Responses of the phytoplankton functional structure to the spatial and temporal heterogeneity in a large subtropical shallow lake

Crossetti, Luciane Oliveira; Freitas-Teixeira, Lacina Maria; Bohnenberger, Juliana Elisa; Schulz, Uwe Horst; Rodrigues, Lúcia Ribeiro; Motta-Marques, David da

doi:10.1590/S2179-975X7217

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Acta Limnologica Brasiliensia

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Thematic Section: Homage to Carlos Eduardo de Mattos Bicudo • Acta Limnol. Bras. 30 • 2018 • https://doi.org/10.1590/S2179-975X7217 copy

Responses of the phytoplankton functional structure to the spatial and temporal heterogeneity in a large subtropical shallow lake

Respostas de diferentes traços funcionais do fitoplâncton à heterogeneidade espacial e temporal em um extenso lago raso subtropical

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Aim

Studies on biological communities that take into account only the species composition and abundances (or biomass) and their relative contributions, most of the time, do not reflect their ecological functions, especially considering the wide spatial and temporal variation of large shallow lakes. This paper aimed at evaluating the influence of environmental spatial and temporal heterogeneity on the functional structure of phytoplankton in a subtropical large shallow lake.

Methods

Seasonal samplings were carried out in 2010 and 2011, in 19 sampling sites distributed along the entire length (90 km) and width (3-10 km) of Lake Mangueira, a large (820 km² ) and shallow lake (z_mean = 2.6 m), comprising the littoral and pelagic zones of the north, central and southern regions. Abiotic variables and phytoplankton functional traits (volume, maximum linear dimension, life forms) and functional groups were analyzed as measures of functional structure.

Results

The results showed that there was no spatial organization of phytoplankton functional traits during the study. Colonial non-flagellated organisms, organisms with cellular volume between 10³ and 10⁴ μm³ and greater than 10⁴ μm³, and with maximum linear dimension between 21 and 50 μm prevailed in all zones and regions. Phytoplankton functional groups and traits responded to resource variation, especially increasing their variety and contribution during spring and summer periods.

Conclusions

The functional structure of the phytoplankton community in Lake Mangueira, here accessed by functional traits and RFGs, was more conditioned by its environmental temporal variability rather than by the spatial variation, indicating that the resources and life conditions seasonal variation strongly influence the phytoplankton in this ecosystem.

Keywords:
functional traits; size; functional groups; littoral zone; pelagic zone

Variable	South	Center	North	Left margin	Pelagic zone	Right margin	Spring	Summer	Autumn	Winter
Temperature (°C)	10-25 (18 ± 5)	11-25 (18 ± 4.9)	12-25 (19 ± 4.8)	10-25 (18 ± 4.9)	10-25 (18 ± 4.9)	10-25 (18 ± 4.8)	21-26 (23 ± 1.4)	20-28 (23 ± 0.9)	13-18 (17 ± 1.5)	10-13 (12 ± 0.8)
Wind velocity (m s⁻¹)	1-9 (2.8 ± 2.5)	0-8 (3.1 ± 2.5)	1-8 (4.2 ± 2.6)	0-9 (3.4 ± 2.6)	0-9 (3.3 ± 2.5)	0-9 (3.4 ± 2.7)	2-8 (4.7 ± 2.2)	0-2 (1.3 ± 0.7)	0-9 (4.5 ± 3.3)	1-8 (2.8 ± 1.8)
Precipitation (mm)	0-2.1 (0.3 ± 0.7)	0-13.7 (1.7 ± 4.6)	0-13.7 (1.7 ± 4.6)	0-13.7 (1.2 ± 3.8)	0-13.7 (1.1 ± 3.6)	0-13.7 (1.2 ± 3.8)	0-0 (0 ± 0.0)	0-0 (0 ± 0.0)	0-13.7 (4.7 ± 0.0)	0-0.1 (0.03 ± 0.04)
Transparency (m)	0.6-2.7 (1.3 ± 0.5)	0.3-2.4 (0.9 ± 0.4)	0.4-1.7 (0.9 ± 0.4)	0.3-2.4 (1 ± 0.4)	0.3-2.7 (1 ± 0.5)	0.3-2.4 (1.1 ± 0.5)	0.5-1.6 (0.9 ± 0.3)	0.7-2.1 (1.1 ± 0.4)	0.6-2.35 (1.1 ± 0.4)	0.3-2.7 (1.1 ± 0.7)
Depth (m)	1.4-5.7 (2.9 ± 1.4)	0.8-7.0 (3.2 ± 1.9)	1.1-3.7 (2.3 ± 0.7)	0.8-2.7 (1.6 ± 0.4)	1.5-7 (3.6 ± 1.6)	1-5.2 (2.9 ± 1.1)	1-7 (3.3 ± 1.6)	0.9-6.3 (2.6 ± 1.3)	0.8-6.3 (2.6 ± 1.5)	1.2-6.8 (3.1 ± 1.6)
pH	7.4-8.9 (7.9 ± 0.4)	7.4-9.1 (7.9 ± 0.5)	7.4-9.2 (7.9 ± 0.5)	7.4-9 (7.9 ± 0.4)	7.4-9 (7.9 ± 0.4)	7.4-9 (7.9 ± 0.5)	7.4-8.6 (7.9 ± 0.3)	7.4-9.2 (8.4 ± 0.5)	7.4-8.3 (7.9 ± 0.2)	7.4-8.0 (7.6 ± 0.2)
Conductivity (mS cm⁻¹)	0.2-0.4 (0.3 ± 0.05)	0.3-0.5 (0.3 ± 0.05)	0.3-0.5 (0.3 ± 0.06)	0.2-0.5 (0.3 ± 0.06)	0.3-0.5 (0.3 ± 0.05)	0.3-0.5 (0.3 ± 0.05)	0.3-0.5 (0.4 ± 0.06)	0.2-0.4 (0.3 ± 0.02)	0.3-0.4 (0.3 ± 0.05)	0.3-0.3 (0.3 ± 0.01)
Dissolved oxygen (mg L⁻¹)	7.8-11.8 (9.3 ± 1.0)	8.1-11.7 (9.5 ± 0.9)	8.0-11.9 (9.6 ± 0.8)	7.8-11.8 (9.4 ± 0.9)	7.8-11.9 (9.5 ± 1.0)	7.9-11.8 (9.5 ± 0.9)	7.8-9.0 (8.5 ± 0.4)	8.6-9.9 (9.0 ± 0.4)	8.8-10 (9.6 ± 0.3)	10-11 (10.7 ± 0.7)
Alkalinity (mg L⁻¹ CaCO₃)	48-84 (69 ± 8.2)	59-84 (70 ± 6.4)	59-101 (71 ± 8.8)	47-101 (68 ± 9)	58-84 (70 ± 7)	57-85 (70 ± 7)	68-101 (74 ± 6.1)	59-84 (72 ± 10.4)	57-70 (64 ± 3.5)	47-74 (68 ± 5.9)
Turbidity (NTU)	3-59 (17.7 ± 14.3)	6-52 (22 ± 14.3)	1-80 (25 ± 17.7)	1-80 (22 ± 16)	3-59 (20 ± 15)	4-55 (21 ± 15)	18-80 (37 ± 15)	5-55 (24 ± 12)	1-17 (8 ± 3.6)	3-41 (15 ± 9.6)
Total suspended solids (mg L⁻¹)	4-28 (13 ±5.9)	5-25 (13.2 ± 5.2)	1.5-27.5 (12.9 ± 6.1)	1.5-28 (13.3 ± 5.7)	3-25 (13.1 ± 5.4)	2-28 (12.7 ± 6.2)	2-27 (13.0 ± 5.2)	7.5-23 (12.9 ± 3.4)	1.5-25 (11.5 ± 6.6)	5-28 (14.8 ± 6.7)
Total phosphorus (µg L⁻¹)	11.6-85.2 (30.2 ±19.8)	15-80.5 (35.9 ± 16.8)	14-75 (42 ± 14.7)	13-82 (34 ± 17)	11.6-82 (35.7 ± 18.8)	15.6-37 (37 ± 17)	14.8-85 (49 ± 23)	17.0-53 (33 ± 9)	11.6-48 (25 ± 8.7)	12.8-80 (34 ± 17.3)
Soluble reactive phosphorus (µg L⁻¹)	6.9-56.3 (19.3 ±13.7)	1.5-52.1 (19.8 ± 11.4)	9.1-55.1 (27.8 ± 12.2)	1.5-56.3 (20.8 ± 13.3)	7.1-44 (20.4 ± 12.4)	7.4-54 (22.6 ± 13.6)	9.5-56 (32.1 ± 17.7)	6.9-38 (16.9 ± 8.4)	1.5-45 (17.9 ± 8.4)	8-37 (17.9 ± 8.5)
Total nitrogen (µg L⁻¹)	110-561 (345 ±131)	105-562 (349 ± 131)	86-905 (380 ± 182)	110-597 (360 ± 144)	105-721 (352 ± 151)	86-905 (361 ± 153)	86-617 (340 ± 162)	161-721 (370 ± 126)	110-543 (325 ± 134)	205-905 (394 ± 166)
Ammonium (µg L⁻¹)	10-2000 (107 ± 268)	2.6-235 (58 ± 53)	8-277 (63 ± 53)	8-264 (62 ± 62)	2.6-2000 (94 ± 266)	10-301 (74 ± 66)	11-348 (109 ± 90)	9-159 (43 ± 31)	10-2000 (83 ± 319)	2-230 (75 ± 55)
Nitrate (µg L⁻¹)	10-293 (96 ± 66)	10-325 (107 ± 72)	9-410 (105 ± 78)	10-410 (107 ± 79)	10-293 (96 ± 68)	9-299 (104 ± 68)	35-410 (125 ± 70)	10-325 (127 ± 95)	9-73 (40 ± 21)	14-192 (117 ± 33)
Soluble reactive silica (mg L⁻¹)	1.5-4.1 (2.8 ± 0.6)	1.6-4.2 (2.9 ± 0.6)	1.3-4.2 (2.7 ± 0.7)	1.3-4.2 (2.7 ± 0.7)	1.5-4.1 (2.8 ± 0.6)	1.6-4.2 (2.8 ± 0.6)	2.4-4.2 (3.3 ± 0.7)	2.7-3.5 (3.0 ± 0.2)	1.7-3.3 (2.7 ± 0.3)	1.3-2.8 (2.1 ± 0.4)
Dissolved inorganic carbon (mg L⁻¹)	9.4-26 (14.8 ± 4.1)	8.0-117 (16.1 ± 15.4)	9.6-24 (15.6 ± 3.8)	9.4-23 (14.5 ± 3.8)	9.4-24 (14.6 ± 3.8)	8.0-117 (16.5 ± 15.4)	8.9-23 (23.3 ± 16.7)	8.8-16 (12.9 ± 1.7)	9.4-15 (13.1 ± 1.3)	8.0-117 (17.1 ± 16.9)
Humic acids-350 nm	0.004-0.05 (0.01 ± 0.01)	0.004-0.03 (0.01 ± 0.01)	0.007-0.04 (0.02 ± 0.01)	0.006-0.05 (0.02 ± 0.01)	0.004-0.04 (0.01 ± 0.01)	0.005-0.05 (0.02 ± 0.01)	0.01-0.04 (0.02 ± 0.01)	0.0-0.03 (0.01 ± 0.01)	0.01-0.05 (0.01 ± 0.01)	0.01-0.05 (0.02 ± 0.01)
Total biomass (mm³ L^-1)	0.2-12.5 (5.7 ± 2.8)	1.4-23.6 (7.1 ± 3.9)	2.3-19 (7.8 ± 4.4)	0.2-23.6 (7.4 ± 4.6)	0.2-17.5 6.7 ± 3.8)	1.8-17.2 (6.4 ± 25.8)	3.4-23.6 (8.7 ± 4.3)	0.2 - 18.6 8.0 ± 4.7)	2.3-9.9 (4.5 ± 1.6)	1.8-12.8 (6.0 ± 2.3)

RGF	Main Species	LF	MLD	VOL	Habitat ^* * from Reynolds et al. (2002) .	Tolerances ^* * from Reynolds et al. (2002) .	Sensitivities ^* * from Reynolds et al. (2002) .
D	Fragilaria acus (Kützing) Lange-Bertalot	UNF	IV	III	Shallow, enriched turbid waters	Flushing	Nutrient depletion
F	Oocystis lacustris Chodat	CNF	III	III	Clear epilimnia	Low nutrients, high turbidity	CO₂ deficiency
J	Tetraedron minimum (A.Braun) Hansgirg	UNF	II	II	shallow, enriched lakes, ponds and rivers		Settling into low light
	Scenedesmus obtusus Meyen	CNF	III	IV	shallow, enriched lakes, ponds and rivers		Settling into low light
K	Aphanocapsa conferta (West & G.S.West) Komárková-Legnerová & Cronberg	CNF	III	IV	Short, nutrient-rich columns		Deep mixing
	Anathece smithii Komárková-Legnerová & Cronberg) Komárek, Kastovsky & Jezberová	CNF	III	II
	Aphanothece sp.	CNF	III	II
	Aphanothece stagnina (Sprengel) A.Braun	CNF	II	II
	Synechocystis aquatilis Sauvageau	UNF	I	I
L_O	Chroococcus dispersus (Keissler) Lemmermann	CNF	III	II	Summer epilimnia in mesotrophic lakes	Segregated nutrients	Prolonged or deep mixing
	Chroococcus giganteus West	CNF	II	II
	Limnococcus limneticus (Lemmermann) Komárková, Jezberová, O.Komárek & Zapomelová	CNF	III	III
	Chroococcus planctonicus Bethge	CNF	III	III
	Coelomeron sp	CNF	III	III
	Gomphosphaeria aponina Kützing	CNF	III	III
S1	Planktolyngbya contorta (Lemmermann) Anagnostidis & Komárek	FI	IV	II	Turbid mixed layers	High light deficiency	Flushing

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[1] * e-mail: luciane.crossetti@ufrgs.br