Natural and anthropic inputs of nutrients in hydrographic basins of reservoirs in the Brazilian semiarid

De-Carvalho, Herbster Ranielle Lira; Henry-Silva, Gustavo Gonzaga

doi:10.1590/S2179-975X5121

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Original Article • Acta Limnol. Bras. 34 • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/S2179-975X5121 copy

Natural and anthropic inputs of nutrients in hydrographic basins of reservoirs in the Brazilian semiarid

Aportes naturais e antrópicos de nutrientes em bacias hidrográficas de reservatórios do semiárido brasileiro

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract:

Aim

Estimate the input of loads of N and P emitted by natural (atmospheric deposition and soil denudation) and anthropogenic (agriculture, livestock and sewage) factors for the hydrographic basins of two reservoirs in the Brazilian semiarid region (Mendubim and Umari).

Methods

In the present work, we use georeferenced data provided by official agencies, data presented in academic papers, field samples and laboratory analysis of emission factors in the estimates of nitrogen and phosphorus inputs in reservoir basins of Brazilian semiarid region.

Results

Soil denudation was identified as the main natural source of N and atmospheric deposition as the main source of P in both basins. Among the anthropogenic sources, the main source of N and P, for the two basins, was livestock. The total loads (natural and anthropogenic) of N (579.01 tonne. year^-1) and P (136.35 tonne. year^-1) received by the Umari basin was, respectively, 43.90% and 22.10% higher than those received by Mendubim, with a predominance of anthropogenic sources in both nitrogen and phosphorus emission.

Conclusions

The results showed the importance of monitoring human activities that can enhance nutrient inputs, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, in basins of the Brazilian semiarid region. The quantification of the emission factors analyzed here can be a tool in the development of strategies to mitigate the problems that high concentrations of N and P can bring to the quality and use of water in semiarid reservoirs.

Keywords:
soil denudation; eutrophication; anthropogenic sources; natural sources; livestock

Soil type	Nutrients per soil type (mg.kg^-1)
Soil type	Nitrogen (N)	Phosphorus (P)
Red-Yellow Argisol	600 ^b b Jacomine et al. (1971).	5.0 ^a
Chromic Luvisolo	1240 ^a a Rebouças et al. (2014);	11.6 ^b
Natric Planosol	940 ^a	18.5^b
Regolitic Neossol	600 ^b	3.5 ^b
Litolic Neossol	1100 ^b	1.0 ^b
Floss Neossol	930 ^a	10.2 ^b

Livestock type	Waste (kg.head^-1.day^-1)	N%	P%
Cattle	10	0.6	0.35
Horses	10	0.6	0.35
Pigs	2.5	0.5	0.30
Sheep	1	0.5	0.50
Goats	1	0.5	0.50

Cultivars	N (Kg.ha^-1)	P (Kg.ha^-1)	Loss N (%)	Loss P (%)	References
Bean	10	60	20.5	1.05	Lacerda et al. (2008)Lacerda, L.D., Molisani, M.M., Sena, D., & Maia, L.P., 2008. Estimating the importance of natural and anthropogenic sources on N and P emission to estuaries along the Ceará State Coast NE Brazil. Environ. Monit. Assess. 141(1-3), 149-164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-007-9884-y. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-007-988...
Forage	200	50	50	30	Cóser & Pereira. (2001)Cóser, A.C.F., & Pereira, A.V., 2001. Forrageiras para corte e pastejo. Juiz de Fora: Embrapa Gado de Leite, Circular Técnica, no. 66.
Broad bean	135	30	50	30	Alves et al. (2008)Alves, A.U., Oliveira, A.P., Alves, A.U., Dornelas, C.S.M., Alves, E.U., Cardoso, E.A., Oliveira, A.N.P., & Cruz, I.S., 2008. Lima beans production and economic revenue as function of organic and mineral fertilization. Hortic. Bras. 26(2), 251-254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-05362008000200024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-05362008...
Manioc	20	37.5	25	20	Lacerda et al. (2008)Lacerda, L.D., Molisani, M.M., Sena, D., & Maia, L.P., 2008. Estimating the importance of natural and anthropogenic sources on N and P emission to estuaries along the Ceará State Coast NE Brazil. Environ. Monit. Assess. 141(1-3), 149-164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-007-9884-y. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-007-988...
Watermelon	100	120	33	12	Mendes et al. (2010)Mendes, M.A.S., Farias, C.M.B.D., & Silva, D.J., 2010. Sistema de produção de melancia (Online). Embrapa Semiárido. Retrieved in 2019, March 1, from https://sistemasdeproducao.cnptia.embrapa.br https://sistemasdeproducao.cnptia.embrap...
Melon	80	275	63	43	Zebalos et al. (2017)Zebalos, C.H.S., Soares, E.R., Barbosa, C.L., Nogueira, A.E., & Queiroz, S.F., 2017. Calagem e adubação na cultura do meloeiro. Rev. Cient. Fac. Educ. Meio Ambient. 8(2), 91-102. http://dx.doi.org/10.31072/rcf.v8i2.587. http://dx.doi.org/10.31072/rcf.v8i2.587...
Corn grain	40	55	29	13	Lacerda et al. (2008)Lacerda, L.D., Molisani, M.M., Sena, D., & Maia, L.P., 2008. Estimating the importance of natural and anthropogenic sources on N and P emission to estuaries along the Ceará State Coast NE Brazil. Environ. Monit. Assess. 141(1-3), 149-164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-007-9884-y. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-007-988...
Grain sorghum	39.4	17.7	35	40	Coelho et al. (2002)Coelho, A.M., Waquil, J.M., Karam, D., & Casela, C.R., 2002. Seja o doutor do seu sorgo. Inf. Agron. 14(100), 1-12.

Basins	Counties	Area in the basin (km²)	Anthropized area	Urban area	Rural area	Anthropization	Relative occupancy index
Umari	Campo Grande	749.1	193.2	1.30	191.9	26%		0.35
	Caraúbas	215.3	26.6	0	26.6	12%		0.14
	Janduís	301.3	134.8	0.75	134.1	45%		0.81
	Messias Targino	78.6	42.4	0.92	41.4	54%		1.17
	Paraú	24.6	0.0	0.0	00.0	0.0		0.0
	Patu	129.5	35.2	0.0	35.2	27%		0.37
	Upanema	44.1	23.1	0.0	23.1	53%		1.11
	Total	1,546.2	455.6	2.97	452.6	31%*		0.56*
Mendubim	Açu	234.5	94.2	0.0	94.2	40%		0.67
	Campo Grande	142.2	8.1	0.0	8.1	6%		0.06
	Paraú	375.3	45.9	1.33	44.6	12%		0.14
	Triunfo Potiguar	209.6	42.4	0.80	41.6	20%		0.25
	Upanema	6.3	3.4	0	3.4	54%		1.18
	Total	968.13	194.08	2.13	191.9	26.4%*	0.46*

Cultivars	Umari				Mendubim
Cultivars	Area (km²)	N (tonne.year^-1)	P (tonne.year^-1)	Area (km²)	N (tonne. year^-1)	P (tonne. year^-1)
Broad bean	-	-	-	37.68	2.54	0.34
Bean	1,512.82	3.10	9.53	395.32	0.81	2.49
Forage	729.04	72.90	10.9	298.76	29.88	4.48
Manioc	112.01	0.56	0.84	-	-	-
Watermelon	70.89	2.34	1.02	53.67	1.77	0.77
Melon	23.16	1.17	2.74	185.55	9.35	21.94
Corn grain	741.98	8.61	5.31	255.41	2.96	1.82
Grain Sorghum	201.08	2.77	1.42	78.31	1.08	0.55
Total	3,390.97	91.45	31.79	1,267.02	45.85	32.07

Basins	Urban load (tonne.year^-1)		Rural load (tonne.year^-1)		Total load (tonne.year^-1)
Basins	N	P	N	P	N	P
Umari	23.8	4.3	9.7	1.9	33.5	6.3
Mendubim	9.0	2.5	3.5	1.4	12.5	3.9

Emission factors (tonne.year^-1)		Basins
		Umari		Mendubim
		N	P	N	P
Natural	Runoff soil	196.8	4.0	97.9	1.4
	Atmospheric deposition	69.7	7.5	30.8	2.7
	Total	266.5	11.5	128.7	4.1
Anthropic	Wastewater	33.5	6.3	12.5	3.9
	Livestock farming	187.6	86.8	140.0	65.6
	Agriculture	91.5	31.8	48.4	32.4
	Total	312.5	124.8	202.9	101.9
Total load		579.0	136.4	329.7	106.0

Basins	Anthropic		Natural		Anthropic and Natural
Basins	N	P	N	P	N	P
Rio das Contas (BA)¹ 1 Paula et al. (2010);	1,726	1,554	516	19	2,242	1,573
Timonha (CE)² 2 Lacerda et al. (2008);	322	102	43	36	365	138
Acaraú (CE)²	1,305	1,046	217	177	1,522	1,223
Coreaú (CE)²	896	490	275	206	1,171	696
Aracatiaçú (CE)²	274	180	116	97	390	276
Aracatimirim (CE)²	309	236	56	40	365	276
Curu (CE)²	833	302	50	27	883	329
Mundaú (CE)²	1,362	969	176	122	1,538	1,091
Pirangi (CE)²	556	529	110	27	666	556
Icapui (CE)²	171	171	31	8	201	179
Guamaré (RN)²	217	251	41	7	258	257
Ceará Mirim (RN)²	89	53	20	3	109	56
Guaraíras (RN)²	1,387	735	35	12	1,422	747
Curimataú (RN)²	996	327	40	15	1,036	342
Rio Salgado (CE)³ 3 De Paula Filho et al. (2019);	13,641	2,933	2,979	278	16,620	3,211
Umari (RN)⁴ 4 This study.	313	125	275	11	588	136
Mendubim (RN)⁴	203	102	129	4	330	106

Reservoirs/ Basins	P and N concentrations in the water of the reservoirs		Total P and N contributions natural and anthropic factors in the reservoir’s basins
Reservoirs/ Basins	Total P (µg.L^-1)	Total N (µg.L^-1)	P (tonne.year^-1)	N (tonne.year^-1)
Umari	43 (±27)	321 (±107)	136 (±35)	588 (±75)
Mendubim	56 (±23)	214 (±51)	106 (±28)	223 (±34)

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[1] *e-mail: prof.herbster.rlcarvalho@gmail.com