helicobacter pylori na esteatose hepática, no escore de fibrose na DHNA e o HSENSI em pacientes com esteatohepatite não alcoólica: um estudo piloto aberto baseado em ressonância magnética

Abstracts

Context

Limited clinical data suggest Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection may contribute to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) pathogenesis.

Objectives

The effect of Hp eradication on hepatic steatosis (magnetic resonance imaging), nonalcoholic fatty liver disease fibrosis score and HSENSI (Homocysteine, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis Index) in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis patients.

Methods

Thirteen adult patients with biopsy-proven nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, asymptomatic for gastrointestinal disease, underwent ¹³C urea breath test; Hp positive patients received eradication therapy until repeat test become negative. Hepatic fat fraction, standard biochemical tests and calculation of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease fibrosis score and HSENSI were performed at baseline and month 12.

Results

Hepatic fat fraction was similar for between and within group comparisons. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease fibrosis score showed a non-significant trend towards decrease in Hp(+) [-0.34 (-1.39-0.29) at baseline and -0.24 (-0.99-0.71) at month 12; P = 0.116], whereas increase in Hp(-) group [-0.38 (-1.72-0.11) and -0.56 (-1.43-0.46), respectively; P = 0.249]. HSENSI was significantly decreased only in Hp(+) group [1.0 (1.0-2.0) at baseline and 1.0 (0-1.0) at month 12; P = 0.048].

Conclusions

Hp eradication had no long-term effect on hepatic steatosis, but showed a trend towards improvement in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease fibrosis score and HSENSI. These results warrant larger studies with paired biopsies.

Helicobacter pylori ; Fatty liver; Magnetic resonance imaging

Contexto

Dados clínicos limitados sugerem que infecção por Helicobacter pylori (Hp) pode contribuir para a patogênese da doença hepática gordurosa não alcoólica.

Objetivos

Verificar o efeito da erradicação do Hp na esteatose hepática pela ressonância magnética, na pontuação da fibrose na doença hepática gordurosa não alcoólica e no HSENSI (homocisteína, transaminase glutâmico oxalacética no soro, taxa de sedimentação de eritrócitos, Indice NASH na esteatohepatite não-alcoólica) em pacientes com esteato-hepatite não alcoólica.

Métodos

Treze pacientes adultos com esteato-hepatite não alcoólica comprovada por biópsia, assintomáticos para a doença gastrointestinal, submetidos ao 1¹³C teste respiratório da ureia ¹³C. Pacientes Hp positivos receberam terapia de erradicação até repetição do teste tornar-se negativa. A fração de gordura hepática, testes bioquímicos padrão e cálculo da pontuação da fibrose e esteatose hepática HSENSI foram realizados no início e no mês 12.

Resultados

A fração de gordura hepática foi similar entre e dentro das comparações entre os grupos. A pontuação da fibrose na doença hepática gordurosa não alcoólica mostrou uma tendência não significativa para diminuição no grupo Hp (+) [-0,34 (-1,39-0,29) no início do estudo e -0,24 (-0,99-0,71) no 12 mês; P = 0,116], enquanto aumentaram no grupo Hp (-) [-0.38 (-1,72-0,11) e -0,56 (-1,43-0,46), respectivamente; P = 0,249]. O HSENSI diminuiu significativamente apenas no grupo Hp (+) [1,0 (1,0-2,0) na linha de base e 1,0 (0-1,0) no 12º mês; P = 0,048].

Conclusões

A erradicação do Hp não teve efeito de longo prazo sobre a esteatose hepática, mas mostrou uma tendência de melhora na pontuação da fibrose e esteatose hepática HSENSI. Estes resultados justificam maiores estudos com biópsias pareadas.

Helicobacter pylori ; Fígado gorduroso; Imagem por ressonância magnética

INTRODUCTION

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is considered to be the hepatic manifestation of insulin resistance (IR) or metabolic syndrome⁽⁸⁾, given that IR plays a key role in its pathogenesis⁽²²⁾. NAFLD ranges from nonalcoholic simple steatosis (SS) to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), whose features are steatosis, inflammation and fibrosis; advanced stages of NASH may ultimately result in liver cirrhosis with its complications, including hepatocellular carcinoma⁽²⁶⁾. The prevalence of IR syndrome and its related morbidity is rapidly increasing worldwide⁽²²⁾. Apart from the usual risk factors, such as sedentary lifestyle and dietary habits, exposure to other factors, including endocrine disruptors⁽¹⁸⁾ and Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection⁽²³⁾, have been proposed as co-founders of the multi-faceted pathogenesis of IR.

Except for its conventional involvement in gastrointestinal diseases, Hp infection has been also implicated in a variety of extradigestive conditions, including cardiovascular, lung, hematologic, ophthalmic, skin, pancreatic, neurologic and hepatobiliary diseases^{(4, 11, 15, 27)}. Regarding IR-related morbidity, Hp infection may be implicated in the pathogenesis of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)^{(4, 11, 27, 29)}. Limited clinical data also suggest that Hp infection might contribute to the pathogenesis of NAFLD^{(9, 17, 28)}. We previously showed in an observational study that Hp infection may contribute to the pathogenesis NAFDL⁽¹⁹⁾. If an association between Hp infection and NAFLD is validated, eradicating Hp infection might have therapeutic benefits in NAFLD treatment, which is currently an unmet need⁽²⁴⁾.

Apart from the noninvasive indices of NAFLD fibrosis score and HSENSI [Homocysteine, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Index] in NASH patients, there are also many noninvasive imaging modalities in the radiological armamentarium, namely, ultrasonography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), to provide an accurate assessment of intrahepatic fat content^{(10, 25)}. Specifically, various MRI-based techniques, including chemical shift imaging (CSI), frequency-selective imaging and MR spectroscopy, are currently in clinical use for the detection and quantification of fat-water admixtures, with each technique having significant advantages, disadvantages, and limitations⁽²⁵⁾. These techniques permit the breakdown of the net MR signal into fat and water signal components, permitting the quantification of fat in hepatic tissue, and are progressively being used in the diagnosis, therapy and follow up of NAFLD patients⁽⁶⁾.

In this respect, the primary endpoint of this pilot study was the effect of Hp eradication treatment on hepatic steatosis (MRI-based) and the noninvasive indices of NAFLD fibrosis score and HSENSI in NASH patients, asymptomatic for gastrointestinal disease. Secondary endpoint was the effect of Hp eradication treatment on anthropometric parameters, liver function tests and other NAFLD-related parameters.

METHODS

Eligible middle-aged, Caucasian adults, asymptomatic for gastrointestinal disease, were identified and recruited on an outpatient basis. The study was in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and the International Conference on Harmonization for Good Clinical Practice, and was approved by the local Ethics Committee. All the participants provided a written informed consent. Inclusion criteria were: 1) biopsy-proven NASH according to NAFLD Activity Score (NAS ≥3)⁽¹³⁾; 2) no symptoms for gastrointestinal tract disease for at least a 12-month period before screening. Exclusion criteria were: 1) average daily ethanol consumption >20 g/day; 2) liver cirrhosis or clinical evidence of decompensated chronic liver disease (ascites, current or previous hepatic encephalopathy, evidence of portal hypertensive haemorrhage or varices and portal hypertensive gastropathy on endoscopy); 3) other liver disease (viral hepatitis, autoimmune hepatitis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, primary biliary cirrhosis and overlap syndromes, drug-induced liver disease, hemochromatosis, Wilson’s disease, α1-antitrypsin deficiency); 4) type 1 diabetes mellitus; 5) T2DM treated with insulin or thiazolidinediones; 6) pancreatitis; 7) uncontrolled hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism; 8) adrenal insufficiency; 9) renal failure; 10) thrombotic disorders; 11) any malignancy; 12) breastfeeding or pregnancy; 13) addiction to any drug; 14) medical history of multiple drug allergies (defined as anaphylactoid drug reactions in >2 drug groups); 14) use of the following medications within a 12-month period before screening: any antibiotic, any proton pump inhibitor or any anti-acid or cimetidine, estrogens, progestins, glucocorticosteroids, insulin, thiazolidinediones, dipeptidy peptidase IV inhibitors and other GLP-1-based therapies, sibutramine, orlistat, rimonabant, phentermine, topiramate, vitamin E, multivitamins, ferrum, ursodeoxycholic acid, interferon, tamoxifene, methotrexate, amiodarone, biologic agents, any medication affecting hemostasis, such as antiplatelet agents, aspirin or oral anticoagulants.

At the screening visit, all patients underwent a ¹³C urea breath test (Helicobacter INFAI test; INFAI GmbH, Bochum, Germany) and the analysis was carried out using an isotope ratio mass spectrometer (Faran Laboratories, Athens, Greece). Delta ¹³C (between T₀ min and T₃₀ min) > 4.0 per mill at ¹³C urea breath test was considered positive for Hp infection. According to this test, the patients positive for Hp infection were assigned to Hp(+) group, whereas the negative ones to Hp(-) group. The patients of Hp(+) group received Hp eradication treatment, whereas those of Hp(-) group were followed-up without treatment. All patients received standard instructions for diet and exercise.

At baseline, a complete medical history and blood samples were obtained, and physical examination and MRI were performed. Morning (8-9 am) fasting blood samples were collected before MRI. At month two (± 2 weeks), the patients underwent a repeat ¹³C urea breath test. Pills were also counted and the patients were asked for adverse events. At month 12 (± 1 month), the patients were subjected to physical examination and repeat MRI. Blood samples were also obtained before MRI.

As first line Hp eradication standard triple therapy, amoxicillin (1 g twice daily for the initial 10 days), clarithromycin (500 mg twice daily for the initial 10 days) and omeprazole (20 mg twice daily for the initial 10 days followed by once daily for the subsequent 20 days) were introduced. Second-line Hp eradication therapy was administered in case of a positive ¹³C urea breath test after the first line Hp eradication protocol. The second line Hp eradication consisted of amoxicillin (1 g twice daily for the initial 10 days), metronidazole (500 mg twice daily for the initial 10 days), levofloxacin (500 mg once daily for the days 11-17) and omeprazole (20 mg twice daily for 1 month). In this case, ¹³C urea breath test was repeated as necessary. Compliance was determined through questioning and recovery of empty medication envelopes. Adverse effects were evaluated by means of a questionnaire.

Hematologic and biochemical tests [hematocrit, hemoglobin, white blood cell (WBC) and subpopulation count, platelet count, SGOT, glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), glucose, uric acid, creatinine, creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and albumin] and ESR were measured within 1 h after blood drawing, with standard methods using automated analyzers: Beckman Coulter LH 750 (Nyon, Switzerland) for hematologic tests; Olympus AU2700 (Olympus, Hamburg, Germany) for biochemical tests; and Ves Matic 20 (Menarini Diagnostics, Rungis, France) for ESR. Sera were also immediately frozen at -30^oC for the measurement of ferritin and homocysteine, which were measured in one batch at the end of the study with immuno-chemiluminescence on an ADVIA Centaur immunoassay system (Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, Deerfield, IL; homocysteine: intra-assay CV 2.3%-4.4%, inter-assay CV 1.5%-5.2%; ferritin: intra-assay CV 2.1%-3.0%, inter-assay CV 2.7%-5.4%).

MRI was performed on a 1.5 Tesla clinical MR Imaging system (MAGNETOM Avanto Tim, Siemens, Munich, Germany) with a Q-engine (33 mT/m, 125 T/m/s) and a 4-channel phased array body coil. Two-points Dixon quantification method was used to interpret the liver steatosis. This quantification method is based on T1 weighted echo gradient sequences of the liver allowing in phase (IP) and opposed phase (OP) images. Fat calculation was carried out from the signal intensities measured in the regions of interest (ROI), located in the right liver lobe (anterior or posterior right liver lobes). The ROI in most of the cases corresponded to the biopsy location. ROIs were attentively placed to avoid liver vessels. Fat fraction (HFF) was calculated using the following equation:

HFF%=	IP-OP	X 100
	2IP

All MRI scans were interpreted and HFF was calculated by two experienced radiologists (A.S, P.N.), as previously reported⁽⁷⁾; the radiologists were blinded to the patients’ history and tests.

Body mass index (BMI) was calculated by the formula body weight [kg] / height² [m]. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C)

was calculated with the formula of Friedewald. Waist-to-Hip ratio (WHR) and SGOT/SGPT ratio was also calculated. NAFLD fibrosis score was calculated by the equation of Angulo et al.⁽²⁾. NASH was quantified by the index HSENSI, as previously proposed⁽²⁰⁾.

Statistical analysis

Data for continuous variables are presented as median (interquartile range). Data for categorical variables are presented as frequencies. Non-parametric tests were mainly used, because of the small sample size. Mann-Whitney test was used for between group comparisons of continuous variables. Wilcoxon signed ranks test was used for within group comparisons of continuous variables. Chi-square test or Fischer’s exact test were used for the comparisons of categorical variables. Partial coefficient (r_p) was used for binary correlations adjusted for group. Multiple linear regression analysis («enter» method) was used to identify variables independently associated with HFF at baseline or month 12. Independent variables that were not normally distributed were logarithmically transformed for the need of this analysis. The analyses were on treatment. A two-sided p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant in all the above tests. Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS 21.0 for Macintosh (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY).

RESULTS

Thirteen adult patients (3 men, 10 women) with biopsy-proven NASH were recruited in this pilot study. Six patients were found to be positive for Hp infection according to the ¹³C urea breath test and were assigned to Hp(+) group, whereas the remaining seven patients were negative and assigned to Hp(-) group. One patient of the Hp(-) group discontinued the study before completion: at six post-baseline month she complained for abdominal discomfort and she was subjected to repeat ¹³C urea breath test and upper gastrointestinal endoscopy-gastric histology, which were both positive for Hp infection. One patient of Hp(+) group remained positive after the first line eradication protocol and a second line therapy introduced to become negative. No adverse event was reported. Pill count at month 2 visit showed an acceptable compliance, with a mean consumption rate of 93%.

At baseline, Hp(+) and Hp(-) group had similar age [61.6 (54.5-70.5) and 57.5 (51.2-63.8) years, respectively; P = 0.469] and duration of persistent transaminasemia [6.5 (5.8-8.3) and 9.0 (7.0-12.0) years, respectively; P = 0.198]. Furthermore, BMI, waist and hip circumference and WHR were also similar between groups at baseline (Table 1), as well as the frequency of impaired fasting glucose or T2DM (four patients in each group; P = 1.000).

TABLE 1.
Baseline and 12-month comparative data between Hp(+) and Hp(-) groups

Variable	Group	Baseline	Month 12	P-value for within groups
N	Hp(-)	6	6	-
	Hp(+)	6	6	-
HFF (%)	Hp(-)	27.8 (14.8-36.0)	23.9 (15.4-34.5)	0.600
	Hp(+)	24.6 (7.8-36.8)	19.1 (6.2-40.3)	0.602
P-value for between groups		0.310	0.262
NAFLD fibrosis score	Hp(-)	-0.38 (-1.72-0.11)	-0.56 (-1.43-0.46)	0.249
	Hp(+)	-0.34 (-1.39-0.29)	-0.24 (-0.99-0.71)	0.116
P-value for between groups		0.631	0.522
HSENSI	Hp(-)	1.0 (0.8-2.0)	1.0 (0-1.0)	0.083
	Hp(+)	1.0 (1.0-2.0)	1.0 (0-1.0)	0.046
P-value for between groups		0.715	1.000
BMI (kg/m2)	Hp(-)	32.5 (30.3-42.4)	32.0 (30.2-42.6)	1.000
	Hp(+)	29.8 (28.2-33.1)	29.1 (28.8-32.6)	1.000
P-value for between groups		0.262	0.263
Waist circumference (cm)	Hp(-)	110 (109-117)	110 (108-114)	0.336
	Hp(+)	104 (98-109)	102 (98-107)	0.686
P-value for between groups		0.076	0.037
Hip circumference (cm)	Hp(-)	107 (104-124)	107 (103-127)	0.914
	Hp(+)	103 (96-111)	101 (97-107)	0.683
P-value for between groups		0.262	0.092
WHR	Hp(-)	1.03 (0.97-1.08)	1.01 (0.94-1.07)	0.917
	Hp(+)	1.02 (0.97-1.03)	1.00 (0.97-1.04)	0.753
P-value for between groups		0.337	0.749
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	Hp(-)	140 (120-143)	120 (120-143)	0.157
	Hp(+)	138 (100-153)	133 (98-145)	0.334
P-value for between groups		0.871	0.935
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	Hp(-)	93 (84-100)	75 (70-88)	0.066
	Hp(+)	60 (54-71)	66 (60-68)	0.102
P-value for between groups		0.016	0.027
WBC (N/μL)	Hp(-)	6625 (4675-7433)	6360 (4585-7100)	0.463
	Hp(+)	6105 (5308-6840)	5060 (4473-6268)	0.028
P-value for between groups		0.522	0.262
Granulocytes (N/μL)	Hp(-)	3789 (2753-4310)	3625 (2552-4046)	0.173
	Hp(+)	3569 (3091-3871)	2828 (2273-3521)	0.073
P-value for between groups		0.522	0.423
Lymphocytes (N/μL)	Hp(-)	2060 (1609-2587)	2063 (1672-2411)	0.600
	Hp(+)	1717 (1549-2194)	1683 (1529-1957)	0.463
P-value for between groups		0.337	0.200
Monocytes (N/μL)	Hp(-)	423 (336-473)	458 (409-522)	0.116
	Hp(+)	441 (273-490)	402 (358-555)	0.460
P-value for between groups		0.873	0.423
Platelets (103*N /μL)	Hp(-)	225 (195-266)	207 (171-270)	0.249
	Hp(+)	229 (182-259)	204 (158-220)	0.028
P-value for between groups		0.874	0.521
ESR (mm; 1h)	Hp(-)	14 (10-31)	28 (11-40)	0.027
	Hp(+)	23 (15-43)	18 (10-38)	0.674
P-value for between groups		0.336	0.749
SGOT (U/L)	Hp(-)	23 (20-40)	23 (18-35)	0.528
	Hp(+)	25 (22-32)	26 (16-46)	0.752
P-value for between groups		0.668	0.871
SGPT (U/L)	Hp(-)	38 (29-42)	39 (30-43)	0.345
	Hp(+)	22 (19-50)	24 (19-53)	0.248
P-value for between groups		0.630	0.521
SGOT / SGPT	Hp(-)	0.80 (0.56-1.03)	0.74 (0.56-0.90)	0.340
	Hp(+)	1.12 (0.78-1.22)	0.88 (0.84-1.06)	0.249
P-value for between groups		0.109	0.065
GGT (U/L)	Hp(-)	25 (21-35)	26 (23-33)	1.000
	Hp(+)	25 (13-44)	34 (10-62)	0.753
P-value for between groups		0.749	0.522
ALP (U/L)	Hp(-)	53 (39-93)	56 (36-74)	0.345
	Hp(+)	76 (66-116)	75 (62-84)	0.092
P-value for between groups		0.200	0.127
Glucose (mg/dL)	Hp(-)	102 (89-123)	98 (87-114)	0.066
	Hp(+)	103 (97-109)	102 (92-151)	0.463
P-value for between groups		0.810	0.378
Uric acid (mg/dL)	Hp(-)	4.3 (4.2-6.5)	5.0 (4.3-5.5)	0.600
	Hp(+)	5.2 (3.7-6.2)	4.4 (3.3-5.7)	0.249
P-value for between groups		0.873	0.522
Creatinine (mg/dL)	Hp(-)	0.80 (0.69-1.06)	0.81 (0.75-1.05)	0.340
	Hp(+)	0.85 (0.82-0.93)	0.84 (0.81-0.93)	0.528
P-value for between groups		0.470	0.420
Albumin (g/dL)	Hp(-)	4.5 (4.2-4.8)	4.4 (4.2-4.7)	0.336
	Hp(+)	4.6 (4.2-4.8)	4.7 (4.4-4.7)	0.461
P-value for between groups		0.935	0.195
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	Hp(-)	183 (162-224)	186 (165-212)	0.753
	Hp(+)	242 (186-303)	228 (181-249)	0.750
P-value for between groups		0.078	0.109
Triglycerides (mg/dL)	Hp(-)	191 (147-221)	132 (89-194)	0.046
	Hp(+)	168 (131-248)	159 (134-196)	0.752
P-value for between groups		0.810	0.336
HDL-C (mg/dL)	Hp(-)	44 (41-50)	45 (38-53)	0.917
	Hp(+)	48 (40-62)	45 (39-51)	0.399
P-value for between groups		0.470	0.936
LDL-C (mg/dL)	Hp(-)	97 (85-133)	118 (91-132)	0.463
	Hp(+)	149 (116-213)	143 (106-172)	0.917
P-value for between groups		0.109	0.262
CPK (mg/dL)	Hp(-)	100 (82-131)	122 (78-156)	0.116
	Hp(+)	99 (54-144)	85 (58-170)	0.753
P-value for between groups		0.937	0.423
Ferritin (ng/mL)	Hp(-)	85 (51-127)	90 (54-126)	0.399
	Hp(+)	102 (54-166)	105 (61-145)	0.753
P-value for between groups		0.470	0.749
Homocysteine (μmol/L)	Hp(-)	12.1 (9.4-15.3)	16.1 (13.7-17.2)	0.116
	Hp(+)	12.0 (9.6-13.9)	15.0 (12.0-20.2)	0.345
P-value for between groups		0.873	0.875

• Data are presented as median (interquartile range)
• ALP, alkaline phosphatase; BMI, body mass index; CPK, creatine phosphokinase; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; GGT, gamma-glutamyl transferase; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; HFF, hepatic fat fraction; NAFLD, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; SGOT, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase; SGPT, serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase; WBC, white blood cell; WHR, waist to hip ratio.

Comparative data of both groups at baseline and month 12 are presented in Table 1. HFF was similar for between and within group comparisons. NAFLD fibrosis score showed a non-significant trend towards decrease in Hp(+), whereas increase in Hp(-) group. HSENSI was significantly decreased only in Hp(+) group. Furthermore, WBC were significantly decreased in Hp(+) group, but not Hp(-) group; this could be mainly attributed to a trend towards decrease in granulocytes. ESR was significantly increased and triglycerides were decreased only in Hp(-) group. The remaining parameters, including liver function tests, glucose, uric acid, ferritin and homocysteine remained essentially unchanged (Table 1).

When adjusted for group [Hp(+) or Hp(-)], HFF at baseline and month 12 were highly correlated (r_p = 0.927; P<0.001). At baseline, HFF showed a trend towards significant correlation with lymphocyte count (r_p = 0.601; P = 0.051) and fasting glucose (r_p = 0.564; P = 0.071). HFF was not correlated with other study parameters. In multiple linear regression analysis at baseline, HFF was associated with fasting glucose (B=0.663; P=0.042), independently from group, age, waist circumference, SGOT/SGPT ratio and lymphocyte count; notably, HFF was not independently associated with current Hp infection at baseline. In a similar model of regression, HFF at month 12 was independently associated only with HFF at baseline (B = 0.949; P = 0.015) independently from eradication therapy, age, waist circumference, SGOT/SGPT ratio glucose and albumin at month 12; notably, HFF at month 12 was not independently associated with Hp eradication treatment.

When adjusted for group, NAFLD fibrosis score at baseline and month 12 were highly correlated (r_p = 0.891; P<0.001). On the other hand, HSENSI at month 12 was not associated to baseline values (chi-square = 4.286; P = 0.117). At baseline, NAFLD fibrosis score was significantly correlated with age (r_p = 0.641; P = 0.034). NAFLD fibrosis score was not correlated with other study’s parameters. We did not perform multiple regression analysis for NAFLD fibrosis score at baseline or month 12, because the only parameters which provided P<0.1 at partial correlations were those included in the equation for the calculation of NAFLD fibrosis score.

DISCUSSION

This pilot study showed no long-term effect of Hp eradication treatment on hepatic steatosis, assessed by MRI; on the other hand, NAFLD fibrosis score and HSENSI showed a trend towards decrease in Hp(+) group, which was statistically significant for HSENSI. The short-term effect of Hp eradication therapy on hepatic steatosis and fibrosis indices was beyond the scope of this study; we selected to evaluate it on a long-term basis because: a) fibrosis is not expected to reduce shortly after any treatment⁽²⁴⁾; and b) even if Hp eradication therapy was beneficial on a short-term basis, this would not have any clinical implication if was not persistent on a long-term basis.

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first MRI-based study evaluating the effect of Hp eradication treatment on hepatic steatosis, and fibrosis indices. Similarly to our findings, Jamali et al. reported that Hp eradication treatment had no 8-week and 24-week effect on hepatic fat content of dyspeptic NAFLD patients⁽¹²⁾. Despite similar results, that study was designed differently than ours: 1) hepatic fat content was calculated by the equation proposed by Kotronen et al. (the noninvasive index «NΑFLD liver fat score»)⁽¹⁴⁾, whereas directly by MRI in our study; 2) the included patients had ultrasound-proven NAFLD, whereas biopsy-proven NASH in our study; 3) the included patients were dyspeptic, whereas asymptomatic in our study; 4) the control group consisted of Hp(+) patients not assigned to treatment, whereas control group consisted of Hp(-) patients in our study.

HFF at baseline was independently associated with fasting glucose, which is pathogenetically expected, because dysregulation of glucose metabolism is associated with hepatic steatosis and, inversely, hepatic steatosis may lead to dysregulation of glucose metabolism⁽²²⁾. Other authors have reported that 2-h glucose rises with increasing HFF (MRI) in a cross-sectional study of obese adolescents⁽⁵⁾. In a 4-year retrospective longitudinal study, the incidence of newly developed T2DM was higher in the NAFLD (9.9%) compared with the non-NAFLD group (3.7%) and a combined effect of impaired fasting glucose and NAFLD on the incidence of T2DM was shown⁽³⁾.

Interestingly, WBC were significantly decreased in Hp(+), but not Hp(-) group, owing mainly to trend towards decrease in granulocytes. In a previous cross-sectional study, higher WBC count was reported to be associated with NAFLD (ultrasonographically-proven) independently from classical cardiovascular risk factors and other components of IR syndrome⁽¹⁶⁾. Other authors have proposed that higher granulocyte (neutrophil) to lymphocyte ratio (NLP) may be a noninvasive predictor of advanced NASH⁽¹⁾.

NAFLD fibrosis score and HSENSI showed a trend towards decrease in Hp(+) group, which might be interpreted as a potentially beneficial effect of Hp eradication therapy on hepatic fibrosis and NASH, respectively. The changes in HSENSI could be mainly attributed to the increase in ESR only in the Hp(-) group, since SGOT and homocysteine showed similar trends between groups (Table 1). Although these results should be interpreted with caution, because both indices are not validated for long-term follow up, larger studies with repeat paired biopsies are warranted.

There are only limited clinical data regarding the association between Hp infection and NAFLD^{(9, 17, 19, 28)}. The presence of 16S recombinant RNA of Hp spp. on liver samples of a patient with NASH has been initially reported⁽⁹⁾. This finding was validated by another study, in which the 16S recombinant RNA was found in 5/11 liver samples of NAFLD patients compared with 2/13 controls⁽¹⁷⁾. However, it remains unclear whether Hp in these specimens is an incidental finding or it has the potential to affect the natural course of NAFLD. We previously showed in an observational study⁽¹⁹⁾, that Hp infection may represent one more hit contributing in the pathogenesis of NAFLD, considered a multiple-hit disease⁽²¹⁾; Hp infection may trigger TNF-α, whereas adiponectin is secondarily increased to counterbalance the pro-inflammatory cascade. This may be achieved directly or indirectly, through Hp-related increase in IR⁽¹⁹⁾. Takuma also reported in Japanese that Hp infection was one of the independent risk factors for the development of NAFLD⁽²⁸⁾.

Regarding the study’s secondary endpoint, anthropometric parameters, blood pressure, liver function tests, lipid profile, ferritin and homocysteine remained essentially unchanged in either group, with the exception of triglycerides, which were paradoxically decreased only in Hp(-) group. Similar to our findings, Jamal et al. showed no effect of Hp eradication treatment on lipid profile, insulin resistance, and anthropometric measurements in dyspeptic NAFLD patients, eight and 24 weeks post-treatment⁽¹²⁾.

This study has certain limitations. First, the sample size was small, given that this was a pilot study; although the diagnosis of NASH was histologically confirmed, the interpretation of the results warrants large-scale research before drawing definite conclusions. Second, Hp was not investigated in liver histological specimens. Third, the diagnosis of Hp infection was not established by culture or histology, representing the practical diagnostic gold standard of Hp infection; however, this would meet ethical considerations, because the patients were asymptomatic for gastrointestinal diseases; instead, ¹³C urea breath test was used as a safe, noninvasive and reliable method for the diagnosis of Hp infection. Fourth, repeat liver biopsy, which would be the ideal gold standard for pairwise comparison of steatosis and fibrosis, was not performed, because of ethical considerations. Furthermore, the study was not placebo-controlled, due to our inability to produce placebo pills similar to therapeutic ones. Finally, although HSENSI has been proposed as a noninvasive index for NASH⁽²⁰⁾, it has not been externally validated yet.

CONCLUSIONS

Hp eradication treatment had no long-term effect on hepatic steatosis assessed by MRI, but showed a trend towards improvement in NAFLD fibrosis score and HSENSI, which are also noninvasive indices of hepatic fibrosis and NASH, respectively. Although these results should be interpreted with caution, mainly because of the small sample size of this pilot study, larger studies with repeat paired biopsies are warranted.

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• No source of support or funding for this study

Data availability

Data citations

Jamali R, Mofid A, Vahedi H, Farzaneh R, Dowlatshahi S. The effect of helicobacter pylori eradication on liver fat content in subjects with non-alcoholic Fatty liver disease: a randomized open-label clinical trial. Hepat Mon. 2013;13:e14679.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  Jul-Sep 2014

History

• Received
  3 Mar 2014
• Accepted
  30 Apr 2014