An update on the fish composition (Teleostei) of the coastal lagoons of the Restinga de Jurubatiba National Park and the Imboassica Lagoon, northern Rio de Janeiro State

: Aim: We present an update on the composition of the fish species of the Restinga de Jurubatiba National Park and the Imboassica Lagoon, in the northern portion of Rio de Janeiro State, based on collecting efforts of almost two decades, historical museum records, and a review of the literature. Methods: Specimens were collected using a variety of techniques, mostly between 1994 and 2012, and were fixed with the use of a 10% solution of formalin and subsequently stored in 70% alcohol solution. All specimens examined are deposited in the fish collections of the Núcleo em Ecologia e Desenvolvimento Socioambiental de Macaé, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (NPM), and Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (MNRJ). Continental (freshwater) fishes and some marine or estuarine species frequently collected were regarded as Resident, whereas marine species collected only sporadically were regarded as Occasional. Possible associations between the orientation of the lagoons and the composition of Resident fishes were explored through a Correspondence Analysis (CA). Results: A total of 100 species, belonging to 19 orders and 41 families of the Teleostei were recorded. When both Resident and Occasional species are considered, families Carangidae and Engraulidae, with nine and eight species respectively, are the most representative. When only Resident species are considered, the Gerreidae and Gobiidae, both with seven species, are the most representative families. The Imboassica Lagoon, with 76 species, has the highest species richness among lagoons included in this study. A total of 81 species were recorded in the Restinga de Jurubatiba National Park, a number two times higher than reported on previous studies. An identification key, including 57 Resident species, is also presented. Conclusions: Parallel lagoons were characterized by a small group of continental species presumably of marine ancestry (Secondary Division), while marine species were more representative in Orthogonal lagoons. The higher frequency of marine species in Orthogonal lagoons is possibly associated with sandbar openings. Temporary and sporadic connections between Parallel lagoons during periods of higher rainfall may promote a higher similarity in terms of species composition.


Introduction
Several coastal lagoons that vary in terms of size, shape, limnology and composition of their aquatic community are found in the northern portion of Rio de Janeiro State.Eighteen of them are located in the Restinga de Jurubatiba National Park (PARNA Jurubatiba; Figure 1), a relatively well-preserved portion of the coast with about 14,860 ha between the cities of Macaé and Quissamã.Fishes of those lagoons have been sporadically studied since the beginning of the XIX century.Charles Darwin, for instance, collected a specimen in 1832 at "Lagoa de Boacica" (=Imboassica), which was identified by Jenyns (1842) as Gerres gula and is now valid as Eucinostomus gula (Quoy and Gaimard, 1824).
More in-depth studies on the fish composition of the lagoons of the northern Rio de Janeiro State started to be conducted only at the end of the XX century.Aguiaro and Caramaschi (1995) presented a short list of species of the Teleostei collected in two lagoons (Cabiúnas and Comprida) of the Restinga de Jurubatiba before the establishment of the National Park in 1998.Hollanda-Carvalho et al. (2003) identified 21 species belonging to 13 families and six orders in seven lagoons of the Park, which were collected during the dry (August 2001) and rainy (February 2002) seasons.One interesting aspect noted by those authors is that a substantial portion of the species identified (76%) belonged to the Primary and Secondary Divisions of Myers (1938), suggesting that the fish composition of the lagoons of the Park were largely influenced by freshwater (continental) environments.Based on additional samplings on those lagoons, coupled with a thorough review of the literature and the examination of specimens deposited in fish collections, Caramaschi et al. (2004) identified 39 species in 11 lagoons of the Park.In opposition to Hollanda-Carvalho et al. (2003), Caramaschi et al. (2004) found that about half (20) of those species should be regarded as marine, indicating that the fish composition of the lagoons of the Restinga de Jurubatiba National Park seems to be more balanced between a continental and marine origin.
Palavras-chave: diversidade, ambientes costeiros, PELD, espécies introduzidas, chave de identificação.An update on the fish composition (Teleostei) ... inhabit the less explored coastal lagoons of the region.Saad et al. (2002), for instance, identified 35 species in the Imboassica Lagoon, with 26 of them (about 75%) regarded as predominantly marine.Caramaschi et al. (2004) identified 67 species of the Teleostei belonging to 31 families and 14 orders in the Imboassica Lagoon.About 85% of those species are marine, and the occurrence of several of them was regarded by Caramaschi et al. (2004) as sporadic and related to events of sandbar breaching.
The species richness of the coastal lagoons of the northern Rio de Janeiro State varies according to their geological history, which largely defines the physical hydrological connections (permanent or temporary) between different water bodies, such as rivers, other lagoons, and the sea (Sánchez-Botero et al., 2009;De Macedo-Soares et al., 2010).
The Imboassica Lagoon, located in the southern portion of the city of Macaé, RJ (Figure 1), is similar in terms of geological history and geomorphology to the lagoons of the Restinga de Jurubatiba National Park.However, contrary to the other lagoons included in this study, the Imboassica Lagoon is not located in the Park.Consequently, that lagoon has been subjected to a series of human impacts that include the artificial opening of its sandbar which promotes a connection to the sea, the discharge of domestic and possibly industrial effluents, and an increase in the deposition of sediments resulting from removal of the original riparian vegetation along its tributaries and the lagoon itself.Its fish community and limnology has been more extensively studied, though, perhaps providing additional information on the fishes that might  3) Comprida, 4) Carapebus, 5) Paulista, 6) Amarra Boi, 7) Garças, 8) Piripiri, 9) Maria Menina, 10) Robalo, 11)  Visgueiro, 12) Catingosa, 13) Pires, 14) Preta, 15) Barrinha, 16) Casa Velha, and 17) Ubatuba. the lagoons located in the Restinga de Jurubatiba National Park, on the other, might also offer insights into the consequences of the human generated impacts into the fish fauna of those environments.In order to foster further studies, an identification key including all resident species of Teleostei that have been so far identified in those lagoons is also presented.

Material and Methods
Specimens were collected using a variety of techniques, mostly between 1994 and 2012.
Marginal portions of the lagoons, especially those adjacent to the sandbar, were sampled with a 5 meter-long seine, 5 mm mesh size, and hand nets.Casting nets and gill nets with 15, 20, 25, 35, 40 and 45 mm mesh sizes were also employed in the deeper, more central or lateral portions of the lagoons, specially the Orthogonal ones.Sampling effort was variable, and mostly related to the size of the lagoon and their structural complexity.Lagoons were sampled semiannually between 1999 and 2009, in the first phase of the "Programa de Pesquisas Ecológicas de Longa Duração (Long Term Ecological Research Program) -PELD -Site 5".The Cabiúnas and Comprida lagoons were also sampled semiannually between 2010 and 2012, as they were the focus of the second phase of PELD Site 5.
Specimens collected were fixed with the use of a 10% solution of formalin and subsequently stored in 70% alcohol solution.Identifications were carried out with the use of several taxonomic guides, original species descriptions, and comparisons with previously identified specimens deposited in fish collections, especially that of the Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (MNRJ).A list including all the literature used in specimen identification is not provided, since it would be too extensive, but Reis et al. (2003) and Menezes et al. (2007) were used as indicative of the species occurring in the region.Ordinal and familial classifications follow Wiley and Johnson (2010), whereas names of genera and species follow Eschmeyer (2013).All specimens examined in this study (see Appendix) are deposited in the fish collections of the Núcleo em Ecologia e Desenvolvimento Socioambiental de Macaé, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (NPM), and MNRJ.
Additional information on the occurrence of some species in the lagoons of the Restinga de Jurubatiba National Park and Imboassica Lagoon was also compiled from previously published and Those connections are also modulated by variations in rainfall, which is typically higher between October and March, and lower between April and September in the region (De Macedo-Soares et al., 2010).Variations in the rainfall regime among different years and the orientation of the longest axis of those lagoons in relation to the coastline also affect their depth and salinity (Caliman et al., 2010).The deepest lagoons are typically those whose main axis is oriented perpendicularly to the coastline, and are herein referred to as Orthogonal lagoons: the Imboassica, Cabiúnas, Comprida, Carapebus, Paulista and Preta lagoons (Figure 1, lagoons 1-5 and 14).Orthogonal lagoons are less influenced by the sea in terms of salinity, because they receive freshwater inputs from their catchment area and have a short extent of their perimeter close to the sea (Caliman et al., 2010).Aquatic macrophytes typically abound in the lateral and distal (opposite to the sea) portions of Orthogonal lagoons, and they are more prone to events of sandbar breaching in years of intense rainfall.The longest axes of the remaining lagoons of the Restinga de Jurubatiba National Park are parallel to the coastline (Caliman et al., 2010), and they are therefore referred to as Parallel lagoons.Those lagoons are the Encantada, Amarra Boi, Bezerra, Garças, Piripiri, Maria Menina, Robalo, Visgueiro, Catingosa, Pires, Barrinha, Casa Velha, and Ubatuba (Figure 1, lagoons 6-14 and 16-17).Parallel lagoons are typically shallow and have a larger content of diluted salts.The aquatic vegetation, when present, is more evenly distributed and typically dominated by algae and the monocotyledon Ruppia maritima (Bove and Paz, 2009).
The aim of this paper is to present an update on the composition of the fish species (Teleostei) of the lagoons of the Restinga de Jurubatiba National Park and the Imboassica Lagoon.Those lagoons have been the focus of several unpublished studies in the last decade, which substantially improved the knowledge on the main aspects of the taxonomy and ecology of their fish fauna.The northern portion of the Rio de Janeiro State is also experiencing a fast increase in terms of population and economy, as a consequence of the exploitation of petroleum reserves in the Campos Marine Basin.This unplanned urbanization process resulted in drastic alterations on most ecosystems, and a more refined knowledge on the fish fauna of the lagoons of the region is necessary for management strategies.A comparison between the fish composition of the Imboassica Lagoon, on the one hand, and that of among marine fishes, fishes of the Primary Division, and fishes of the Secondary Division of Myers (1938) scored for each lagoon.Dimensions of the lagoons and their levels of salinity were based on Caliman et al. (2010) andDe Macedo-Soares et al. (2010).We also used an expanded concept of Secondary Division, and included in that Division four species of predominantly-marine families that are actually more associated or totally restricted to estuarine/coastal freshwater environments.Those species are the clupeid Platanichthys platana, the syngnathids Microphis lineatus and Pseudophallus mindii, and the eleotrid Eleotris pisonis.Pools were excluded from the analyses due to their uniqueness in species composition.Values of area size were transformed (Log 10 ) in order to achieve normality (Shapiro Wilk Test).The ordination and univariate tests (correlations and median test) were performed by the program PC- Ord 4.10 (McCune and Mefford, 1999) and Statistica TM (Statsoft, 2007) respectively.The significance level in the tests was considered as α = 0.05.

Summary of the fishes of the Imboassica Lagoon and the Restinga de Jurubatiba National Park
A total of 100 species of fishes were recorded in the Imboassica Lagoon and in the Restinga de Jurubatiba National Park.Fifty-seven of them were regarded as Resident, and the remaining ones as Occasional (Table 1).Those species belong to 19 orders and 41 families of the Teleostei according to the classification of Wiley and Johnson (2010), which is slightly different and, therefore, noncomparable to the suprafamilial classifications adopted in previous studies.When Resident and Occasional species are not discriminated, families with the largest number of species are the Carangidae (nine species), Engraulidae (eight species), Gerreidae and Gobiidae (each with seven species), Characidae (six species), Poeciliidae and Paralichthyidae (each with four species), Clupeidae, Hemiramphidae, Cichlidae, Tetraodontidae and Achiridae (each with three species).The remaining 29 families are represented by only one or two species.With the exception of the Characidae, Poeciliidae, and Cichlidae, families with more than two species recorded are usually regarded as marine.When only Resident species are considered, families with the largest number of species are the Gerreidae and Gobiidae (each with seven species), Characidae (six species), Poeciliidae (four species), unpublished studies (Hollanda-Carvalho et al., 2003;Caramaschi et al., 2004;Camara, 2010).Fishes were regarded as Resident or Occasional.Resident species are those of the Primary and Secondary Divisions of Myers (1938), as well as some marine or estuarine species that are frequently collected in the lagoons (Peripheral freshwater fishes sensu Nichols, 1928).Marine species collected only sporadically in the lagoons were regarded as Occasional.The identification key includes all 57 Resident species identified in the 17 lagoons and the two unnamed pools studied.

Data analyses
Possible associations between the orientation of the lagoons (Parallel or Orthogonal to the coastline) and the composition of Resident fishes were explored through a Correspondence Analysis (CA).A matrix of presence versus absence of Resident species in each of the 17 lagoons included in this study was constructed, excepting the three species that were found exclusively in the pools.In the analysis, each lagoon was considered as a sample, and the composition of species of each lagoon was inferred based exclusively on species scored for that lagoon.The CA ordered the lagoons according to the composition of species, and also ordered the species according to their presence in those same lagoons.Only the first axis of the CA was considered, since it presented an eigenvalue larger than 0.20 (Matthews, 1998) and also presented an arch effect, even after the attribution of a smaller weight to rare species.Considering the differences detected in the segregation of samples according to the specific composition shown by the CA, scores of CA 1 were compared between the Orthogonal and Parallel lagoons through the Mann-Whitney test, since the assumptions of normality and homoscedasticity of the Student's t-test were not achieved even after the data transformation.Caliman et al. (2010) concluded that the area size and salinity of the lagoons are probably the main factors that characterize them in terms of limnology.Those authors also concluded that the spatial configuration strongly influences the susceptibility of a lagoon to the intrusion of marine water, through events of sandbar breaching in Orthogonal lagoons or the intrusion of sea water over the sandbanks in Parallel lagoons.Since correlations between the area size of the lagoons and their salinity were not found (r=-0.11;p=0.68), each of these variables were analyzed separately in relation to the total richness of Resident species and to the relative proportion The Characiformes, with nine species, is the most representative order of the Otophysi, followed by the Siluriformes, with six species, and the Gymnotiformes, with only two species.The Imboassica Lagoon, with 76 species, is the most diverse in terms of species of fishes among the lagoons included in this study, when both in the lagoons of the Restinga de Jurubatiba National Park are represented by one or two species.The Otophysi is represented by 17 species, which corresponds to about 21% of all species recorded in the lagoons of the Restinga de Jurubatiba National Park, and 29.8% when only Resident species are considered.
Seventy species of fishes, including Resident and Occasional, were recorded in the Carapebus Lagoon.As an anecdotal comparison that illustrates the relatively high fish diversity found in the Restinga de Jurubatiba National Park, the number of species found in the Carapebus Lagoon alone is equivalent to about one-third of all known freshwater fishes of Australia (e.g., Allen, 1989).The Carapebus Lagoon also has the largest number of species that were exclusively recorded in a single lagoon of the Park.With the exception of one species, all the eight species exclusively recorded in the Carapebus Lagoon are marine and relatively common in the region, and were regarded as Occasional.These species are the anchovies Anchoa januaria, A. spinifera, A. tricolor and Anchoviella lepidentostole, the halfbeaks Hemiramphus brasiliensis and Hyporhamphus roberti, and, unexpectedly, the filefish Stephanolepis hispidus, which was collected only on a single occasion.Two other resident species of the Carapebus Lagoon are the non-native pacupeva Metynnis maculatus and the African tilapia, Tilapia rendalli.
The Cabiúnas Lagoon, with 37 species, is the second lagoon of the Restinga de Jurubatiba National Park in terms of number of species recorded, followed by the Paulista Lagoon, with 20 species, and Garças, Piripiri, Pires and Comprida, each one with only 13 registered species.The other lagoons of the Park included in this study have less than ten recorded species.As the sampling effort was unequal among lagoons, those numbers are merely descriptive and might underestimate the presumed diversity of at least some lagoons.Three species, for instance, were exclusively recorded in freshwater pools (Pools in Table 1), adjacent to the Piripiri and Catingosa lagoons.One of them is the Near Threatened Atlantirivulus jurubatibensis, which up to this day is the only known endemic species of fish recorded in the Restinga de Jurubatiba National Park.

Species richness and possible correlations with area and salinity
The local richness of species is typically higher in Orthogonal lagoons among the lagoons studied Resident and Occasional species are considered.This result reflects, at least partially, the intensity in which this lagoon has been studied in the last decades.Nineteen of all the 100 species recorded were found exclusively in the Imboassica Lagoon.Most of those species are regarded as Occasional and probably entered the Imboassica after events of sandbar breaching, which are relatively frequent in this unprotected and highly impacted lagoon.That is almost certainly the case of the halfbeak Hyporhamphus unifasciatus, the sergeant Abudefduf saxatilis, the bluefish Pomatomus saltatrix, the snapper Lutjanus jocu, the porgy Archosargus probatocephalus, the threadfin Polydactylus oligodon, the soles Paralichthys brasiliensis, P. orbignyanus and Achirus lineatus, and the puffers Lagocephalus laevigatus and Chilomycterus spinosus, which are marine species relatively common in the region.However, some species reported exclusively in the Imboassica Lagoon are typical inhabitants of continental coastal environments, and they might also occur in the comparatively less studied lagoons of the Restinga de Jurubatiba National Park.That is possibly the case of the ophichthids Myrophis punctatus and Ophichthus cylindroideus.Three species, in particular, are also relatively common in environments similar to the lagoons of the Restinga de Jurubatiba National Park, and therefore their occurrence in the Park is highly probable: the pipefish Microphis lineatus, the eleotrid Eleotris pisonis, and the guppy Poecilia reticulata, which is a species native to the northern portion of South America and Caribbean Islands (Lucinda, 2003).
Eighty-one species of fishes were recorded in the lagoons and pools of the Restinga de Jurubatiba National Park.Those species belong to 18 orders and 34 families of the Teleostei.When only the fishes recorded in the Jurubatiba National Park are considered, families with the largest number of species are the Carangidae (nine species), Engraulidae (eight species), Gobiidae (seven species), Characidae (six species), Gerreidae (five species), and the Clupeidae, Poeciliidae, and Cichlidae (each with three species).All other families are represented by only one or two species.Fifty-seven of all fishes recorded in the lagoons of the Restinga de Jurubatiba National Park were regarded as Residents.When only Resident species are considered, families with the largest number of species are the Gobiidae (seven species), Characidae (six species), Gerreidae (five species), and the Poeciliidae and Cichlidae (each with three species).The other 19 families with Resident species recorded E. melanopterus, Microphis lineatus, and Poecilia reticulata (Figure 2A and B).
Marine species and species of the Secondary Division were more frequent in Orthogonal and Parallel lagoons, respectively.A larger number of marine species in the Imboassica, Cabiúnas and Carapebus lagoons in relation to other Orthogonal lagoons was corroborated according to the scores of CA 1, even though the Preta Lagoon, an Orthogonal lagoon, is more similar to Parallel lagoons in terms of fish composition.Summing up, Parallel and Orthogonal lagoons are significantly different in terms of the composition of Resident species according to the CA (Figure 2C).
Area (r = 0.31; N = 17; p = 0.22) and salinity (r = -0.32;N=17; p = 0.21) of the lagoons were not correlated to the total richness of Resident species.Marine species and those of the Primary Division corresponds only moderately to the total richness, which values lower than 60% regardless of the size of the lagoons examined.Typically in moderately sized lagoons, with less than 2 km 2 , fishes of the Secondary Division account for at least half of their total species richness.The Garças and Piripiri lagoons are an exception among the small lagoons, with 33% and 38% respectively of their fish community composed by species of the Secondary Division.A correlation between the area of the lagoons and the ratio of species of the Primary or Secondary Divisions, or marine fishes, was also not found (Figure 3).However, a positive correlation between the ratio of species of the Secondary (Table 2).Relatively higher values of Occasional species were recorded in the Imboassica (43%) and Carapebus (41%) lagoons.Species recorded in the other lagoons, regardless of their orientation, are mostly Residents (values higher than 92%).
An analysis of the specific composition of the Resident species (excluding those found exclusively in the pools) revealed a strong pattern of segregation of the lagoons.Two larger clusters are recognizable in the space between the two axes of the CA: one of them is formed by the Orthogonal lagoons, with positive scores, whereas the other cluster, with negative scores, is formed by the Parallel lagoons with the exception of the Preta Lagoon (Figure 2A).A small group of fishes composed by Phalloptychus januarius, Jenynsia multidentata, Brachyhypopomus janeiroensis, Poecilia vivipara, Atherinella brasiliensis and Tilapia rendalli influenced the ordination of the Parallel lagoons and the Preta Lagoon, which are more similar among themselves in terms of fish composition when compared to the Orthogonal lagoons.Orthogonal lagoons also share a higher number of Resident species, with values ranging between 8 and 43.However, the co-occurrence of species is not pronounced among Orthogonal lagoons, a condition which determined a higher dispersion of those lagoons along the first two axes of the CA.This result is mostly influenced by the species exclusively recorded in the Imboassica Lagoon, such as Ctenogobius shufeldti, C. stigmaticus, Evorthodus lyricus, Eleotris pisonis, Eucinostomus gula, efforts will mostly result in the documentation of Occasional marine species in the lagoons of the Restinga de Jurubatiba National Park.However, additional, yet unrecorded, Resident fishes might inhabit the relatively less explored lagoons of the Park, such as the Preta, Piripiri, Visgueiro and Catingosa.That is possibly the case of the fat sleeper Dormitator maculatus (Eleotridae), which has been collected in other lagoons of the northern Rio de Janeiro State (e.g., NPM 682 and NPM 772), but so far not in the Imboassica Lagoon or in the Restinga de Jurubatiba National Park.The idea that the Jurubatiba National Park might still harbor some rare species of fishes is evidenced by two small pools (identified as Pools in Table 1) associated to the Piripiri and Catingosa lagoons, which only recently were sampled.The eventual addition of this "hidden diversity" to the list of species of the Park would not substantially modify the total number of recorded species, but would certainly be relevant in terms of conservation in view of their rarity and possible endemism.Two introduced species have been recorded in the lagoons of the Restinga de Jurubatiba National Division and the salinity was found in the analysis.This result highlights the relevance of those species to the composition of the fish community in lagoons with a low richness.Fishes of the Primary Division were only marginally correlated with the salinity, in a negative correlation.Interestingly, the proportion of marine species was not correlated with the salinity of the lagoons (Figure 2).

Discussion
The total richness of fish species of the Restinga de Jurubatiba National Park is approximately two times higher than indicated in previous studies (e.g., Hollanda-Carvalho et al., 2003;Caramaschi et al., 2004).A more refined knowledge of the diversity of these lagoons clearly reflects the intensity with which they have been studied in the last decade, particularly after the onset of the "PELD, Site 5".A large portion of the continental species of fishes whose occurrences in the region are expected according to their currently known geographic distributions have been actually recorded in this study.We suspect, therefore, that future sampling  1.
and possibly in other larger lagoons of the region.As M. maculatus is now frequently observed and collected in the Carapebus Lagoon, it seems that that population is well established.The occurrence of pacu-pevas in other lagoons of the Park and the possible effects of their introduction into these ecosystems should be monitored in future studies.
Another introduced species recorded in several lagoons of the Restinga de Jurubatiba National Park and the Imboassica Lagoon is the African tilapia, Tilapia rendalli.That species is frequently caught in moderate to high quantities, and seems to be Park.One of them is the pacu-peva Metynnis maculatus, whose occurrence in the Park is herein reported for the first time.That species is originally restricted to the Amazon and Paraguay river basins (Jégu, 2003), but pacu-pevas have been introduced in the rio Paraíba do Sul basin for fishing purposes (e.g., Terra et al., 2010;Polaz et al., 2011).It is not clear if their occurrence in the Carapebus Lagoon results from a natural geographic expansion from the rio Paraíba do Sul basin to the lagoons of the Park.We suppose instead that M. maculatus was artificially introduced in the Carapebus Lagoon the lagoons.The high frequency of occurrence of those events in the lagoons of the region probably explain why a correlation between levels of salinity and presence of marine fishes or of fishes of the Primary Division of Myers (1938) was not found.A combination of those events, sandbar breaching and intrusion of larvae and juveniles during extreme high and strong tides, is also probably correlated with the higher number of Occasional species found in Orthogonal lagoons.However, Orthogonal lagoons such as the Imboassica, Cabiúnas and Carapebus are also deeper and have a larger area.Those factors together might also contribute to the higher number of species recorded in them, even though a correlation between the area alone and species richness was not supported according to our results.
A higher similarity in terms of species composition among Parallel lagoons, when compared to Orthogonal ones, was also observed.This result might reflects the lower number of species recorded in the Parallel lagoons in comparison to the Orthogonal ones, which are more influenced by the sea in terms of species composition.Parallel lagoons are also geographically closer among themselves, but they are not connected through the Campos-Macaé channel.This artificial channel was constructed in the XIX century and connects some Orthogonal lagoons located between the rio Paraíba do Sul and the rio Macaé (Figure 1).However, other minor channels that connect the distal (opposite to the sea) portion of the Parallel lagoons might also help to explain why their fish communities seem to be more similar when compared to Orthogonal lagoons.Floods in strong rainy season, which are relatively common in the region, might also sporadically connect the Parallel lagoons, promoting a higher similarity among their fish communities.

Identification key of Resident species recorded in the Imboassica Lagoon and in the Restinga de Jurubatiba National Park
The identification key below includes 57 Resident species of fishes recorded in the Imboassica Lagoon and the Restinga de Jurubatiba National Park.The key was constructed based upon examination of vouchered specimens by the authors and information from the literature, including original descriptions, taxonomic revisions, and several taxonomic guides, such as Géry (1977), Figueiredo and Menezes (1978, 1980, 2000), Menezes andFigueiredo (1980, 1985), Dawson (1982), Whitehead (1985), Britski et al. (2007), well established in the Park.The guppy Poecilia reticulata, recorded in the Imboassica Lagoon only among the lagoons studied, is widely regarded as an easily adaptable exotic species.Their occurrence in the Imboassica Lagoon indicates that the species is likely to succeed in the lagoons of the Park in the case of one or more events of introduction.It is also possible that guppies are already inhabiting the less explored lagoons or pools inside the Park, especially those with moderate to higher levels of salinity.Another species that has been introduced in the northern Rio de Janeiro State and is actually thriving in some rivers, such as in the lower portion of the rio Macaé, is the North African catfish Clarias gariepinnus (e.g., Araújo, 2012).That species is extremely resilient, occurring in several different habitats, especially in lentic environments similar to those of the Jurubatiba National Park.Clarias gariepinnus is a generalist predator that can reach up to 150 cm TL (Teugels, 2003).The species is also able to naturally disperse through land between closely located water bodies or during flood events.The introduction of C. gariepinnus into the lagoons of the Restinga de Jurubatiba National Park would certainly represent a major impact into their fish communities.
The relatively high number of typically marine species recorded in the lagoons of the Restinga de Jurubatiba National Park and the Imboassica Lagoon clearly indicates that their fish fauna communities are largely influenced by the sea.Some Resident species of marine fishes, such as Atherinella brasiliensis and the species of Centropomus, Diapterus, Eucinostomus, and Mugil, are apparently spending their whole life cycles in lagoons where salinity levels are relatively high.However, other marine species regarded as Residents and Occasional enter the lagoons probably through a combination of two different processes, whose relative influences to the fish composition probably vary according to the orientation of the lagoons.In Orthogonal lagoons, we suspect that the intrusion of marine species is mostly related to events of sandbar breaching.Those events naturally occur in several lagoons of the region, and are artificially induced in the Imboassica Lagoon and, less frequently, in the Carapebus and Paulista lagoons.In Parallel lagoons, sandbar breaching is less frequent or practically inexistent in the recent geological history.However, marine species might be able to penetrate those lagoons during events of extremely high and strong tides, when sea waves are known to overcome the sandbars, carrying larvae and juveniles into An update on the fish composition (Teleostei) ... do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) that in the last decades assisted in field and laboratory activities.We are also thankful to the ICMBio staff at the Restinga de Jurubatiba National Park for general assistance and encouragement to develop this study.George M. T. Mattox (UFSCar) and an anonymous reviewer provided insightful comments to the manuscript.Collecting permissions (33278-1 and 16028-1) were granted from ICMBio/MMA.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro" (FAPERJ), and "Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico" (CNPq) to PELD Site-5.ACP also received a Research Productivity Scholarship (CNPq).Scholarships were provided by the "Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior" (CAPES) to EMC and CAPES/ FAPERJ to MMP.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Ordination of lagoons (A) and species (B) along the first two axes of the Correspondence Analysis applied to the data of specific composition and the comparison of the scores of CA 1 retained for interpretation (C).Numbers in (B) refer to species listed in Table1.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Relationships between the ratio of marine species (upper row), species of the Primary (middle row) and Secondary Divisions (lower row), and the area (left column) and salinity (right column) of each lagoon.Numbers 1-17 refer to lagoons depicted in Figure 1.
Myers (1938)e (three species).Those families are generally regarded as including fishes of the Primary and Secondary Divisions ofMyers (1938), with the exception of the Gerreidae and Gobiidae.The Otophysi, by far the most diverse group of primarily freshwater fishes in the Neotropical region, accounts for 17 species of the fishes of the lagoons studied.

Table 2 .
Lagoons included in this study in relation to their orientation to the sea, location, area, salinity, total species richness and ratio of Resident species.Code refers to the identification of each lagoon in the Figures.