COELIAC DISEASE IN CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA: time for a concerted
                    approach to its epidemiology

FARRUKH, Affifa; MAYBERRY, John Francis

doi:10.1590/S0004-28032015000200010

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Original Articles • Arq. Gastroenterol. 52 (2) • Apr-Jun 2015 • https://doi.org/10.1590/S0004-28032015000200010 copy

COELIAC DISEASE IN CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA: time for a concerted approach to its epidemiology

A doença celíaca na América Central e do Sul: tempo para uma abordagem conjunta sobre sua epidemiologia

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Central and South America offer an opportunity to resolve some of the current controversies that surround the epidemiology of celiac disease. Through a concerted action which brings together clinicians, researchers and patients there is an opportunity to establish robust data sets which will allow detailed analysis of environmental and genetic factors. In this review available data from the continent together with data from Spain and Italy are drawn together to give a current picture in the hope that it will stimulate further research.

HEADINGS
Celiac disease; Epidemiology; Transients and migrants; Religion and Medicine; Blood donors

	Years	No. of cases	Incidence cases/10⁵/year	Prevalence cases/10³
UK & Ireland
Cardiff⁽¹⁸18. Hawkes ND, Swift GL, Smith PM, Jenkins HR. Incidence and presentation of celiac disease in South Glamorgan. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2000;12(3):345-9.^, ¹⁹19. Hurley JJ, Lee B, Turner JK, Beale A, Jenkins HR, Swift GL. Incidence and presentation of reported celiac disease in Cardiff and the Vale of Glamorgan: the next 10 years. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012;24(5):482-6.⁾	1981 - 1995	137	3.1
East Dorset⁽¹¹11. Fowell AJ, Thomas PW, Surgenor SL, Snook JA. The epidemiology of celiac disease in East Dorset 1993 - 2002: an assessment of the ‘coeliac iceberg’, and preliminary evidence of case clustering. QJM. 2006;99(7):453-60.⁾	1993 - 2002	159	8.7
Leicester⁽⁴⁰40. Sher KS, Fraser RC, Wicks AC, Mayberry JF. High risk of celiac disease in Punjabis. Epidemiological study in South Asian and European populations of Leicestershire. Digestion. 1993;54(3):178-82.⁾	1975 - 1989
i. Europeans		86	2.5
ii. Punjabis		20	6.9
West of Ireland⁽²⁹29. Mylotte M, Egan-Mitchell B, McCarthy CF, McNicholl B. Incidence of celiac disease in the West of Ireland. British Medical Journal.1973;1(5855):703-5.⁾	1962 - 1973	110		3
Italy
Naples⁽⁶6. Capuozzo M, Ottaiano A, Nava E, Cascone S, Cinque C, Iaffaioli RV, et al. Epidemiology and economic impact of celiac disease in the South vesuvian area of naples: a survey. Front Public Health. 2013;1-18. DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2013.00018.⁾	2012	1453		2.6
Sardinia⁽³⁹39. Sardu C, Cocco E, Mereu A, Massa R, Cuccu A, Giovanna Marrosu M, Contu P. Population based study of 12 autoimmune diseases in Sardinia, Italy: Prevalence and comorbidity. PLoS One. 2012;7(3):e32487.⁾	2009	124		1.2
Carcare⁽²⁵25. Menardo G, Brizzolara R, Bonassi S, Marchetti A, Dante GL, Pistone C, et al. Population screening for celiac disease in a low prevalence area in Italy. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2006;41(12):1414-20.⁾	2006	10		10
Brescia⁽²⁰20. Lanzini A, Villanacci V, Apillan N, Lanzarotto F, Pirali F, Arnato M, et al. Epidemiological, clinical and histopathologic characteristics of celiac disease: results of a case-finding population-based program in an Italian community. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2005;40(8):950-7.⁾	1984 - 2000	929	7
	2000 - 2003	508	12
Four areas study⁽⁹9. Corrao G, Úsai P, Galatalo G, Ansaldi N, Meini A, Pelli MA, et al. Estimating the incidence of celiac disease with capture-recapture methods within four geographic areas in Italy. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1996;50(3):299-305.⁾	1990 - 1991	478	2.5
North East Blood transfusion centres⁽⁴²42. Trevisiol C, Not T, Berti I, Buratti E, Città A, Neri E, et al. Screening for celiac disease in healthy blood donors at two immune-transfusion centres in north-east Italy. Ital J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1999;31(7):584-6.⁾	1999	10		2.5
Young people
Trieste (children)⁽⁴¹41. Tommasini A, Not T, Kiren V, Baldas V, Santon D, Trevisiol C, et al. Mass screening for celiac disease using antihuman transglutaminase antibody assay. Arch Dis Child. 2004;89(6):512-5.⁾	1999 - 2000	35		11
Brescia⁽²⁰20. Lanzini A, Villanacci V, Apillan N, Lanzarotto F, Pirali F, Arnato M, et al. Epidemiological, clinical and histopathologic characteristics of celiac disease: results of a case-finding population-based program in an Italian community. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2005;40(8):950-7.⁾	1984 - 2000	?	4
	2000 - 2003	?	5
Padua⁽¹⁷17. Guariso G, Plebani M, Signorini R, Brigato L, Nichetti C, Celadin M, et al. [Silent celiac disease: results of a study in secondary schools of Padua]. Pediatr Med Chir. 1997; 19(2):95-8. Italian.⁾	1997	?		2.6
Lucca⁽²⁶26. Montesanti M, Domenici R, Matteucci L, Mei E. [Screening for celiac disease in children attending secondary school around Lucca]. Minerva Pediatr. 1996;48(11):475-83. [Article in Italian].⁾	1996	2		1.8
Ancona⁽⁷7. Catassi C, Rätsch IM, Fabiani E, Ricci S, Bordicchia F, Pierdomenico R, Giorgi PL. High prevalence of undiagnosed celiac disease in 5280 Italian students screened by antigliadin antibodies. Acta Paediatr. 1995;84(6):672-6.⁾	1995	23		4.6
Turin⁽³3. Ansaldi N, Dell’Olio D, Tavassoli K, Bonzano L, Guaraglia L, Norelli MT,et al. [Celiac disease in Piedmont. An epidemiological-clinical study]. Minerva Pediatrica. 1992;44(7-8):371-6. [Article in Italian]⁾	1975 1989	494	3.4	11.3
South Tirol⁽³⁴34. Pittschieler K, Reissigl H, Mengarda G. Celiac disease in two different population groups of South Tirol. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1988;7(3):400-2.⁾	1973 - 1982
German		45	10.5	105
Italian		5	3.3	33
Spain
Madrid⁽¹³13. García Novo MD, Garfia C, Acuña Quirós MD, Asensio J, Zancada G, Barrio Gutierrez S, et al. [Prevalence of celiac disease in apparently healthy blood donors in the autonomous community of Madrid]. Rev Esp Enferm Dig. 2007;99(6):337-42. [Article in Spanish].⁾	2007	10		6.3
Asturias⁽³⁸38. Riestra S, Fernández E, Rodrigo L, Garcia, Ocio G. Prevalence of celiac disease in the general population of northern Spain. Strategies of serologic screening. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2000;35(4):398-402.⁾	2000	3		2.6
Young people
Baracaldo⁽⁴⁴44. Vitoria Cormenzana JC, Sojo Aguirre A, Martin Bejarano E, Zuazo Zamalloa E, Corera Sánchez M, Escudero Jiménez F. [Incidence of celiac disease in Vizcaya]. An Esp Pediatr. 1991;35(4):251-3. [Article in Spanish].⁾	1998 - 1999	7		8.5
Cáceres⁽²¹21. Lȯpez-Rodríquez MJ, Canal Macías ML, Lavado García JM, Sánchez Belda M, Robledo Andés P, Pedrera Zamorano JD. Epidemiological changes in diagnosed celiac disease in a population of Spanish children. Acta Paediatr. 2003;92(2):165-9.⁾	1981 - 1990		6.9
Portugal (young people)
Braga⁽⁴4. Antunes H, Abreu I, Nogueiras A, Sá C, Gonçalves C, Cleto P, et al. [First determination of the prevalence of celiac disease in a Portuguese population]. Acta Med Port. 2006;19(2):115-20. [Article in Portuguese].⁾	2006	3		7.5
Brazil
Pernambuco⁽²⁸28. Moura ACA, de Castro-Antunes MM, de Lima LAM, de Melo Nobre Maria JM, Motta EFA, da Silva GAP. Triagem sorológica para doença celíaca em adolescentes e adultos jovens, estudantes universitários. Rev Bras Saúde Mater Infant. 2012;12:121-6.⁾	2012	8		11.7
North east (African origins)⁽²2. Almeida RC, Gandolfi L, de Nazaré Klatau-Guimarães M, Ferrari I, Souse SM, Abe-Sandes k, et al. Does coeliac disease occur in Afro-derived Brazilian populations? Am J Hum Biol. 2012;24(5):710-2.⁾	2012	0		0
Mangueirinha (Kaingang & Guarani)⁽⁴³43. Utiyama SR, Ribas JL, Nisihara RM, Kotze LM, de Messiasa-Reason IJ. Celiac disease in native Indians from Brazil: a clinical and epidemiological survey. N Am J Med Sci. 2010;2(3)138-42.⁾	2010	0		0
São Paulo⁽¹1. Alencar ML, Ortiz-Agostinho CL, Nishitokukado L, Damião AO, Abrantes-Lemos CP, Leite AZ, et al. Prevalence of celiac disease among blood donors in São Paulo: the most populated city in Brazil. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2012;67(9):1013-8.^, ³⁰30. Oliveira RP, Sdepanian VL, Barreto JA, Cortez AJ, Carvalho FO, Bordin JO, et al. High prevalence of celiac disease in Brazilian blood donor volunteers based on screening by IgA antitissue transglutaminase antibody. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007;19(1):43-9.⁾	2012	14		3.5
	2007	14		4.7
Curitiba⁽³³33. Pereira MA, Ortiz-Agostinho CL, Nishitokukado I, Sato MN, Damião AO, Alencar ML, et al. Prevalence of celiac disease in an urban area of Brazil with predominantly European ancestry. World J Gastroenterol. 2006;12(40):6546-50.⁾	2006	5		2.4
Ribeirão Preto⁽²⁴24. Melo SB, Fernandes MI, Peres LC, Troncon LE, Galvão LC. Prevalence and demographic characteristics of celiac disease among blood donors in Ribeirão Preto, State of São Paulo, Brazil. Dig Dis Sci. 2006;51(5):1020-5.⁾	2006	11		3.7
Brasilia⁽¹²12. Gandolfi L, Pratesi R, Cordoba JC, Tauil PL, Gasparin M, Catassi C. Prevalence of celiac disease among blood donors in Brazil. Am J Gastroenterol. 2000;95(3):579-80.⁾	2000	2		1.5
Argentina
Buenos Aires⁽⁵5. Begué C, Beratarrechea AG, Varela E, Piccioni HL, Rodoota L, Castro ME, et al. [Celiac disease: diagnosis prevalence in a community hospital]. Acta Gastroenterol Latinoam. 2010;40(4):317-22. [Article in Spanish].⁾	1998 - 2006	283		2.2
La Plata⁽¹⁴14. Gomez JC, Selvaggio GS, Viola M, Pizarro B, la Motta G, de Barrio S, et al. Prevalence of celiac disease in Argentina: screening of an adult population in the La Plata area. Am J Gastroenterol. 2001;96(9):2700-4.⁾	1998 - 2000	11		6
Young people
Five areas study⁽²⁷27. Mora M, Litwin N, Toca MC, Azcona MI, Solís Neffa R, Battison F, et al. Prevalence of celiac disease: multicentric trial among pediatric population from five urban districts in Argentina. Arch Argent Pediatr. 2012;110(6):490-5. [Article in English, Spanish].⁾	2008 - 2009	21		12.7

Country	Mormon membership	Adventist membership	Population
Venezuela	161,309	134,302	30,206,307
Uruguay	101,449	7,076	3,324,460
Peru	543,869	664,016	30,814,175
Paraguay	86,790	12,453	6,783,374
Ecuador	220,247	52,524	15,783,300
Colombia	185,891	221,927	47,681,000
Chile	583,359	117,730	17,773,000
Brazil	1,250,073	1,330,000	202,857,000
Bolivia	188,261	143,029	10,461,053
Argentina	421,971	88,956	42,610,981

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[1] Correspondence: Prof. John Francis Mayberry. Department of Digestive Diseases. University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust. Leicester General Hospital. Gwendolen Road. Leicester LE5 4PW. UK. Email: john.mayberry@uhl-tr.nhs.uk