Adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction: relationship between clinicopathological data and p53, cyclin D1 and Bcl-2 immunoexpressions

Adenocarcinoma da junção esôfago-gástrica: relação entre os dados cllnipatológicos e a imunoexpressão de p53, ciclina D1 e Bcl-2

ARTIGO ORIGINAL ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction: relationship between clinicopathological data and p53, cyclin D1 and Bcl-2 immunoexpressions

Adenocarcinoma da junção esôfago-gástrica: relação entre os dados cllnipatológicos e a imunoexpressão de p53, ciclina D1 e Bcl-2

Dárcio Matenhauer Lehrbach^I; Ivan Cecconello^I; Ulysses Ribeiro Jr.^I; Vera Luiza Capelozzi^II, Alexandre Muxfeldt Ab'Saber^II; Venâncio Avancini Ferreira Alves^II

^IDepartment of Gastroenterology. University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, SP, Brazil

^IIDepartment of Pathology. University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, SP, Brazil

^Address

ABSTRACT

CONTEXT: Esophagogastric junction adenocarcinoma has an aggressive behavior, and TNM (UICC) staging is not always accurate enough to categorize patient's outcome.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluated p53, cyclin D1 and Bcl-2 immunoexpressions in esophagogastric junction adenocarcinoma patients, without Barrett's esophagus, and to compared to clinicopathological characteristics and survival rate.

METHODS: Tissue sections from 75 esophagogastric junction adenocarcinomas resected from 1991 to 2003 were analyzed by immunohistochemistry for p53, cyclin D1 and Bcl-2 using streptavidin-biotin-peroxidase method. The mean follow-up time was 60 months SD = 61.5 (varying from 4 to 273 months).

RESULTS: Fifty (66.7%) of the tumors were intestinal type and 25 (33.3%) were diffuse. Vascular, lymph node and perineural infiltration were verified in 16%, 80% and 68% of the patients, respectively. The patients were distributed according to the TNM staging in IA in 4 (5.3%), IB in 10 (13.3%), II in 15 (20%), IIA in 15 (20%), IIIB in 15 (20%) and IV in 16 (21.3%). Immunohistochemical analysis was positive for p53, cyclin D1 and bcl-2 in 68%, 18.7% and 100%, respectively. There was no association between immunoexpression and vascular and/or perineural invasions, clinicopathological characteristics and patients' survival rate.

CONCLUSION: In this selected population, there was no association between the immunomarkers, p53, cyclin D1 and bcl-2 and clinicopathological data and/or overall survival.

Headings: Esophagogastric junction. Stomach neoplasms. Esophageal neoplasms. Adenocarcinoma. Tumor suppressor protein p53. Cyclin D1. Proto-oncogene proteins c-bcl-2.

RESUMO

CONTEXTO: O adenocarcinoma da junção esôfago-gástrica tem um comportamento agressivo e o estádio TNM não é sempre suficiente para categorizar o paciente de acordo com a evolução do mesmo.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a imunoexpressão do p53, ciclina D1 e Bcl-2 em pacientes com adenocarcinoma da junção esôfago-gástrica sem esôfago de Barrett e comparar com as características clínicas e sobrevida.

MÉTODOS: Cortes histológicos de 75 adenocarcinomas da esôfago-gástrica ressecados de 1991 a 2003 foram analisados por imunoistoquímica para o p53, ciclina D1 e Bcl-2, usando-se o método da estreptavidina-biotina-peroxidase. O tempo médio de seguimento foi de 60 meses, DP=61,5 (variando de 4 a 273 meses).

RESULTADOS: Cinquenta (66,7%) dos tumores eram do tipo intestinal e 25 (33,3%) eram difusos. Verificou-se infiltração vascular, linfonodal e perineural em 16%, 80% e 68% dos pacientes, respectivamente. O estádio TNM foi IA em 4 (5,3%), II em 15 (20%), IIIA em 15 (20%), IIIB em 15 (20%) e IV em 16 (21,3%). A análise imunoistoquímica foi positiva para p53, ciclina D1 e Bcl-2 em 68%, 18,7% e 100, respectivamente. Não houve associação entre a imunoexpressão e invasão vascular ou perineural, características clinicopatológicas e sobrevida geral.

CONCLUSÃO: Nesta população selecionada, não houve associação entre os imunomarcadores, p53, ciclina D1 e Bcl-2 e os dados clinicopatológicos e a sobrevida geral dos pacientes.

Descritores: Junção esôfago-gástrica. Neoplasias gástricas. Neoplasias esofágicas. Adenocarcinoma. Proteína supressora de tumor p53. Ciclina D1. Proteínas proto-oncogênicas c-bcl-2.

INTRODUCTION

During the last decades, it was observed an increased prevalence of esophagogastric junction (EGJ) adenocarcinoma in the Western developed countries. In the fifties, the adenocarcinoma represented less than 5% of the esophageal tumors in the United States and Europe⁽⁴⁾. In the eighties and nineties, this figures climb up to approximately 50%^{(3, 15)}. In Brazil, esophageal cancer is the 10th more common neoplasia, with high mortality rate due to the delayed diagnosis. It is estimated the occurrence of 10,580 new cases of this cancer for this year⁽¹⁶⁾. TNM (UICC) staging system is not always accurate enough to categorize the patient status adequately. Occasionally, patients with similar clinical staging may have different outcome, and others classified differently may present comparable results. Molecular and genetic biology research can perhaps clarify these facts.

Immunohistochemistry method can be used to evaluate some of the tumor markers, including p53, cyclin-D1 and Bcl-2. However, the published results in the evaluation of these markers in patients with EGJ adenocarcinoma still remain controversial.

p53 is a tumor-suppressor gene located in the chromosome 17p13, that encodes a phosphoprotein with important role in the maintenance of the cellular integrity. It suppresses the oncogenic transformation by the interruption of the cellular cycle in the G1 phase, providing time so that the damage either can be repaired or apoptosis can be induced^{(8, 9, 26, 27, 28)}. p53 gene mutations occur in approximately 50% of all human tumors and can be detected by immunohistochemistry when this protein is overexpressed in the nucleus of the cells.

The cyclin D1 is a proto-oncogene located in the chromosome 11q13, which form a complex with kinases dependents on cyclins (CDK4/6), leading to the phosphorilation of the retinoblastoma protein (Rb) and restarting the cellular proliferation by releasing the E2F factor of transcription that, in this free condition, activate genes that are essential for the entrance of the cell in S (synthesis) phase. The genes p27, p21 and p16 act inhibiting the activation of cyclin complex D1-CDK4/6. The overexpression of cyclin D1 promotes the early entrance of the cell in S phase, and its inhibition interrupts the cycle right after this phase⁽²⁸⁾.

The bcl-2 gene of the chromosome 18q21 inhibits apoptosis and is normally expressed in the proliferating epithelial zones. In the normal esophageal epithelium, a weak bcl-2 expression is found in the basal zone, while the immunoexpression is more intense in 76% to 100% of the patients with Barrett's esophagus, in 25% of the patients with high-grade dysplasia, and in 20% of the patients with adenocarcinoma^{(22, 28, 37)}.

Thus, the objective of this investigation was to evaluate patients with EGJ adenocarcinoma, without Barrett's esophagus, for immunoexpression of p53, cyclin D1 and Bcl-2. Markers immunoexpression rates were associated to clinicopathological data and postoperative overall survival.

METHODS

This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the "Hospital das Clínicas", University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. Hospital records from 1993 to 2003 of 75 patients with EGJ adenocarcinoma who underwent surgical resection at the Digestive Surgery of the Department of Gastroenterology of the University of São Paulo were reviewed. The mean age was 64.2 ± 14 years (varied from 36 to 89 years-old) and 67 (89.3%) patients were men. Histological sections representing tumors of the 75 surgical resected patients were selected for this study. Preceding radio or chemotherapy, previous esophageal operation, other histological tumors than adenocarcinoma, presence of Barrett's esophagus, achalasia or megaesophagus, or history of corrosive agent ingestion cases were excluded from the study.

Histological slides were reviewed to confirm the histopathological diagnosis of EGJ adenocarcinoma (type II tumors of Siewert's classification) without Barrett's esophagus by H-E. Histological findings were graded according to the Laurén's classification, and the pTNM staging was reviewed⁽⁴³⁾. Vascular, lymph node and perineural infiltration were also evaluated. Corresponding formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue blocks were sectioned for immunohistochemical analysis. Five to six unstained 4 mm blank histological sections were cut from each designated block. One blank was used for p53 immunostaining (suppressor pathway) (p53 - NCL p53-DO7, Novocastra, Newcastle, UK), other blank for cyclin D1 (cyclin D1, DCS-6, DAKO)⁽²⁹⁾, and other for Bcl-2 (Bcl-2 - 124 DAKO)⁽³⁴⁾ using the streptavidin-biotin-peroxidase complex method. The microwave oven heating technique for antigen retrieval and immunodetection method has been previously described^{(36, 39)}. Briefly, immunodetection involved the use of 4 mm thick formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues, treated with 4% hydrogen peroxidase (H2O2) in methanol for 35 minutes to eliminate endogenous peroxidase activity. The sections were placed in the microwave oven for 10 minutes for antigen retrieval, rinsed in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and incubated with 10% normal horse serum to block nonspecific binding. Upon removal of the serum, the primary monoclonal antibody was applied at room temperature. Following further washing with PBS, sections were incubated with biotinylated anti-mouse immunoglobulin for 30 minutes. After washing twice with PBS, the sections were treated with Vectastain Elite horseradish peroxidase complex (Vector Laboratory, Burlingame, CA) for 30 minutes. Following another rinse with PBS, the sections were incubated with diaminobenzidine 0.05% and 0.04% H2O2 for 20 minutes. After a final wash with distilled water, the sections were counterstained with Harris Alum Hematoxylin, dehydrated through graded alcohols to xylene, and cover-slipped. Sections of gastric adenocarcinoma and primary antibody replaced by PBS were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. Specific nuclear immunoreactivity for p53 and cyclin D1 proteins was scored semiquantitatively on a graded scale of 0 through 4 for both intensity and distribution by three investigators in a blinded analysis. p53 was classified solely as positive immunostaining when greater than 2⁽⁴⁰⁾ Bcl-2 immunoexpression was evaluated by cytoplasmic staining, and was also scored semiquantitatively on a graded scale of 0 through 4 for both intensity and distribution.

Clinicopathological characteristics of the tumors and immunoexpressions were compared using Mann-Whitney test, Fishers' exact probability test and Pearson chi-square test for qualitative data, with two tailed P value at the 5% level considered significant. Kaplan-Meier method was used to calculate the survival curves, while log-rank test was utilized to compare the curves. For statistical proposals the parameters were classified in: pT (T1 versus T2 and T3), pN (N0 versus N+), M (M0 versus M1), and staging (0-II versus IIIA-IV).

RESULTS

According to the Laurén's classification, 50 (66.7%) of the tumors were intestinal type and 25 (33.3%) of the tumors were diffuse. Vascular, lymph node and perineural infiltration were verified in 16%, 80% and 68% of the patients, respectively. Analysis of depth of the wall infiltration (pT) revealed T1 in 4 (5.3%), T2 in 27 (36%) and T3 in 44 (58.7%) of the tumors. Lymph node involvement (pN+) was detected in 72% of the cases and the presence of distant metastasis in 6.7%. The patients were distributed according to the TNM staging in IA in 4 (5.3%), IB in 10 (13.3%), II in 15 (20%), IIA in 15 (20%), IIIB in 15 (20%) and IV in 16 (21.3%).

Regarding immunohistochemistry, Table 1 presents the distribution of the results regarding intensity and distribution for p53, cyclin D1 and Bcl-2. Table 2 shows the results of the univariate analysis between the protein p53 and cyclin D1, and clinicopathological characteristics of the patients. Bcl-2 immunoexpression was positive in all tumors, so it was excluded of the analysis. There was no association between the tumoral markers and the analyzed clinicopathological parameters. Figures 1 to 3 revealed imunohistochemical staining for p53, cyclin D, and Bcl-2, respectively.

Of the 75 patients selected for this study, 6 were lost of follow-up, remaining for survival analysis a total of 69 patients. The mean follow-up time was 60 months, SD = 61.5 (varying from 4 to 273 months). All of the deaths were related to the neoplasia. There was no association between the immunomarkers and overall survival (Figures 4 and 5).

DISCUSSION

The association between modified genetic expressions with clinicopathological parameters may contribute for the clarification of isolated factors, which in addition to other findings of similar evaluations, integrates a knowledge armamentarium that may select patients for adequate treatment. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the immunoexpression of p53, cyclin D1 and Bcl-2 in samples of EGJ adenocarcinoma, without associated Barrett's esophagus, thus, eliminating the interference of possible factors related to the adenocarcinoma of esophagus. Marker immunoexpression had not been significantly associated with the clinicopathological data in this selected patient population.

Few studies had evaluated the immunoexpression of the mentioned markers in the EGJ adenocarcinoma (type II tumors), excluding cases with Barrett's esophagus, which may indicate type I tumors. In this study, three proteins were selected, whose modified expressions may correlate with different staging of development of EGJ adenocarcinomas, without Barrett's esophagus; p53, a tumor suppressor gene, cyclin D1, a cell cycle regulator and Bcl-2, an oncogene that regulates apoptosis.

p53 immunoexpression is dependent on its accumulation in the cellular nucleus. p53 positive nuclear reactivity was detected in 68% in this study, and is in accordance with the literature results^{(13, 14, 21)}. In normal situations, the protein p53 is immediately degraded in the nucleus by MDM2 protein action, after to exert its function. When there is a mutation involving the p53 gene, the quaternary structure of the p53 protein is modified, possibly by changing the positions of MDM2's recognition epitopes, avoiding the degradation process and causing an accumulation of protein p53 in the nucleus of the cell. However, immunohistochemical analysis is not 100% concordant with p53 mutation, since other factors can contribute for the accumulation of this protein in the cellular nucleus, including the reduced activity of MDM2 protein. The results of the p53 immunoexpression in this investigation did not associate with the postoperative survival (P = 0,303) and, also did not present any association with the clinicopathological parameters by univariate analysis. These findings are in accordance with other published data^{(5, 6, 7, 17, 18, 21, 23, 25, 31, 36, 39)}.

IRELAND et al.⁽¹⁷⁾ verified p53 mutations in 48.6% of the studied adenocarcinomas, being 53% of esophagus and 58% of the cardia. In contrast, the presence of mutation was only detected in 17% of the subcardia adenocarcinomas. GONDA et al.⁽¹³⁾ also observed greater immunopositivity for p53 in the EGJ adenocarcinomas when compared with those located in the distal portion of the stomach, fact already previously registered by FLEJOU et al.⁽¹⁰⁾. In gastric carcinoma, GAO et al.⁽¹¹⁾ had suggested that the positive expression of cyclin D1 can be an early event in the pathogenesis of this cancer and tends to remain steady during its progression until lymph node involvement and distant metastases occurred^{(32, 41, 42)}. In 2005, IZZO et al.⁽¹⁹⁾ suggested that the evaluation of the expression of cyclin D1 in adenocarcinoma of the esophagus can be useful to evaluate the risk of progression of the illness. The increased cyclin D1 nuclear immunoexpression has been observed in 22% to 64% of esophageal adenocarcinoma, already being present in Barrett's metaplasia, and may be a marker of predictive value for malignancy^{(1, 2, 12, 20, 24, 30, 38, 44, 45)}.

In this study the EGJ adenocarcinoma had increased cyclin D1 nuclear expression in 18.7% of the patients. Cyclin D1 immunoexpression was observed in 48% of the patients in early stage, in 47.6% of those in advanced stage, and 50% of those with distant metastases. Cyclin D1 immunoexpression was not associated to the clinicopathological characteristics, staging or survival, and was positive in all levels of invasion.

Bcl-2 immunoexpression was positive in all studied cases, so it was not possible to evaluate associations with any clinical or pathological parameters. In advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, it was described the relationship of low expression of Bcl-2 with overexpression of p53, suggesting an interaction of these two proteins in the progression of the illness⁽³³⁾. In 1999, RIOUX-LECLERCQ et al.⁽³⁷⁾ had shown that the Bcl-2 immunoexpression increased, along with mutations in the p53 gene, can be identified as primary events during the neoplastic progression in Barrett's esophagus. Recently, it was associated a significant reduction in the expression of bcl-2 to the progression of the mucosa of Barrett to esophageal adenocarcinoma⁽³⁵⁾.

CONCLUSIONS

Immunoexpression of p53 and cyclin D1 in patients with EGJ adenocarcinoma without associated Barrett's esophagus were regularly distributed in terms of intensity and distribution. Bcl-2 was detected in all cases. In this selected population, there was no association between the immunomarkers, p53, cyclin D1 and bcl-2 and clinicopathological data, staging and/or overall survival.

Recebido em 26/12/2007.

Reapresentado em 18/5/2009.

Aprovado em 20/5/2009.

This manuscript was presented at the 7^th International Gastric Cancer Congress of the International Gastric Cancer Association, May 10-12, 2007, São Paulo, SP, Brazil

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  02 Mar 2010
• Date of issue
  Dec 2009

History

• Received
  26 Dec 2007
• Accepted
  20 May 2009