Virulence of entomopathogenic nematodes (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae, Heterorhabditidae) to spittlebug Mahanarva spectabilis (Hemiptera: Cercopidae)

Virulência de nematoides entomopatogênicos (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae, Heterorhabditidae) para cigarrinha-das-pastagens Mahanarva spectabilis (Hemiptera: Cercopidae)

Abstracts

The spittlebug can seriously limit the production of forage, and the use of chemical products to control insect pests is costly and can harm the environment. Thus, there is a need to reduce the reliance on chemical agents by developing new strategies. The virulence of nine strains of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) to spittlebugs was investigated under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. Fourth/fifth-instar nymphs of Mahanarva spectabilis were exposed to EPNs in the laboratory and the most virulent strains were applied on the nymphs in the greenhouse at concentrations of 2,000 and 4,000 EPNs/mL. The efficacy of the pathogenic agent was confirmed by the dissection of dead hosts. All the tested strains were pathogenic to the M. spectabilis nymphs in laboratory, particularly Steinernema carpocapsae, S. feltiae, S. riobrave and Heterorhabditis amazonensis RSC1, each of which caused nymph mortality higher than 80%. The concentration did not influence the efficiency of the strains, and those selected in the laboratory had similar efficiency in the greenhouse, except for S. carpocapsae, which was not as effective as the others. Entomopathogenic nematodes can be included in integrated pest management programs to M. spectabilis.

microbial control; Heterorhabditis ; pastures; Steinernema

A cigarrinha-das-pastagens pode causar sérias limitações na produção de forragens, e o uso de produtos químicos para o controle é caro, além de poder prejudicar o ambiente. Então, existe a necessidade de reduzir o uso de agentes químicos através do desenvolvimento de novas estratégias de controle dessa praga. A virulência de nove isolados de nematoides entomopatogênicos (NEPs) sobre a cigarrinha-das-pastagens foi avaliada em condições de laboratório e casa-de-vegetação. Ninfas de quarto/quinto ínstar de Mahanarva spectabilis foram expostas aos isolados de NEPs em laboratório, e os mais virulentos foram aplicados sobre as ninfas em casa-de-vegetação sob as concentrações de 2000 e 4000 JIs/mL. A eficácia do agente patogênico foi confirmada pela dissecação dos hospedeiros mortos. Todos os isolados testados foram patogênicos às ninfas da cigarrinha-das-pastagens em laboratório, particularmente Steinernema carpocapsae, S. feltiae, S. riobrave e Heterorhabditis amazonensis RSC1, cada um deles causando mortalidade maior que 80%. A concentração não influenciou a eficiência, exceto para S. carpocapsae, o qual não foi tão efetivo como os demais em casa-de-vegetação. Nematoides entomopatogênicos podem ser incluídos em programas de manejo integrado de M. spectabilis.

controle microbiano; Heterorhabditis ; pastagem; Steinernema

INTRODUCTION

The spittlebug Mahanarva spectabilis (Distant, 1909) (Hemiptera: Cercopidae) can seriously limit forage production, and according to HOLMANN; PECK (2002), the production of meat or milk by cattle left to graze in pastures heavily infested with spittlebugs (50 adults/m²⁾ can decrease up to 54%, and the production cost can increase up to 30% because of this infestation level.

The use of chemical products to control insect pests is costly and can harm the environment. Thus, there is the need to reduce the reliance on chemical agents by developing integrated pest management programs. As part of this effort, attention has been focused on developing forage grasses that are resistant to spittlebugs (AUAD et al., 2007) and for the use of biological control agents. Among these agents, entomopathogenic fungi are among the most studied ones, as mentioned by TIAGO et al. (2011), being used against spittlebugs.

Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are among the most promising potential biological control agent,because of the speed with which they kill the host, the facility of mass producing them at low cost and the broad spectrum of susceptible hosts (GEORGIS et al., 2006). Additionally, they can be used together with other measures, including the application of chemical products (KOPPENHÖFER et al., 2002; REIS-MENINI et al., 2008). EPNs also have the ability to find hosts that have cryptic habits(KAYA; GAUGLER, 1993), such as spittlebugs.

Entomopathogenic nematodes have been shown to be efficient against various agricultural pests (GREWAL et al., 2001), like pests of protected crops, such as Bradysia mabiusi (Lane, 1959) (LEITE et al., 2007), the boll weevil Anthonomus grandis Boheman, 1843 (CABANILLAS, 2003), and stored grain pests, like Tribolium castaneum (Herbst, 1797) and Plodia interpunctella (Hübner, 1813) (RAMOS-RODRÍGUEZ et al., 2007), besides animal ectoparasites (MONTEIRO et al., 2010; SILVA et al., 2012). Few papers have been published concerning the use of nematodes to control cercopids; three of them analyzed Mahanarva fimbriolata (Stal, 1854) (LEITE et al., 2002; LEITE et al., 2005; BATISTA et al., 2011) and one studied M. spectabilis as the target pest (BATISTA; AUAD, 2010).

Because of the scarce knowledge about the efficiency of EPNs against spittlebugs, the aim of this study was to ascertain the pathogenicity and virulence of different concentrations and strains of EPNs on M. spectabilis nymphs in laboratory and greenhouse conditions.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Elephant grass plants (Pennisetum purpureum Schumacher) cv. Pioneiro used in the greenhouse tests came from the experimental field. Single-node seedlings were planted in 500mL disposable plastic cups in a substrate of earth/manure (1:1) and kept in a greenhouse under twice-daily spraying water.

The used nematodes had been previously bred according to the method proposed by KAYA; STOCK (1997) and WHITE (1927), employing larvae of Tenebrio molitor(Linnaeus, 1758) as host. The nematode species/strains were: Steinernema anomali (Kozodoi, 1984); S. carpocapsae (Weiser, 1955); S. feltiae (Filipjev, 1934); S. riobrave Cabanillas, Poinar and Raulston, 1994; Heterorhabditis amazonensis RSC1 Andaló, Nguyen and Moino Jr, 2006; H. amazonensis RSC5; Heterorhabditis sp. JPM3; Heterorhabditis indica LPP1 Poinar, Karunakar and David, 1992; and Heterorhabditissp. Piauí.

The nymphs came from the breeding stock maintained by the Entomology Laboratory of Embrapa Dairy Cattle. To obtain the nymphs, adults were collected in a signal grass field and placed in a greenhouse, where they mated, laid eggs and the nymphs were fed and developed on elephant grass and signal grass as hosts, until they reached the stage used in the trials.

Because of the difficulty to distinguish between instars, we used nymphs of the fourth and/or fifth instar, since these are the last stages of immature development, in which individuals are more vigorous and can produce more froth, providing more protection.

Five nymphs were placed in each Petri dish (9 cm) lined with filter paper, and then 1 mL of an aqueous suspension of 2,000 infective juveniles/mL of each EPN strain was applied separately, as well as 1 mL of distilled water, according to the routine employed by LEITE et al. (2005), therefore forming nine treatments (strains) with ten repetitions each (totaling 50 nymphs per treatment), along with one control group to make sure that nymphs were free from previous contact with nematodes and that deaths occurred exclusively because of the treatments. The dishes were then closed with plastic film and stored in a climate-controlled chamber at 25ºC, 70% RH and 12-hour photophase. After seven days of exposure, dead nymphs were dissected and the hemolymph of each one was observed under a stereoscopic microscope. When nematodes in different stages of development were detected, we considered they were the cause of death.

The data were submitted to analysis of variance, and means were compared by the Tukey test, with 5% significance, using the SAS statistical program (version 9.2).

In the second experiment, one nymph of the fourth or fifth instar was placed at the base of an elephant grass seedling in a plastic cup, with the roots previously exposed, being kept in a greenhouse at an average temperature of 21.5°C and relative humidity of 94%. After 24 hours, when the nymphs were already protected by froth, the nematodes that presented pathogenicity higher than 80% in the laboratory tests were applied in two concentrations (2,000 and 4,000 IJ/mL) in a total volume of 2 mL per cup, through a sprinkler nozzle, with the stream addressed to the froth.

Therefore, the experimental setup was a factorial scheme with four strains and two concentrations, in a total of eight treatments and seven repetitions, besides one control group with seven repetitions to confirm that the substrate was free of nematodes, and, hence, that the deaths were caused by the treatments. Nymphs were monitored daily and, as in the laboratory tests, the dead ones were dissected and every hemolymph was observed under a stereoscopic microscope to detect the presence of nematodes. When they were present, they were considered as the cause of death.

The effect of the strains and concentrations was again submitted to the analysis of variance, and means were compared by the Tukey test with 5% significance, using the SAS statistical program (version 9.2).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In the laboratory test, all the species/strains led to the mortality of M. spectabilis nymphs (p < 0.05). The most virulent ones were S. riobrave and S. feltiae, both causing mortality rates of 92%. Heterorhabditis amazonensis RSC1, S. carpocapsae, S. anomali and Heterorhabditis sp. JPM3 were statistically similar to that, with rates of 80, 79, 76 and 68%, respectively. The other nematode species/strain had lower virulence, with H. indica LPP1 reaching 56%, similarly to superior and inferior strains, followed by H. amazonensis RSC5 (48%) and Heterorhabditis sp. PI (40%). In all cases, the results differed (p < 0.01) from that of the control group (Fig. 1).

Figura 1
Mortality ± standard error caused by strains of entomopathogenic nematodes to Mahanarva spectabilis nymphs at a concentration of 2,000 IJs/mL under laboratory conditions Bars followed by different letters differ from each other by the Tukey test (p < 0.05). C: control; PI: Heterorhabditis sp. PI; RSC5: H. amazonensis RSC5;, LPP1: H. indica LPP1; JPM3: Heterorhabditis sp. JPM3; Sa: Steinernema anomali; Sc: S. carpocapsae; RSC1: H. amazonensis RSC1; Sf: S. feltiae; Sr: S. riobrave.

LEITE et al. (2005), by evaluating the use of some EPN strains against the root spittlebug M. fimbriolata, applied 2,000 IJ/mL on nymphs of the fifth instar in Petri dishes and found virulence of 100, 98 and 96% for the strains Heterorhabditis sp. (CB-n5), Steinernema sp. (CB-n6) and Heterorhabditis sp. (CCA), respectively. This is slightly different from our findings, in which species of the Heterorhabditis genus caused a maximum mortality rate of 80%, although the strain responsible to this virulence, (H. amazonensis RSC1), was among the most virulent ones. Similar results were expected, since the two species of spittlebugs are very similar in terms of behavior, physiology and anatomy.

We observed that H. amazonensis RSC5 and H. amazonensis RSC1, on one hand, and Heterorhabditis sp. JPM3 and Heterorhabditis sp. PI on the other, presented different levels of pathogenicity. Similar variations were observed by CABANILLAS (2003), in which two strains of S. riobrave (TX and 355^d) and three of H. bacteriophora (IN, HbL and HP88) had different levels of pathogenicity and lethal concentrations against Anthonomus grandis. MAULÉON et al. (1993) also observed differences among strains of S. carpocapsae (All, Breton and DD136) concerning the lethal period against Boophilus annulatus. Although the three strains belong to the same species, the explanation for this difference is the distinction in their behavior in relation to emergence, foraging strategy and search for hosts, along with the physiological differences and changing tolerance to abiotic factors that occurs among the several EPN strains (LEWIS et al., 2006).

From the results of laboratory experiments, we chose S. riobrave, S. feltiae, H. amazonensis RSC1 and S. carpocapsae for testing in the greenhouse pot trials.

In this trial, all of the strains, at both concentrations (2,000 and 4,000 IJs/mL), were pathogenic to M. spectabilis nymphs, with S. riobrave at 2,000 IJ/mL being the most virulent one, causing 71.43% of mortality, followed by H. amazonensis RSC1 (2,000 IJ/mL), S. feltiae (4,000 IJ/mL), H. amazonensis RSC1 (4,000 IJ/mL) and S. riobrave (4,000 IJ/mL), all of which caused 57.14% of mortality. Steinernema feltiae (2,000 IJ/mL) and S. carpocapsae (4,000 IJ/mL), with 28.57%, and S. carpocapsae(2,000 IJ/mL), with 14.29%, caused lower mortality rates than the other strains (Table 1).

Tabela 1
Mortality ± standard error of Mahanarva spectabilis nymphs caused by strains of entomopathogenic nematodes applied at two concentrations, under greenhouse conditions.

Strain*	Concentration (IJ/mL)		Total mean	F value	p-value
	2000	4000
Sr	71.43 ± 1.84 Aa	57.14 ± 2.01 Aa	64.28 ± 1.33 A	0.84	0.3646
Sf	28.57 ± 1.84 Ba	57.14 ± 2.01 Aa	42.85 ± 1.37 A	3.36	0.0739
RSC 1	57.14 ± 2.01 Aa	57.14 ± 2.01 Aa	57.14 ± 1.37 A	0.84	0.3646
Sc	14.29 ± 1.43 Ba	28.57 ± 1.84 Ba	21.43 ± 1.14 B	0.80	0.3616
Total mean	42.86 ± 0.95 a	49.99 ± 0.96 a	–	0.84	0.3646
F value	5.60	1.68	5.88	–	–
p-value	0.0025	0.0185	0.0019	–	–

• Values followed by different capital letters in the columns and small letters in the lines differ from each other by the Tukey test (p < 0.05)
• ^Sr
  : S. riobrave
• ^Sf
  : S. feltiae
• ^RSC1
  : H. amazonensis RSC1
• ^Sc
  : S. carpocapsae

The greater virulence of S. riobrave can possibly be explained by its ability to move on the soil, by an average of 4 cm/day, besides its more aggregate distribution pattern (CABANILLAS; RAULSTON, 1994), therefore enabling more infective juveniles to find each host. This characteristic probably explains why the high pathogenicity observed in laboratory was also observed in the greenhouse.

The concentrations did not influence the virulence of the tested EPN strains. A similar result was reported by LEITE et al. (2007), according to whom H. indica (IBCB-n05), applied in concentrations of 5.7 and 22.6 IJ/cm², did not present any statistical difference, reaching efficiency of 75% and 85%, respectively, to control Bradysia mabiusilarvae in greenhouse; and by BATISTA et al. (2011), who applied three different concentrations of EPNs on M. fimbriolata in Petri dishes and noticed that this did not influence nymph mortality. The probable explanation is that the lowest concentrated suspension already offered the maximum control these pathogens could attain, so an increased concentration did not significantly increase the control. Therefore, further tests aiming at the control of M. spectabilis can be conducted using 2000 IJ/mL or less.

After selecting the most virulent strain against M. fimbriolata in the laboratory, LEITE et al. (2005) tested its efficacy in the field at different concentrations, and found that Heterorhabditis sp. provided a maximum nymph mortality of 70% against spittlebug, regardless of the tested concentration. In the present study, the nematode of the Heterorhabditis genus was not ranked as the most virulent one, although the strain from this genus showed high virulence in our trial.

Steinernema carpocapsae was the least virulent one. This can be explained by the fact that M. spectabilis nymphs do not move long distances, and this nematode species has an ambush foraging strategy, in which infective juveniles adopt a position and wait passively for a host to approach (LEWIS et al., 2006). This can also explain the fact that this strain presented good efficiency in the laboratory test, but did not maintain such a performance in the greenhouse, where the IJs had to go in search of the host, even though they were applied directly to the nymph's froth. The other tested strains are either cruiser or intermediate type foragers, which means they actively move around the substrate in search for a host, if necessary.

Steinernema riobrave, S. feltiae and H. amazonensis RSC1 were highly virulent, both in the laboratory and in the greenhouse, and can be considered effective for the control of Mahanarva spectabilis, thus confirming the possibility of including them in an integrated pest management programs.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The first author would like to thank the Insect Pathology Laboratory of Universidade Federal de Lavras for the entomopathogenic nematode strains used in this study; Embrapa Dairy Cattle, for the structure to develop this study; and the Postgraduatr Program in Behavior and Animal Biology of Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  Apr-Jun 2014

History

• Received
  07 Nov 2012
• Accepted
  13 Dec 2013