Antibiosis and antixenosis resistance to oviposition by Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) B biotype (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in soybean genotypes

Antibiose e antixenose para oviposição da Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) Biótipo B (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) em genótipos de soja

ABSTRACT:

This study was aimed at assessing some biological parameters of Bemisia tabaci B biotype at immature stages to examine antibiosis in six soybean genotypes, besides antixenosis resistance to oviposition in choice and non-choice tests, under greenhouse and laboratory conditions. Between April 2016 and August 2016, bioassays were carried out at the Laboratory of Applied Entomology at College of Agricultural Sciences at Federal University of Grande Dourados (UFGD) Dourados (MS), Brazil. The following variables were evaluated: egg incubation period, nymphal and egg-to-adult duration, egg and nymph viability, and egg-to-adult survival on the soybean genotypes 68i70 RSF IPRO, M6210 IPRO, MS 947 IPRO, BMX Potência RR, M6410 IPRO, and ANTA 82 RR. Antixenosis resistance to oviposition by the silverleaf whitefly was found for MS 947 IPRO, while oviposition was highest for ANTA 82 RR, M6210 IPRO, and M6410 IPRO. The genotype MS 947 IPRO adversely affected egg and nymph viability, and egg-to-adult survival rates was the lowest among genotypes (59.75%), suggesting antibiosis resistance to this pest.

KEYWORDS:
host plant resistance; Glycine max L.; silverleaf whitefly; non preference

RESUMO:

Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a antibiose em seis genótipos de soja da Bemisia tabaci biótipo B mediante alguns parâmetros biológicos das fases imaturas do inseto, assim como analisar a resistência do tipo antixenose para oviposição em testes com e sem chance de escolha, em laboratório e casa de vegetação. Os ensaios foram conduzidos no Laboratório de Entomologia Aplicada da Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias da Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados (UFGD), Dourados (MS), entre os meses de abril e agosto de 2016. As variáveis averiguadas foram: período de incubação dos ovos; período ninfal; duração de ovo a adulto; viabilidade de ovo; viabilidade de ninfa e sobrevivência de ovo a adulto. Os genótipos de soja avaliados foram: 68i70 RSF IPRO, M6210 IPRO, MS 947 IPRO, BMX Potência RR, M6410 IPRO e ANTA 82 RR. O genótipo que apresentou antixenose para oviposição da mosca-branca foi o MS 947 IPRO, e constatou-se que o maior número de postura foi realizado nos genótipos ANTA 82 RR, M6210 IPRO e M6410 IPRO. O genótipo MS 947 IPRO também afetou negativamente a viabilidade de ovos e ninfas, bem como a sobrevivência de ovo a adulto, com as menores porcentagens de sobrevivência (59,75%), indicando possível resistência do tipo antibiose à mosca-branca.

PALAVRAS-CHAVE:
resistência de plantas; Glycine max L.; mosca-branca; não preferência

INTRODUCTION

The silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia tabaci B biotype, has become an important pest of soybeans, Glycine max (L.) Merrill (VIEIRA et al., 2011), and was reported in Brazil for the first time in the state of São Paulo in 1991 (LOURENÇÃO; NAGAI, 1994). Adults and nymphs constantly feed on phloem, inject toxins, and excrete honeydew on leaves, promoting the growth of sooty mold (Capnodium sp.), which reduces photosynthetic capacity and other physiological functions of the plant (MUSA; REN, 2005; NARANJO; LEGG, 2010; CAMERON et al., 2013).

In severely-infested plants, wilting and premature defoliation are observed, anticipating the crop cycle (HOROWITZ et al., 2011). Also, B. tabaci B biotype is associated with the transmission of the cowpea mild mottle virus (CPMMV) (MARUBAYASHI et al., 2010; POLSTON et al., 2014), which can decrease yields.

Conventional chemical control is the most often method used for the silverleaf whitefly, despite its resistance to many classes of conventional insecticides (HOROWITZ; ISHAAYA, 1995; SILVA et al., 2009). Given the environmental effects of pesticides and pest resistance, alternative and less aggressive control methods are needed.

Among alternative measures, a promising approach is the characterization of soybean genotypes resistant to B. tabaci B biotype and that can assist breeding programs in the selection of less susceptible cultivars. This approach has been increasingly used in part because of its potential and its compatibility with other integrated pest management (IPM) strategies. In this context, several soybean genotypes have been characterized for whitefly resistance, especially for B. tabaci B biotype (VIEIRA et al., 2011; SILVA et al., 2012; CRUZ et al., 2016).

Plant resistance to insect attack can be expressed through antibiosis, which can directly influence insect biology, impairing its development, reproduction, survival among other biological parameters, and indirectly (antixenosis), adversely affecting insect behavior during the process of colonization, or the plant may be tolerant and not influence insect behavior or biology (PAINTER, 1951).

In Brazil, several studies have been carried out to select B. tabaci B biotype resistant soybean genotypes (Table 1). In general, most studies have focused on antixenosis and antibiosis (LIMA et al., 2002; LIMA; LARA, 2004), but no studies have investigated tolerance. Among the genotypes characterized as resistant to B. tabaci, IAC-17, IAC-19 and IAC-24 developed by Instituto Agronômico de Campinas (IAC) were the most prominent ones (VALLE; LOURENÇÃO, 2002; VALLE et al., 2012).

Table 1.
Soybean genotypes evaluated regarding resistance types to Bemisia tabaci biotype B.

Genotypes	Types of Resistance	Reference
IAC 74-2832	Antixenosis	LIMA et al., 2002
D 75-10169	Antixenosis	VALLE; LOURENÇÃO, 2002
Coodetec 201	Antixenosis	VALLE; LOURENÇÃO, 2002
BR-82 12547	Antixenosis	LIMA et al., 2002; LIMA; LARA, 2004
IAC-100	Antibiosis	LIMA; LARA, 2004
BABR 01-1576	Antibiosis	VIEIRA et al., 2011
BABR 99-4021HC	Antibiosis	VIEIRA et al., 2011
Barreiras	Antixenosis	VIEIRA et al., 2011
IAC-PL1	Antibiosis	SILVA et al., 2012
IAC-24	Antibiosis	SILVA et al., 2012
Conquista	Antixenosis	SILVA et al., 2012
TMG132 RR	Antibiosis/ Antixenosis	CRUZ; BALDIN, 2016
KS-4202	Antixenosis	CRUZ et al., 2016
IAC-17	Antibiosis/Antixenosis	VALLE; LOURENÇÃO, 2002; SILVA et al., 2012; BALDIN et al., 2017
IAC-19	Antibiosis/ Antixenosis	VALLE; LOURENÇÃO, 2002; SILVA et al., 2012; BALDIN et al., 2017
UX-2569-159	Antibiosis/ Antixenosis	CRUZ; BALDIN, 2016; BALDIN, 2017
PI 229358	Antixenosis	LIMA; LARA, 2004; BALDIN et al., 2017
P98Y11	Antibiosis/ Antixenosis	CRUZ; BALDIN, 2016; BALDIN et al., 2017
Jackson	Antixenosis	BALDIN et al., 2017
TMG1176 RR	Antixenosis	BALDIN et al., 2017

In some resistance assays, antixenosis and antibiosis often overlap, such as in the genotypes P98Y11, UX-2569-159, IAC-17, IAC-19, and TMG132 RR (VALLE; LOURENÇÃO, 2002; SILVA et al., 2012; CRUZ; BALDIN, 2016; BALDIN et al., 2017), indicating that these plants express different genes, although the same gene can have more than one effect (LARA, 1991).

These studies indicate that soybean genotypes with characteristics of resistance can contribute to a better understanding of this approach, especially in the selection of the most promising genotypes to control B. tabaci B biotype.

This study was aimed at evaluating antibiosis resistance in different soybean genotypes to B. tabaci B biotype through some biological parameters of the immature phases of the insect, as well as to analyze antixenosis resistance to oviposition in choice and non-choice tests under laboratory and greenhouse conditions.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The assays were conducted from April to August of 2016, in a greenhouse at the Laboratory of Applied Entomology of the Federal University of Grande Dourados (UFGD), Dourados (MS), Brazil. The treatments evaluated the most cultivated soybean genotypes in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul: 68i70 RSF IPRO, M6210 IPRO, MS 947 IPRO, BMX Potência RR, M6410 IPRO, and ANTA 82 RR. Seeds were sowed in 10-L plastic containers with a mixture of soil (dystroferric red latosol, from B horizon), coarse sand and substrate in a ratio of 1:1:1. The mixture was amended (FH 444 02-16-06 + micronutrients), and the pH was corrected as recommended by soil analysis.

Silverleaf whitefly rearing

The silverleaf whitefly population was identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as B. tabaci B biotype, and mass reared in a greenhouse consisted of a metallic structure (4 × 6m), anti-aphid screen, and polycarbonate covering, to allow light for growing the host plant, collard greens (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala), on which the insects were reared.

Non-preference tests for oviposition: antixenosis

The choice test consisted of six treatments (genotypes) and six replicates in a randomized block design. Each three blocks were comprised of a wooden cage (2 m long × 1.5 m wide × 2 m high) covered with anti-aphid screen. Thinning was carried out 10 days after emergence (d.a.e.) of plants, and two plants were left per pot.

A collard plant heavily infested with adults of B. tabaci B biotype was placed in the center of each block, in an arena system, equidistant from the pots containing the six soybean genotypes in the V3 vegetative stage according to the FEHR; CAVINESS’ (1977) scale. The number of eggs was evaluated 48 and 120 h after infestation. Three fully expanded upper leaflets were collected from each of the two soybean plants of each pot and taken to the laboratory, where the number of eggs on the abaxial surface of a leaf disc of 5.72 cm² was counted with aid of a stereomicroscope.

For the non-choice test, the six genotypes with four replicates each were arranged using a completely randomized design. The genotypes were individually maintained since sowing in a cage (45 × 45 × 55 cm) protected with anti-aphid screen (Lab Creation). Thinning was carried out, leaving two plants per pot. When the plants reached the V3 vegetative stage, each cage was infested with approximately 300 unsexed whitefly adults from the rearing colony, with an entomological aspirator. The number of eggs was evaluated at 48 and 120 h after infestation, as described for the choice test.

Antibiosis test

The bioassay was carried out under greenhouse conditions, and the six genotypes were evaluated with a completely randomized design and five replicates. This assay followed the procedures used in the non-choice test, except for: only one plant per pot was left after thinning, and the infestation in each cage consisted of approximately 200 adults of B. tabaci B biotype for 24 h, after which adults were removed. With the aid of a pocket magnifying glass, eggs were counted and marked with a Pilot pen; excess eggs were removed from the leaf with a brush. Two groups of eggs were labeled, each contained 40 eggs in two random leaflets. The development of whiteflies was monitored daily, and newly emerged nymphs and adults were counted. The following biological parameters were determined: egg incubation period, nymphal period, egg-to-adult duration, egg viability, nymph viability, and egg-to-adult survival.

The temperature and relative humidity (RH) of the greenhouse were recorded throughout the antibiosis assay with a thermohygrometer. The mean temperature recorded was 25.8ºC, with maximum of 37.0ºC, and minimum of 24.1ºC, while the mean RH was 59.9%, with maximum of 64.4% and minimum of 55.3%.

Statistical analysis

All analyses were performed using statistical software R, version 3.4.1 (R DEVELOPMENT CORE TEAM, 2017). Generalized linear models were used to study the effect of the soybean varieties on B. tabaci B biotype infestation. However, Poisson, quasi-binomial or binomial-negative models did not fit the data. The assumptions of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) were examined, and tests for homogeneity of variance (Barlett and Levene) were performed with the car package, while normality (Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk test) was tested with the nortest package (Barlett and Levene). The assumptions of normality and homogeneity of variances were not met even when transforming the infestation variable with the Box-Cox method. Thus, the non-parametric Friedman test was used to analyze the choice assay. In the non-choice test, the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis post-hoc test - Bonferroni method - was applied.

Requirements of normality and homogeneity of variance were also not met for the variables: duration of egg, nymph and egg/adult stages, and longevity of adults of B. tabaci B biotype. Therefore, the data was transformed using the Box-Cox function of the mass package. Lambda values that maximized the function were extracted and substituted in the formula: yT = yλ-1 / λ (BOX-COX, 1964). These data were examined with an analysis of variance, and the means were compared with the Tukey test (P = 0.05). A generalized linear model (GLM) (NELDER; WEDDERBURN, 1972) with quasi-binomial distribution was used to analyze egg and nymph viability and egg-to-adult survival. The quality of the adjustment was evaluated with a half-normal probability plots with simulation envelope using the hnp package (DEMÉTRIO et al., 2014).

All variables mentioned before were included to examine the level of similarity among genotypes. For this, a cluster was constructed using the Jaccard distance among the observations. The cluster analysis was conducted with the vegan package.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In the choice test, based on the mean number of eggs laid by B. tabaci B biotype on a leaf disc of 5.72 cm² of the abaxial surface of the upper leaflets in the V3 vegetative stage (Table 2), the least preferred genotype for whitefly oviposition at 48 h after infestation was BMX Potência RR (18.9 eggs), significantly lower than the means obtained for MS947 IPRO and M6210 IPRO (32.4 eggs and 30.9 eggs), which had the highest number of eggs. At 120 h after infestation, changes in the oviposition behavior of whiteflies were observed. The least preferred genotype for oviposition was MS947 IPRO (152.7 eggs), and the most preferred, ANTA 82 RR (301.6 eggs). According to LARA (1991), oviposition behavior may vary depending on the option of different hosts as a result of stimuli provided or produced by plants. According to MEINERS; HILKER (2000, 2002), plants may show direct defensive responses to egg laying, inducing the release of local and systemic defense volatiles in order to prevent new ovipositions.

Table 2.
Number (mean ± standard error) of eggs of Bemisia tabaci B biotype on six soybean genotypes, in two periods after infestation in choice tests, Dourados (MS), Brazil, 2016.

Genotypes	Eggs/5.72 cm2
	48 hours	120 hours
MS947 IPRO	32.4 ± 4.31 A b	152.7 ± 13.52 C a
M6210 IPRO	30.9 ± 2.29 AB b	254.9 ± 30.30 AB a
M6410 IPRO	23.9 ± 2.97 ABC b	162.3 ± 12.52 BC a
BMX Potência RR	18.8 ± 3.29 C b	205.6 ± 15.20 AB a
ANTA 82 RR	25.5 ± 3.07 BC b	301.6 ± 26.22 A a
68i70RSF IPRO	24.7 ± 2.98 ABC b	191.1 ± 25.71 BCa

• Means followed by same uppercase letters (within columns) and lowercase letters (within lines) are not significantly different based on the non-parametric Friedman test (χ² = 54.52; p < 0.00001; F = 23.75; least-significance difference - LSD = 11.42); SE: standard error.

The analysis of the interaction between genotypes and two evaluation periods of 48 and 120 h revealed significant differences (Table 2), indicating that, when given more time, whiteflies show preferences for oviposition.

In the non-choice test, based on the evaluations carried out at 48 h after infestation, mean oviposition differed among genotypes. M6210 IPRO (32.5), BMX Potência RR (36.3), M6410 IPRO (36.4), and MS947 IPRO (40.9) were the least preferred genotypes, while ANTA 82 RR (56.6) was the most preferred for oviposition (Table 3).

Table 3.
Number (mean ± standard error) of eggs of Bemisia tabaci B biotype on six soybean genotypes, in two periods after infestation in non-choice tests, Dourados (MS), Brazil, 2016.

Genotypes	Eggs/5.72 cm2
	48 hours	120 hours
MS947 IPRO	40.9 ± 8.48 A b	75.5 ± 7.76 CDE a
M6210 IPRO	32.5 ± 5.19 A b	182.6 ± 21.94 AB a
M6410 IPRO	36.4 ± 5.54 A b	98.4 ± 16.26 CD a
BMX Potência RR	36.3 ± 7.86 A b	152.8 ± 19.66 ABC a
ANTA 82 RR	56.6 ± 10.36 B b	187.8 ± 14.08 A a
68i70RSF IPRO	46.5 ± 12.79 AB b	95.5 ± 10.83 BCD a

• Means followed by same uppercase letters (within columns) and lowercase letters (within lines) are not significantly different based on the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis post-hoc test - Bonferroni correction; t-Student: 3.405883; alpha: 0.05; least-significance difference - LSD: 61.16035; SE: standard error.

At 120 h of evaluation, the genotype ANTA 82 RR (187.8) had the highest mean number of whitefly eggs, unlike MS947 IPRO (75.5), that had the lowest number of eggs. This corroborated the results obtained with the choice test at 120 h after infestation.

For both periods evaluated, the genotype ANTA 82 RR also had the highest number of whitefly eggs, indicating that certain cultivars are more preferred than others for oviposition. In the comparison of the two evaluation periods of 48 and 120 h, genotypes significantly differ, confirming the results found in the choice test.

In the assessment of the biological parameters of B. tabaci B biotype, the mean duration of egg incubation in soybean cultivars ranged from 8.9 ± 0.04 to 9.9 ± 0.14 days. Incubation was significantly shorter for eggs laid on MS947 IPRO than on the other genotypes (Table 4). Comparatively, LIMA; LARA (2004) observed a mean incubation period of 6.4 to 6.6 days in soybean genotypes.

Table 4.
Mean incubation period, nymphal period, egg-to-adult duration, nymphal viability, and egg-to-adult survival rate (mean ± standard error) of Bemisia tabaci B biotype obtained in six soybean genotypes under greenhouse conditions, Dourados (MS), Brazil, 2016.

Genotypes	Incubation period (days)1	Nymphal period (days)-1	Egg/adult duration (days)-1	Nymphal viability (%)2	Egg/adult survival rate (%)2
MS947 IPRO	8.9 ± 0.04 a	17.7 ± 0.04 a	26.5 ± 0.05 a	67.8 ± 4.96 a	59.7 ± 1.14 a
M6210 IPRO	9.9 ± 0.14 b	18.0 ± 0.04 ab	27.6 ± 0.18 b	71.0 ± 4.55 a	65.2 ± 3.21 a
M6410 IPRO	9.5 ± 0.05 b	17.9 ± 0.03 a	27.2 ± 0.03 c	85.6 ± 3.10 b	83.7 ± 2.84 b
BMX Potência RR	9.3 ± 0.05 b	17.8 ± 0.04 a	26.8 ± 0.04 ad	84.7 ± 1.66 ab	65.5 ± 5.77 a
ANTA 82 RR	9.4 ± 0.06 b	18.1 ± 0.04 b	27.1 ± 0.05 cd	69.3 ± 4.60 a	63.5 ± 4.25 a
68i70RSF IPRO	9.3 ± 0.05 b	18.1 ± 0.02 b	27.0 ± 0.05 cd	73.7 ± 4.33 ab	67.7 ± 4.57 ab
F	14.16	11.79	04.83	7.85	03.89
CV (%)	05.69	0.25	18.32	9.03	16.93

• ¹Means followed by same letters (within columns) are not significantly different based on the Tukey test (p = 0.05); ²means followed by same letters (within columns) are not significantly different based on the overlap of confidence intervals (CI95%) generated by generalized linear models with quasi-binomial distribution; SE: standard error.

The nymphal period ranged from 17.7 to 18.1 days on average, with the longest mean development time on the cultivar ANTA 82 RR and the shortest on MS947 IPRO. CRUZ; BALDIN (2016) reported a nymphal period in soybean genotypes ranging from 14.1 to 15.2 days.

Regarding egg-to-adult development, duration varied between 26.5 and 27.6 days, with the shortest mean observed for MS947 IPRO, significantly different from the genotype M6210 IPRO, with the longest duration. SILVA et al. (2012) obtained mean duration of 19.3 to 21.3 days for egg/adult period of whiteflies in soybean genotypes, while CRUZ; BALDIN (2016) reported duration of 22.7 and 24.2 days for different genotypes of soybean under greenhouse conditions.

The viability of whitefly eggs was adversely affected by MS947 IPRO, with the lowest mean of 70.7%, differing significantly from the genotypes IPRO, ANTA 82 RR, M6210 IPRO, BMX RR, and M6410 IPRO, with viability rates of 92, 92, 93, 95 and 98%, respectively (Fig. 1).

Figure 1.
Egg viability (%) of Bemisia tabaci B biotype on soybean genotypes, Dourados (MS), Brazil, 2016.

For nymphal viability, differences were observed among genotypes; the lowest mean was obtained for MS947 IPRO, ANTA 82 RR, and M6210 IPRO (67.8, 69.3 and 71.0%), unlike IP64 M6410 (85.6%), with the highest viability rate. SILVA et al. (2012), however, did not find significant differences in viability of whiteflies depending on soybean genotype, ranging from 74.7 to 88.8%.

The egg-adult survival rate differed among soybean genotypes, with M6410 IPRO with the highest rate (83.7%) and the genotypes MS947 IPRO, ANTA 82 RR, M6210 IPRO and BMX Potência RR with the lowest percentages (59.7, 63.5, 65.2 and 65,5%).

Regarding the groups in the dendrogram from the base to the top, a high similarity was observed between the genotypes M6210 IPRO and ANTA 82 RR in the first group and 68i70RSF IPRO and M6410 IPRO in the second group. Within the first and second groups, dissimilarity was greater for BMX Potência RR and MS947 IPRO, respectively (Fig. 2).

Figure 2.
Average linkage clustering of soybean varieties based on the variables associated to infestation, survival, and development duration, and longevity of Bemisia tabaci.

A possible resistance mechanism due to non-preference for oviposition and/or antibiosis of the genotype MS947 IPRO may explain this dissimilar behavior of whiteflies compared to other genotypes, as suggested by the lowest mean oviposition rates and adverse effects on egg viability, nymph and egg-to-adult survival rates of B. tabaci B biotype, as well as the shortest developmental period. The genotypes ANTA 82 RR and M6410 IPRO were the most susceptible to whitefly, with the highest means of oviposition and better viability of eggs, nymphs, and survival.

CONCLUSIONS

Among the soybean genotypes tested, MS947 IPRO showed non-preference resistance to oviposition by B. tabaci B biotype, in addition to negatively affect the viability of eggs, nymphs, and egg-to-adult survival of whitefly, characterizing antibiosis. The genotypes ANTA 82 RR, IPRO M6210 and IPRO M6410 were the most susceptible to B. tabaci biotype.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors thank the Foundation for the Support to the Development of Education, Science and Technology of the state of Mato Grosso do Sul (FUNDECT) / Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), for granting the Regional Scientific Development Fellowship (Desenvolvimento Científico Regional - DCR) to the first author (Process no. 23/200.740/2014), José Bruno Malaquias (Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture - ESALQ / University of São Paulo - USP), for statistical support; and Dr. Eduardo Neves Costa, for contributions and suggestions.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  25 Oct 2018
• Date of issue
  2018

History

• Received
  14 Nov 2017
• Accepted
  31 July 2018