Intensive fish farming: changes in water quality and relationship with zooplankton community

Storck, Tamiris Rosso; Sippert, Leticia Raquel; Seben, Débora; Lazarotto, Dinei Vitor; Helfenstein, Júlia; Luz, Jheniffer dos Santos da; Cerezer, Felipe Osmari; Schneider, Silvana Isabel; Wastowski, Arci Dirceu; Clasen, Barbara; Golombieski, Jaqueline Ineu

doi:10.1590/S2179-975X7422

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Acta Limnologica Brasiliensia

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Original Article • Acta Limnol. Bras. 35 • 2023 • https://doi.org/10.1590/S2179-975X7422 copy

Intensive fish farming: changes in water quality and relationship with zooplankton community

Piscicultura intensiva: alterações na qualidade da água e a relação com a comunidade zooplanctônica

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Aim

This study aimed to evaluate the interference of intensive fish farming in the physicochemical variables of water and in the zooplankton community from a tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus Linnaeus, 1758) pond in southern Brazil. In addition, it was verified whether the analyzed zooplankton groups could be bioindicators of changes in the quality of pond water.

Methods

The water and zooplankton sample collections were carried out monthly in different places of the pond: at the water supply site (affluent), in the middle of the pond and at the water outlet site (effluent). Analyzes related to nitrogen series (total nitrogen, total ammonia, nitrite + nitrate), dissolved oxygen, total hardness, total alkalinity, total phosphorus, pH, turbidity and water temperature were performed at all sampling sites. In addition, the density of the zooplankton groups Copepoda (adults and nauplii), Rotifera and Cladocera was determined.

Results

Regarding the changes between the quality variables of the affluent and effluent water of the pond, the outlet water showed a significant increase only in the variable total alkalinity. Rotifers were the most abundant organisms, and nauplii Copepoda showed a significant increase in the density of organisms in the middle of the pond compared to the inlet water. Both the redundancy analysis (RDA) and the Spearman correlation matrix revealed that zooplanktonic groups are associated with certain physicochemical variables of the water. According to the Analysis of Indicator Species (IndVal), the evaluated organisms are not related to bioindicator species in this environment.

Conclusions

Therefore, intensive production of O. niloticus caused changes only in the total alkalinity of the pond water. The zooplanktonic organisms correlated with the physicochemical variables of the water and between the groups, and did not show potential for bioindicators of water quality in the different locations of the pond.

Keywords:
effluent; environmental management; monitoring; Oreochromis niloticus; pollution

Variable	Method
Dissolved Oxygen	Winkler method (1888) modified by Pomeroy & Kirschman (1945)Pomeroy, R., & Kirschman, H.D., 1945. Determination of dissolved oxygen. proposed modification of the Winkler Method. Ind. Eng. Chem. Anal. Ed. 17(11), 715-716. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/i560147a013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/i560147a013... and Golterman et al. (1978)Golterman, H.L., Climo, F.S., & Ohnstad, M.A.M., 1978. Methods for physical and chemical analysis of fresh waters. Oxford: IBP, 2 ed.
Total Hardness	EDTA titration
Total Alkalinity	Titration with indicator
Total Phosphorus	Colorimetric method of Vanadomolybdophosphoric Acid
Total Nitrogen	Micro Kjeldhal
Total ammonia	Tedesco et al. (1995)Tedesco, M.J., Gianello, C., Bissani, C.A., & Bohnen, H., 1995. Análise de solo, plantas e outros materiais. Porto Alegre: Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 147 p., 2 ed., Boletim Técnico, no. 5.
Nitrite + nitrate	Tedesco et al. (1995)Tedesco, M.J., Gianello, C., Bissani, C.A., & Bohnen, H., 1995. Análise de solo, plantas e outros materiais. Porto Alegre: Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 147 p., 2 ed., Boletim Técnico, no. 5.
pH	pHmeter T-1000 TEKNA
Turbidity	Turbidimeter TB 1000p, MS TECNOPON
Temperature	Digital thermometer, INCONTERM

Variable/Site	Affluent (S1)	Effluent (S3)
Total Alkalinity (mgCaCO₃ L^-1)	48 ± 11.22	59 ± 13.97^* * Corresponds to the significant difference between the water quality in the analyzed sites, at the 95% probability level (p ≤ 0.05).
Total Hardness (mgCaCO₃ L^-1)	52 ± 9.67	60 ± 11.93
Total Ammonia (mg L^-1)	0.52 ± 0.36	0.77 ± 0.93
Nitrite + Nitrate (mg L^-1)	0.56 ± 0.44	0.67 ± 0.32
pH	6.47 ± 0.71	6.55 ± 1.04
Turbidity (NTU)	46.64 ± 25.02	54.73 ± 22.09
Temperature (ºC)	21.97 ± 2.02	21.98 ± 2.09
Dissolved Oxygen (mg L^-1)	4.98 ± 3.78	6.48 ± 2.92

	clad	adult_cop	nau_cop	rot	alka	hard	amm	nit_nit	pH	temp	turb	oxy
clad	1
adult_cop	0.411*	1
nau_cop	0.373*	0.518**	1
rot	-0.511**	-0.427*	-0.268	1
alka	-0.145	0.059	-0.112	0.227	1
hard	-0.047	0.409*	0.209	0.007	0.588**	1
amm	0.149	0.059	0.132	-0.148	0.253	0.216	1
nit_nit	0.503**	0.138	0.194	-0.457 ^ p ≤ 0.01.	-0.570**	-0.303	0.179	1
pH	0.522**	0.168	0.284	-0.418 ^* * p ≤ 0.05;	-0.351*	-0.168	0.253	0.631**	1
temp	-0.176	0.008	-0.051	-0.006	0.485**	0.246	0.123	-0.277	-0.387*	1
turb	-0.161	-0.272	-0.454**	0.393*	0.339*	-0.014	-0.036	-0.491**	-0.083	-0.213	1
oxy	0.219	-0.021	0.366*	-0.214	-0.455**	-0.029	-0.287	0.296	0.093	-0.392*	-0.364*	1

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[1] *e-mail: tamiris.storck@acad.ufsm.br