Seed systems of Brachiaria species in intercropping with grain sorghum in the off-season

Sousa Junior, Betson Antônio de; Silva, Alessandro Guerra da; Ferreira, Camila Jorge Bernabé; Costa, Katia Aparecida de Pinho; Simon, Gustavo André; Almeida, Keuly de Lollo

doi:10.1590/1808-1657000482019

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SCIENTIFIC ARTICLE • Arq. Inst. Biol. 87 • 2020 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1808-1657000482019 copy

Seed systems of Brachiaria species in intercropping with grain sorghum in the off-season^* * This paper is part of the dissertation thesis of the first author.

Sistemas de implantação de espécies de Brachiaria em consórcio com sorgo granífero na segunda safra

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

The grain sorghum intercropped with Brachiaria provides the production of grains and dry mass in the off-season; however, there is a lack of information related to the implantation of these species. The objective of this study was to identify the best association of sorghum and Brachiaria in the production of grain and dry matter in the Brazilian Cerrado region. The experiment was conducted in Rio Verde, State of Goiás, in the experimental design of randomized blocks, in a 2×3×4+5 factorial scheme, with four replications. Two sorghum hybrids (BRS 330 and DKB 551) associated to three Brachiaria species (Brachiaria brizantha cultivar Marandu, Brachiaria decumbens and Brachiaria ruziziensis) were evaluated in four systems of Brachiaria implantation (row, interrow, row + interrow of sorghum and spread). Additional treatments referred to the two sorghum monocrops and the three Brachiaria species. The sorghum and Brachiaria consortium resulted in a reduction in grain yield, but the Brachiaria implantation systems in the row, interrow and spread were the most promising. The sorghum hybrid DKB 551 was the most sensitive to the competition with Brachiaria, although there were no grain yield differences in the intercropping. The Brachiaria intercropped in the interrow and in the row + interrow, mainly with B. ruziziensis, were the most promising for the production of dry mass and total crude protein. The cultivation of Brachiaria intercropped with sorghum provided a greater contribution of dry mass in the off-season, an important fact for the no-tillage system in the agricultural production systems of the Brazilian Cerrado.

KEYWORDS
Brachiaria spp.; dry mass; grain yield; Sorghum bicolor

Variation sources	Sorghum						Brachiaria				Sorghum + *Brachiaria*
Variation sources	DF	Y	M1000G	SH	POP	C/N	DF	BH	TI	C/N	DF	DMY	TCP	CS
Blocks	3						3				3
Hybrids	1	^ns ns Not significant;	^ ,* Significant at 1 and 5% probability, by the F-test, respectively.	^ns ns Not significant;	^ns ns Not significant;	^ ,* Significant at 1 and 5% probability, by the F-test, respectively.	1	^ns ns Not significant;	^ns ns Not significant;	^ns ns Not significant;	1	^ns ns Not significant;	^ns ns Not significant;	^ns ns Not significant;
Implantation systems	3	^ ,* Significant at 1 and 5% probability, by the F-test, respectively.	^ ,* Significant at 1 and 5% probability, by the F-test, respectively.	^* **,* Significant at 1 and 5% probability, by the F-test, respectively.	^ ,* Significant at 1 and 5% probability, by the F-test, respectively.	^ns ns Not significant;	3	^ns ns Not significant;	^* **,* Significant at 1 and 5% probability, by the F-test, respectively.	^ns ns Not significant;	3	^ ,* Significant at 1 and 5% probability, by the F-test, respectively.	^ ,* Significant at 1 and 5% probability, by the F-test, respectively.	^ns ns Not significant;
Brachiaria spp.	2	^ ,* Significant at 1 and 5% probability, by the F-test, respectively.	^ ,* Significant at 1 and 5% probability, by the F-test, respectively.	^ns ns Not significant;	^ns ns Not significant;	^ns ns Not significant;	2	^ ,* Significant at 1 and 5% probability, by the F-test, respectively.	^ ,* Significant at 1 and 5% probability, by the F-test, respectively.	^ ,* Significant at 1 and 5% probability, by the F-test, respectively.	2	^ ,* Significant at 1 and 5% probability, by the F-test, respectively.	^ ,* Significant at 1 and 5% probability, by the F-test, respectively.	^ns ns Not significant;
Hybrids × systems	3	^ns ns Not significant;	^ns ns Not significant;	^ns ns Not significant;	^ns ns Not significant;	^ns ns Not significant;	3	^ns ns Not significant;	^ns ns Not significant;	^ns ns Not significant;	3	^ns ns Not significant;	^ns ns Not significant;	^ns ns Not significant;
Hybrids ×Brachiaria spp.	2	^ns ns Not significant;	^ns ns Not significant;	^ns ns Not significant;	^ns ns Not significant;	^ns ns Not significant;	2	^ns ns Not significant;	^ns ns Not significant;	^ns ns Not significant;	2	^ns ns Not significant;	^ns ns Not significant;	^ns ns Not significant;
Systems × Brachiaria spp.	6	^ns ns Not significant;	^ns ns Not significant;	^ns ns Not significant;	^ns ns Not significant;	^ns ns Not significant;	6	^* **,* Significant at 1 and 5% probability, by the F-test, respectively.	^ns ns Not significant;	^ns ns Not significant;	6	^ ,* Significant at 1 and 5% probability, by the F-test, respectively.	^ ,* Significant at 1 and 5% probability, by the F-test, respectively.	^ns ns Not significant;
Hybrids × Syst.× Brac.	6	^ns ns Not significant;	^ns ns Not significant;	^ns ns Not significant;	^ns ns Not significant;	^ns ns Not significant;	6	^ns ns Not significant;	^ns ns Not significant;	^ns ns Not significant;	6	^ns ns Not significant;	^ns ns Not significant;	^ns ns Not significant;
Intercropping× monocrop	1	^ ,* Significant at 1 and 5% probability, by the F-test, respectively.	^ ,* Significant at 1 and 5% probability, by the F-test, respectively.	^ ,* Significant at 1 and 5% probability, by the F-test, respectively.	^ ,* Significant at 1 and 5% probability, by the F-test, respectively.	^ns ns Not significant;	1	^ ,* Significant at 1 and 5% probability, by the F-test, respectively.	^ ,* Significant at 1 and 5% probability, by the F-test, respectively.	^ ,* Significant at 1 and 5% probability, by the F-test, respectively.	1	^ ,* Significant at 1 and 5% probability, by the F-test, respectively.	^ ,* Significant at 1 and 5% probability, by the F-test, respectively.	^ ,* Significant at 1 and 5% probability, by the F-test, respectively.
Monocrop	1	^* **,* Significant at 1 and 5% probability, by the F-test, respectively.	^ ,* Significant at 1 and 5% probability, by the F-test, respectively.	^ns ns Not significant;	^ns ns Not significant;	^ ,* Significant at 1 and 5% probability, by the F-test, respectively.	2	^ ,* Significant at 1 and 5% probability, by the F-test, respectively.	^* **,* Significant at 1 and 5% probability, by the F-test, respectively.	^ ,* Significant at 1 and 5% probability, by the F-test, respectively.	4	^ ,* Significant at 1 and 5% probability, by the F-test, respectively.	^ ,* Significant at 1 and 5% probability, by the F-test, respectively.	^ ,* Significant at 1 and 5% probability, by the F-test, respectively.
CV (%)		19.5	8.9	6.3	18.0	18.4		5.0	16.7	10.7		9.8	12.2	8.1

Implantation systems	Grain yield (kg·ha^-1)							Mean
	BRS 330				DKB 551
	Bb	Bd	Br		Bb	Bd	Br
Row	2,225^* **,* Significant at 1 and 5% probability, by the F-test, respectively.	2,548^* **,* Significant at 1 and 5% probability, by the F-test, respectively.	2,100^* **,* Significant at 1 and 5% probability, by the F-test, respectively.		2,597^* **,* Significant at 1 and 5% probability, by the F-test, respectively.	2,785^* **,* Significant at 1 and 5% probability, by the F-test, respectively.	2,314^* **,* Significant at 1 and 5% probability, by the F-test, respectively.	2,428 a
Interrow	2,314^* **,* Significant at 1 and 5% probability, by the F-test, respectively.	2,863^* **,* Significant at 1 and 5% probability, by the F-test, respectively.	1,820^* **,* Significant at 1 and 5% probability, by the F-test, respectively.		2,710^* **,* Significant at 1 and 5% probability, by the F-test, respectively.	2,949^* **,* Significant at 1 and 5% probability, by the F-test, respectively.	2,305^* **,* Significant at 1 and 5% probability, by the F-test, respectively.	2,493 a
Row + interrow	2,293^* **,* Significant at 1 and 5% probability, by the F-test, respectively.	2,219^* **,* Significant at 1 and 5% probability, by the F-test, respectively.	1,834^* **,* Significant at 1 and 5% probability, by the F-test, respectively.		2,258^* **,* Significant at 1 and 5% probability, by the F-test, respectively.	1,795^* **,* Significant at 1 and 5% probability, by the F-test, respectively.	1,343^* **,* Significant at 1 and 5% probability, by the F-test, respectively.	1,957 b
Broadcast	2,317^* **,* Significant at 1 and 5% probability, by the F-test, respectively.	2,239^* **,* Significant at 1 and 5% probability, by the F-test, respectively.	2,251^* **,* Significant at 1 and 5% probability, by the F-test, respectively.		3,113^* **,* Significant at 1 and 5% probability, by the F-test, respectively.	2,559^* **,* Significant at 1 and 5% probability, by the F-test, respectively.	1,765^* **,* Significant at 1 and 5% probability, by the F-test, respectively.	2,374 a
	Bb		Bd			Br
Brachiaria	2,478 A		2,495 A			1,966 B		2,313
	BRS 330			DKB 551
Intercropping	2,252 A			2,374 A
Monocrop	4,756 B			5,510 A				5,133
Implantation systems	Mass of thousand grains (g)							Mean
	BRS 330				DKB 551
	Bb	Bd	Br		Bb	Bd	Br
Row	14.72	16.36	14.03		17.95	20.93	17.86	16.97 b
Interrow	16.74	18.32	14.64		18.45	21.87	18.59	18.10 a
Row+ interrow	11.33^* **,* Significant at 1 and 5% probability, by the F-test, respectively.	15.76	10.90^* **,* Significant at 1 and 5% probability, by the F-test, respectively.		15.47	20.65	15.17	14.88 b
Broadcast	13.03	15.88	14.62		17.93	20.84	17.88	16.63 b
	Bb		Bd			Br
Brachiaria	15.33 B		18.83 A			15.46 B
	BRS 330			DKB 551
Intercropping	14.44 B			18.63 A
Monocrop	17.69 B			23.66 A
Implantation systems	Height (m)							Mean
	BRS 330				DKB 551
	Bb	Bd	Br		Bb	Bd	Br
Row	1.09	1.10	1.14		1.10	1.09	1.13	1.11 ab
Interrow	1.14	1.13	1.10		1.13	1.09	1.15	1.12 a
Row+ interrow	1.12	1.12	1.10		1.15	1.12	1.19	1.12 a
Broadcast	1.06^* * Means followed by the same letters, uppercase on the line and lowercase on the column, do not differ by the Tukey test at 5% probability.	1.06^* * Means followed by the same letters, uppercase on the line and lowercase on the column, do not differ by the Tukey test at 5% probability.	1.07^* * Means followed by the same letters, uppercase on the line and lowercase on the column, do not differ by the Tukey test at 5% probability.		1.08^* * Means followed by the same letters, uppercase on the line and lowercase on the column, do not differ by the Tukey test at 5% probability.	1.09	1.02^* * Means followed by the same letters, uppercase on the line and lowercase on the column, do not differ by the Tukey test at 5% probability.	1.06 b
	BRS 330			DKB 551
Monocrop	1.17 A			1.18 A
Implantation systems	Plants population (× 10.000 plants·ha^-1)							Mean
	BRS 330				DKB 551
	Bb	Bd	Br		Bb	Bd	Br
Row	16.00^* **,* Significant at 1 and 5% probability, by the F-test, respectively.	14.86^* **,* Significant at 1 and 5% probability, by the F-test, respectively.	15.36^* **,* Significant at 1 and 5% probability, by the F-test, respectively.		14.84^* **,* Significant at 1 and 5% probability, by the F-test, respectively.	14.37^* **,* Significant at 1 and 5% probability, by the F-test, respectively.	13.88^* **,* Significant at 1 and 5% probability, by the F-test, respectively.	14.88 b
Interrow	17.50	16.95	17.14		17.15	16.08^* **,* Significant at 1 and 5% probability, by the F-test, respectively.	17.22	17.00 a
Row + interrow	15.69^* **,* Significant at 1 and 5% probability, by the F-test, respectively.	14.58^* **,* Significant at 1 and 5% probability, by the F-test, respectively.	15.69^* **,* Significant at 1 and 5% probability, by the F-test, respectively.		14.30^* **,* Significant at 1 and 5% probability, by the F-test, respectively.	13.61^* **,* Significant at 1 and 5% probability, by the F-test, respectively.	13.47^* **,* Significant at 1 and 5% probability, by the F-test, respectively.	14.55 b
Broadcast	15.83^* **,* Significant at 1 and 5% probability, by the F-test, respectively.	14.73^* **,* Significant at 1 and 5% probability, by the F-test, respectively.	14.61^* **,* Significant at 1 and 5% probability, by the F-test, respectively.		15.37^* **,* Significant at 1 and 5% probability, by the F-test, respectively.	16.04^* **,* Significant at 1 and 5% probability, by the F-test, respectively.	15.42^* **,* Significant at 1 and 5% probability, by the F-test, respectively.	15.33 b
	BRS 330			DKB 551
Monocrop	17.76 A			17.90 A
Implantation systems	C/N ratio							Mean
	BRS 330				DKB 551
	Bb	Bd	Br		Bb	Bd	Br
Row	67.31	65.48	66.37		58.73	59.36	55.57
Interrow	64.17	65.64	63.21		57.37	61.77	58.02
Row+ interrow	66.74	64.04	67.63		59.52	59.58	57.49
Broadcast	63.49	67.16	64.23		57.83	61.94	60.45
	BRS 330			DKB 551
Intercropping	64.45 A			59.67 B
Monocrop	65.45 A			58.96 B

Implantation systems	Plant height (m)						Mean
	BRS 330			DKB 551
	Bb	Bd	Br	Bb	Bd	Br
Row	1.09^* * Means followed by the same letters, uppercase on the line and lowercase on the column, do not differ by the Tukey’s test at 5% probability.	0.59^* * Means followed by the same letters, uppercase on the line and lowercase on the column, do not differ by the Tukey’s test at 5% probability.	1.04	1.06^* * Means followed by the same letters, uppercase on the line and lowercase on the column, do not differ by the Tukey’s test at 5% probability.	0.57^* * Means followed by the same letters, uppercase on the line and lowercase on the column, do not differ by the Tukey’s test at 5% probability.	1.08
Interrow	1.08^* * Means followed by the same letters, uppercase on the line and lowercase on the column, do not differ by the Tukey’s test at 5% probability.	0.59^* * Means followed by the same letters, uppercase on the line and lowercase on the column, do not differ by the Tukey’s test at 5% probability.	1.04	1.09^* * Means followed by the same letters, uppercase on the line and lowercase on the column, do not differ by the Tukey’s test at 5% probability.	0.60^* * Means followed by the same letters, uppercase on the line and lowercase on the column, do not differ by the Tukey’s test at 5% probability.	1.06
Row + interrow	1.12^* * Means followed by the same letters, uppercase on the line and lowercase on the column, do not differ by the Tukey’s test at 5% probability.	0.66	1.12	1.09^* * Means followed by the same letters, uppercase on the line and lowercase on the column, do not differ by the Tukey’s test at 5% probability.	0.69	1.05
Broadcast	1.09^* * Means followed by the same letters, uppercase on the line and lowercase on the column, do not differ by the Tukey’s test at 5% probability.	0.63	1.03	1.11^* * Means followed by the same letters, uppercase on the line and lowercase on the column, do not differ by the Tukey’s test at 5% probability.	0.62	1.04
	Bb		Bd		Br
Brachiaria	1.09 A		0.61 C		1.05 B
	Bb		Bd		Br
Row	1.07 Aa		0.57 Bb		1.06 Aa
Interrow	1.08 Aa		0.60 Bb		1.05 Aa
Row + interrow	1.10 Aa		0.67 Bb		1.08 Ba
Broadcast	1.09 Aa		1.00 Ba		0.62 Cb
Monoculture	1.33 A		0.68 C		1.08 B
Implantation systems	Tillering index						Mean
	BRS 330			DKB 551
	Bb	Bd	Br	Bb	Bd	Br
Row	14.8^* * Means followed by the same letters, uppercase on the line and lowercase on the column, do not differ by the Tukey’s test at 5% probability.	17.3^* * Means followed by the same letters, uppercase on the line and lowercase on the column, do not differ by the Tukey’s test at 5% probability.	24.0^* * Means followed by the same letters, uppercase on the line and lowercase on the column, do not differ by the Tukey’s test at 5% probability.	15.3^* * Means followed by the same letters, uppercase on the line and lowercase on the column, do not differ by the Tukey’s test at 5% probability.	18.3^* * Means followed by the same letters, uppercase on the line and lowercase on the column, do not differ by the Tukey’s test at 5% probability.	23.8^* * Means followed by the same letters, uppercase on the line and lowercase on the column, do not differ by the Tukey’s test at 5% probability.	18.8 b
Interrow	14.5^* * Means followed by the same letters, uppercase on the line and lowercase on the column, do not differ by the Tukey’s test at 5% probability.	19.0^* * Means followed by the same letters, uppercase on the line and lowercase on the column, do not differ by the Tukey’s test at 5% probability.	23.3^* * Means followed by the same letters, uppercase on the line and lowercase on the column, do not differ by the Tukey’s test at 5% probability.	15.3^* * Means followed by the same letters, uppercase on the line and lowercase on the column, do not differ by the Tukey’s test at 5% probability.	20.0^* * Means followed by the same letters, uppercase on the line and lowercase on the column, do not differ by the Tukey’s test at 5% probability.	25.3^* * Means followed by the same letters, uppercase on the line and lowercase on the column, do not differ by the Tukey’s test at 5% probability.	19.6 b
Row + interrow	17.1	23.5	25.5^* * Means followed by the same letters, uppercase on the line and lowercase on the column, do not differ by the Tukey’s test at 5% probability.	18.0	24.0	26.5^* * Means followed by the same letters, uppercase on the line and lowercase on the column, do not differ by the Tukey’s test at 5% probability.	22.4 a
Broadcast	14.3^* * Means followed by the same letters, uppercase on the line and lowercase on the column, do not differ by the Tukey’s test at 5% probability.	18.8^* * Means followed by the same letters, uppercase on the line and lowercase on the column, do not differ by the Tukey’s test at 5% probability.	23.5^* * Means followed by the same letters, uppercase on the line and lowercase on the column, do not differ by the Tukey’s test at 5% probability.	14.8^* * Means followed by the same letters, uppercase on the line and lowercase on the column, do not differ by the Tukey’s test at 5% probability.	19.3^* * Means followed by the same letters, uppercase on the line and lowercase on the column, do not differ by the Tukey’s test at 5% probability.	24.5^* * Means followed by the same letters, uppercase on the line and lowercase on the column, do not differ by the Tukey’s test at 5% probability.	19.2 b
	Bb		Bd		Br
Intercropping	15.5 C		20.0 B		24.6 A
Monoculture	20.3 C		25.5 B		31.5 A
Implantation systems	C/N ratio						Mean
	BRS 330			DKB 551
	Bb	Bd	Br	Bb	Bd	Br
Row	35.48^* * Means followed by the same letters, uppercase on the line and lowercase on the column, do not differ by the Tukey’s test at 5% probability.	28.09^* * Means followed by the same letters, uppercase on the line and lowercase on the column, do not differ by the Tukey’s test at 5% probability.	29.82^* * Means followed by the same letters, uppercase on the line and lowercase on the column, do not differ by the Tukey’s test at 5% probability.	33.37^* * Means followed by the same letters, uppercase on the line and lowercase on the column, do not differ by the Tukey’s test at 5% probability.	30.02^* * Means followed by the same letters, uppercase on the line and lowercase on the column, do not differ by the Tukey’s test at 5% probability.	26.49^* * Means followed by the same letters, uppercase on the line and lowercase on the column, do not differ by the Tukey’s test at 5% probability.
Interrow	37.04^* * Means followed by the same letters, uppercase on the line and lowercase on the column, do not differ by the Tukey’s test at 5% probability.	31.15^* * Means followed by the same letters, uppercase on the line and lowercase on the column, do not differ by the Tukey’s test at 5% probability.	25.20^* * Means followed by the same letters, uppercase on the line and lowercase on the column, do not differ by the Tukey’s test at 5% probability.	34.56^* * Means followed by the same letters, uppercase on the line and lowercase on the column, do not differ by the Tukey’s test at 5% probability.	26.91^* * Means followed by the same letters, uppercase on the line and lowercase on the column, do not differ by the Tukey’s test at 5% probability.	22.92^* * Means followed by the same letters, uppercase on the line and lowercase on the column, do not differ by the Tukey’s test at 5% probability.
Row + interrow	34.12^* * Means followed by the same letters, uppercase on the line and lowercase on the column, do not differ by the Tukey’s test at 5% probability.	28.72^* * Means followed by the same letters, uppercase on the line and lowercase on the column, do not differ by the Tukey’s test at 5% probability.	29.07^* * Means followed by the same letters, uppercase on the line and lowercase on the column, do not differ by the Tukey’s test at 5% probability.	36.72^* * Means followed by the same letters, uppercase on the line and lowercase on the column, do not differ by the Tukey’s test at 5% probability.	28.04^* * Means followed by the same letters, uppercase on the line and lowercase on the column, do not differ by the Tukey’s test at 5% probability.	35.59
Broadcast	36.45^* * Means followed by the same letters, uppercase on the line and lowercase on the column, do not differ by the Tukey’s test at 5% probability.	30.89^* * Means followed by the same letters, uppercase on the line and lowercase on the column, do not differ by the Tukey’s test at 5% probability.	27.72^* * Means followed by the same letters, uppercase on the line and lowercase on the column, do not differ by the Tukey’s test at 5% probability.	35.63^* * Means followed by the same letters, uppercase on the line and lowercase on the column, do not differ by the Tukey’s test at 5% probability.	26.15^* * Means followed by the same letters, uppercase on the line and lowercase on the column, do not differ by the Tukey’s test at 5% probability.	25.98^* * Means followed by the same letters, uppercase on the line and lowercase on the column, do not differ by the Tukey’s test at 5% probability.
	Bb		Bd		Br
Intercropping	33.54 A		28.74 B		27.84 B
Monoculture	45. 58 A		36.49 B		37.49 B

Implantation systems	Dry mass yield (kg·ha^-1)						Mean
	BRS 330			DKB 551
	Bb	Bd	Br	Bb	Bd	Br
Row	5,836^1,2 1,2 Means differ significantly by Dunnett’s test at 5% probability in relation to sorghum and Brachiaria monocrops, respectively.	4,258^1,2 1,2 Means differ significantly by Dunnett’s test at 5% probability in relation to sorghum and Brachiaria monocrops, respectively.	6,499^1,2 1,2 Means differ significantly by Dunnett’s test at 5% probability in relation to sorghum and Brachiaria monocrops, respectively.	5,989^1,2 1,2 Means differ significantly by Dunnett’s test at 5% probability in relation to sorghum and Brachiaria monocrops, respectively.	4,563^1,2 1,2 Means differ significantly by Dunnett’s test at 5% probability in relation to sorghum and Brachiaria monocrops, respectively.	6,923^1.2	5,678 b
Interrow	6,604^1,2 1,2 Means differ significantly by Dunnett’s test at 5% probability in relation to sorghum and Brachiaria monocrops, respectively.	5,908^1,2 1,2 Means differ significantly by Dunnett’s test at 5% probability in relation to sorghum and Brachiaria monocrops, respectively.	7,302^1,2 1,2 Means differ significantly by Dunnett’s test at 5% probability in relation to sorghum and Brachiaria monocrops, respectively.	6,969^1,2 1,2 Means differ significantly by Dunnett’s test at 5% probability in relation to sorghum and Brachiaria monocrops, respectively.	6,037^1,2 1,2 Means differ significantly by Dunnett’s test at 5% probability in relation to sorghum and Brachiaria monocrops, respectively.	7,771^1.2	6,765 a
Row + interrow	6,861^1,2 1,2 Means differ significantly by Dunnett’s test at 5% probability in relation to sorghum and Brachiaria monocrops, respectively.	5,711^1,2 1,2 Means differ significantly by Dunnett’s test at 5% probability in relation to sorghum and Brachiaria monocrops, respectively.	7,854^1,2 1,2 Means differ significantly by Dunnett’s test at 5% probability in relation to sorghum and Brachiaria monocrops, respectively.	7,031^1,2 1,2 Means differ significantly by Dunnett’s test at 5% probability in relation to sorghum and Brachiaria monocrops, respectively.	6,057^1,2 1,2 Means differ significantly by Dunnett’s test at 5% probability in relation to sorghum and Brachiaria monocrops, respectively.	8,017^1.2	6,921 a
Broadcast	4,746^1,2 1,2 Means differ significantly by Dunnett’s test at 5% probability in relation to sorghum and Brachiaria monocrops, respectively.	4,218^1,2 1,2 Means differ significantly by Dunnett’s test at 5% probability in relation to sorghum and Brachiaria monocrops, respectively.	5,385^1,2 1,2 Means differ significantly by Dunnett’s test at 5% probability in relation to sorghum and Brachiaria monocrops, respectively.	4,898^1,2 1,2 Means differ significantly by Dunnett’s test at 5% probability in relation to sorghum and Brachiaria monocrops, respectively.	4,131^1,2 1,2 Means differ significantly by Dunnett’s test at 5% probability in relation to sorghum and Brachiaria monocrops, respectively.	5,552^1.2	4,821 c
	Bb		Bd		Br
Row	5,913 Aab		4,411 Bb		6,711 Aab
Interrow	6,787 Ba		5,972 Ca		7,536 Aa
Row + interrow	6,946 Ba		5,884 Ca		7,935 Aa
Broadcast	4,822 ABb		4,174 B b		5,468 Ab
Means	6,166 B		5,110 C		7,031 A
	Bb	Bd	Br		BRS 330	DKB 551
Monoculture	13,101 A	9,745 B	13,826 A		1,057 C	1,114 C
Implantation systems	Total crude protein (kg·ha^-1)						Mean
	BRS 330			DKB 551
	Bb	Bd	Br	Bb	Bd	Br
Row	201^1,2 1,2 Means differ significantly by Dunnett’s test at 5% probability in relation to sorghum and Brachiaria monocrops, respectively.	156^1,2 1,2 Means differ significantly by Dunnett’s test at 5% probability in relation to sorghum and Brachiaria monocrops, respectively.	212^1,2 1,2 Means differ significantly by Dunnett’s test at 5% probability in relation to sorghum and Brachiaria monocrops, respectively.	196^1,2 1,2 Means differ significantly by Dunnett’s test at 5% probability in relation to sorghum and Brachiaria monocrops, respectively.	159^1,2 1,2 Means differ significantly by Dunnett’s test at 5% probability in relation to sorghum and Brachiaria monocrops, respectively.	213^1,2 1,2 Means differ significantly by Dunnett’s test at 5% probability in relation to sorghum and Brachiaria monocrops, respectively.	189 b
Interrow	288^1,2 1,2 Means differ significantly by Dunnett’s test at 5% probability in relation to sorghum and Brachiaria monocrops, respectively.	250^1,2 1,2 Means differ significantly by Dunnett’s test at 5% probability in relation to sorghum and Brachiaria monocrops, respectively.	389^1,2 1,2 Means differ significantly by Dunnett’s test at 5% probability in relation to sorghum and Brachiaria monocrops, respectively.	274^1,2 1,2 Means differ significantly by Dunnett’s test at 5% probability in relation to sorghum and Brachiaria monocrops, respectively.	242^1,2 1,2 Means differ significantly by Dunnett’s test at 5% probability in relation to sorghum and Brachiaria monocrops, respectively.	393^1,2 1,2 Means differ significantly by Dunnett’s test at 5% probability in relation to sorghum and Brachiaria monocrops, respectively.	304 a
Row + interrow	274^1,2 1,2 Means differ significantly by Dunnett’s test at 5% probability in relation to sorghum and Brachiaria monocrops, respectively.	242^1,2 1,2 Means differ significantly by Dunnett’s test at 5% probability in relation to sorghum and Brachiaria monocrops, respectively.	390^1,2 1,2 Means differ significantly by Dunnett’s test at 5% probability in relation to sorghum and Brachiaria monocrops, respectively.	275^1,2 1,2 Means differ significantly by Dunnett’s test at 5% probability in relation to sorghum and Brachiaria monocrops, respectively.	244^1,2 1,2 Means differ significantly by Dunnett’s test at 5% probability in relation to sorghum and Brachiaria monocrops, respectively.	391^1,2 1,2 Means differ significantly by Dunnett’s test at 5% probability in relation to sorghum and Brachiaria monocrops, respectively.	303 a
Broadcast	145^1,2 1,2 Means differ significantly by Dunnett’s test at 5% probability in relation to sorghum and Brachiaria monocrops, respectively.	132^1,2 1,2 Means differ significantly by Dunnett’s test at 5% probability in relation to sorghum and Brachiaria monocrops, respectively.	172^1,2 1,2 Means differ significantly by Dunnett’s test at 5% probability in relation to sorghum and Brachiaria monocrops, respectively.	144^1,2 1,2 Means differ significantly by Dunnett’s test at 5% probability in relation to sorghum and Brachiaria monocrops, respectively.	130^1,2 1,2 Means differ significantly by Dunnett’s test at 5% probability in relation to sorghum and Brachiaria monocrops, respectively.	171^1,2 1,2 Means differ significantly by Dunnett’s test at 5% probability in relation to sorghum and Brachiaria monocrops, respectively.	149 c
	Bb		Bd		Br
Row	198Ab		158Ab		213 Ab
Interrow	281 Ba		246		391 Aa
Row + interrow	275 Ba		243 Ba		390 Aa
Broadcast	144 Ac		131 Ac		171 Ac
Means	222 B		193 B		291 A
	Bb	Bd	Br		BRS 330	DKB 551
Monoculture	633 B	517 C	787 A		49 D	53 D
Implantation systems	Soil cover (%)						Mean
	BRS 330			DKB 551
	Bb	Bd	Br	Bb	Bd	Br
Row	90^1 1,*2 Means differ significantly by Dunnett’s test at 5% probability in relation to sorghum and Brachiaria monocrops, respectively.	95^1 1,*2 Means differ significantly by Dunnett’s test at 5% probability in relation to sorghum and Brachiaria monocrops, respectively.	95^1 1,*2 Means differ significantly by Dunnett’s test at 5% probability in relation to sorghum and Brachiaria monocrops, respectively.	92^1 1,*2 Means differ significantly by Dunnett’s test at 5% probability in relation to sorghum and Brachiaria monocrops, respectively.	90^1 1,*2 Means differ significantly by Dunnett’s test at 5% probability in relation to sorghum and Brachiaria monocrops, respectively.	95^1 1,*2 Means differ significantly by Dunnett’s test at 5% probability in relation to sorghum and Brachiaria monocrops, respectively.
Interrow	92^1 1,*2 Means differ significantly by Dunnett’s test at 5% probability in relation to sorghum and Brachiaria monocrops, respectively.	92^1 1,*2 Means differ significantly by Dunnett’s test at 5% probability in relation to sorghum and Brachiaria monocrops, respectively.	92^1 1,*2 Means differ significantly by Dunnett’s test at 5% probability in relation to sorghum and Brachiaria monocrops, respectively.	92^1 1,*2 Means differ significantly by Dunnett’s test at 5% probability in relation to sorghum and Brachiaria monocrops, respectively.	97^1 1,*2 Means differ significantly by Dunnett’s test at 5% probability in relation to sorghum and Brachiaria monocrops, respectively.	95^1 1,*2 Means differ significantly by Dunnett’s test at 5% probability in relation to sorghum and Brachiaria monocrops, respectively.
Row + interrow	97^1 1,*2 Means differ significantly by Dunnett’s test at 5% probability in relation to sorghum and Brachiaria monocrops, respectively.	95^1 1,*2 Means differ significantly by Dunnett’s test at 5% probability in relation to sorghum and Brachiaria monocrops, respectively.	97^1 1,*2 Means differ significantly by Dunnett’s test at 5% probability in relation to sorghum and Brachiaria monocrops, respectively.	92^1 1,*2 Means differ significantly by Dunnett’s test at 5% probability in relation to sorghum and Brachiaria monocrops, respectively.	92^1 1,*2 Means differ significantly by Dunnett’s test at 5% probability in relation to sorghum and Brachiaria monocrops, respectively.	92^1 1,*2 Means differ significantly by Dunnett’s test at 5% probability in relation to sorghum and Brachiaria monocrops, respectively.
Broadcast	92^1 1,*2 Means differ significantly by Dunnett’s test at 5% probability in relation to sorghum and Brachiaria monocrops, respectively.	92^1 1,*2 Means differ significantly by Dunnett’s test at 5% probability in relation to sorghum and Brachiaria monocrops, respectively.	95^1 1,*2 Means differ significantly by Dunnett’s test at 5% probability in relation to sorghum and Brachiaria monocrops, respectively.	90^1 1,*2 Means differ significantly by Dunnett’s test at 5% probability in relation to sorghum and Brachiaria monocrops, respectively.	95^1 1,*2 Means differ significantly by Dunnett’s test at 5% probability in relation to sorghum and Brachiaria monocrops, respectively.	90^1 1,*2 Means differ significantly by Dunnett’s test at 5% probability in relation to sorghum and Brachiaria monocrops, respectively.
	Bb	Bd	Br	BRS 330	DKB 551
Monoculture	100 A	100 A	100 A	40 B	50 B

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[1] **Corresponding author: camilajbferreira@gmail.com

Brasil

Brasil

Seed systems of Brachiaria species in intercropping with grain sorghum in the off-season* * This paper is part of the dissertation thesis of the first author.

Sistemas de implantação de espécies de Brachiaria em consórcio com sorgo granífero na segunda safra

ABSTRACT

Seed systems of Brachiaria species in intercropping with grain sorghum in the off-season^* * This paper is part of the dissertation thesis of the first author.