Abstract:
Aim
Macroinvertebrates are extensively employed as bioindicators for evaluating how stream ecosystems respond to alterations in physical and chemical habitats caused by human activity. Although family-taxonomic level is usually used to identify macroinvertebrates in biomonitoring programs, coarser taxonomic resolution may provide similar information. We aim to evaluate taxonomic sufficiency by comparing macroinvertebrate communities at the order and family levels to differentiate the effects of different land uses.
Methods
We conducted colonization experiments using artificial substrates in streams representing three land use types: urban (U, n=3), intensive agriculture - dairy production (AD, n=4), and extensive cattle ranching (CR, n=4).
Results
We obtained similar results using both taxonomic levels, which effectively distinguished the impacts of different land uses. In the sites examined, the majority of indicator groups exhibited only one family per order, with the exception of Ephemeroptera (Leptophlebiidae, Baetidae, and Caenidae). Notably, Baetidae and Caenidae were more prevalent in streams associated with extensive cattle ranching (CR).
Conclusions
Although this study provides a clear precedent, further investigation of these systems and other land uses (e.g., afforestation) is needed to validate this pattern. Coarser taxonomic assessment holds potential as a cost-effective method for stream monitoring and assessment in Uruguay.
Keywords:
order; family; Amphipoda; Littorinimorpha; Ephemeroptera
Resumo:
Objetivo
Os macroinvertebrados são amplamente utilizados como bioindicadores para avaliar a forma como os ecossistemas de riachos respondem às alterações dos habitats físicos e químicos causadas pela atividade humana. Embora o nível taxonômico de família seja normalmente utilizado para identificar macroinvertebrados em programas de biomonitoramento, uma resolução taxonômica mais grosseira pode fornecer informações semelhantes. O objetivo é avaliar a suficiência taxonómica, comparando as comunidades de macroinvertebrados ao nível da ordem e da família, para diferenciar os efeitos de diferentes usos do solo.
Métodos
Realizamos experimentos de colonização utilizando substratos artificiais em cursos de água representativos de três tipos de uso do solo: urbano (U, n=3), agricultura intensiva - produção de leite (AD, n=4), e pecuária extensiva (CR, n=4).
Resultados
Obtivemos resultados semelhantes utilizando ambos os níveis taxonômicos, o que permitiu distinguir eficazmente os impactos dos diferentes usos do solo. Nos locais examinados, a maioria dos grupos indicadores apresentava apenas uma família por ordem, com exceção dos Ephemeroptera (Leptophlebiidae, Baetidae e Caenidae). Notavelmente, Baetidae e Caenidae foram mais predominantes em riachos associados à criação extensiva de gado (CR).
Conclusões
Embora este estudo forneça um precedente claro, é necessária uma investigação mais aprofundada destes sistemas e de outras utilizações do solo (por exemplo, reflorestamento) para validar este padrão. A avaliação taxonômica mais grosseira tem potencial para ser um método económico de monitoramento e avaliação de cursos de água no Uruguai.
Palavras-chave:
ordem; família; Amphipoda; Littorinimorpha; Ephemeroptera
1. Introduction
Human land use changes usually promote the deterioration of stream and river ecosystems, affecting the aquatic communities and ecosystem functioning (Alonso Duré, 2018Alonso Duré, J.A., 2018. Índice multimétrico basado en macroinvertebrados acuáticos para evaluar la calidad de las aguas en Arroyos del Sur del Departamento de Itapúa [Doctoral dissertation in Environmental Management]. Encarnación: Universidad Nacional de Itapúa [online]. Retrieved in 2022, November 8, from http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14066/3140
http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14066/3140...
; Akamagwuna & Odume, 2020Akamagwuna, F.C. & Odume, O.N., 2020. Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera (EPT) functional feeding group responses to fine grain sediment stress in a river in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Environ. Monit. Assess. 192(4), 214. PMid:32140788. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-020-8187-4.
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). In the assessment of the ecological status of fluvial ecosystems in response to human impacts, macroinvertebrate communities are widely recognized and extensively validated as effective bioindicators (Roldán Pérez, 2003Roldán Pérez, G.A., 2003. Bioindicación de la calidad del agua en Colombia: uso del método BMWP/Col (No. 333.91 R744b). Medellín: Universidad de Antioquia.; Springer, 2010Springer, M., 2010. Trichoptera. Rev. Biol. Trop. 58(Suppl. 4), 151-198.; Chicas et al., 2010Chicas, J.M.S., Cervantes, L.S., Springer, M., Cienfuegos, M.R.P., Pérez, D., Flores, A.W.R. & Linares, A.Y.A., 2010. Determinación de la calidad ambiental de las aguas de los ríos de El Salvador, utilizando invertebrados acuáticos: índice biológico a nivel de familias de invertebrados acuáticos en El Salvador (IBF-SV-2010). San Salvador: Ciudad Universitaria.; Alonso Duré, 2018Alonso Duré, J.A., 2018. Índice multimétrico basado en macroinvertebrados acuáticos para evaluar la calidad de las aguas en Arroyos del Sur del Departamento de Itapúa [Doctoral dissertation in Environmental Management]. Encarnación: Universidad Nacional de Itapúa [online]. Retrieved in 2022, November 8, from http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14066/3140
http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14066/3140...
; Akamagwuna & Odume, 2020Akamagwuna, F.C. & Odume, O.N., 2020. Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera (EPT) functional feeding group responses to fine grain sediment stress in a river in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Environ. Monit. Assess. 192(4), 214. PMid:32140788. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-020-8187-4.
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). This recognition of macroinvertebrate effectiveness has been mainly attributed primarily to their long lifespan, allowing them to reflect the effects of contaminants, even at low concentrations that may accumulate over time (Segnini, 2003Segnini, S., 2003. El uso de los macroinvertebrados bentónicos como indicadores de la condición ecológica de los cuerpos de agua corriente. Ecotrópicos 16, 45-63.; Springer, 2010Springer, M., 2010. Trichoptera. Rev. Biol. Trop. 58(Suppl. 4), 151-198.). Moreover, their relatively immobile nature and ease of collection or sampling, combined with their tendency to form distinct communities associated with the physical and chemical conditions of stream waters, make them valuable for assessing varying levels of contamination (Plafkin et al., 1989Plafkin, J.L., Barbour, M.T., Porter, K.D., Gross, S.K. & Hughes, R.M., 1989. Rapid bioassessment protocols for use in streams and rivers: benthic macroinvertebrates and fish. Washington, DC: Assessment and Water Protection Division/U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.; DeShon, 1995DeShon, J.E., 1995. Development and application of the invertebrate community index (ICI). In: Davis, W.S. & Simon T.P., eds. Biological assessment and criteria: tools for water resource planning and decision making. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 217-243.; Karr & Chu, 1999Karr, J.R. & Chu, E.W., 1999. Restoring life in running waters: better biological monitoring. Washington: Island Press.; Morley & Karr, 2002Morley, S.A. & Karr, J.R., 2002. Assessing and restoring the health of urban streams in the Puget Sound Basin. Conserv. Biol. 16(6), 1498-1509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.01067.x.
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; Roldán Pérez, 2003Roldán Pérez, G.A., 2003. Bioindicación de la calidad del agua en Colombia: uso del método BMWP/Col (No. 333.91 R744b). Medellín: Universidad de Antioquia.; Segnini, 2003Segnini, S., 2003. El uso de los macroinvertebrados bentónicos como indicadores de la condición ecológica de los cuerpos de agua corriente. Ecotrópicos 16, 45-63.; Chicas et al., 2010Chicas, J.M.S., Cervantes, L.S., Springer, M., Cienfuegos, M.R.P., Pérez, D., Flores, A.W.R. & Linares, A.Y.A., 2010. Determinación de la calidad ambiental de las aguas de los ríos de El Salvador, utilizando invertebrados acuáticos: índice biológico a nivel de familias de invertebrados acuáticos en El Salvador (IBF-SV-2010). San Salvador: Ciudad Universitaria.; Springer, 2010Springer, M., 2010. Trichoptera. Rev. Biol. Trop. 58(Suppl. 4), 151-198.; Akamagwuna & Odume, 2020Akamagwuna, F.C. & Odume, O.N., 2020. Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera (EPT) functional feeding group responses to fine grain sediment stress in a river in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Environ. Monit. Assess. 192(4), 214. PMid:32140788. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-020-8187-4.
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; Burwood et al., 2021Burwood, M., Clemente, J., Meerhoff, M., Iglesias, C., Goyenola, G., Fosalba, C., Pacheco, J.P. & Teixeira de Mello, F., 2021. Macroinvertebrate communities and macrophyte decomposition could be affected by land use intensification in subtropical lowland streams. Limnetica 40(2), 343-357. http://dx.doi.org/10.23818/limn.40.23.
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).
Typically, the family taxonomic level is the most widely employed in biomonitoring activities that use macroinvertebrates. This allows for the differentiation of impacted sites from less impacted ones or reference conditions (Cortelezzi & Paz, 2023Cortelezzi, A. & Paz, L.E., 2023. Macroinvertebrate biomonitoring in Latin America: progress and challenges. Freshw. Sci. 42(2), 204-213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/724732.
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). However, in some instances, a coarser taxonomic resolution may be sufficient to provide the same information as families (Suárez et al., 2022Suárez, B., Barrios, M. & Teixeira de Mello, F., 2022. Macroinvertebrates’ response to different land use in lowland streams from Uruguay: use of artificial substrates for biomonitoring. Neotrop. Biodivers. 8(1), 136-146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23766808.2022.2049178.
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; Cortelezzi & Paz, 2023Cortelezzi, A. & Paz, L.E., 2023. Macroinvertebrate biomonitoring in Latin America: progress and challenges. Freshw. Sci. 42(2), 204-213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/724732.
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). Contrarily, more diverse ecosystems or specific circumstances may require a finer taxonomic resolution (Restello et al., 2020Restello, R.M., Battistoni, D., Sobczak, J.R., Valduga, A.T., Zackrzevski, S.B.B., Zanin, E.M., Decian, V.S. & Hepp, L.U., 2020. Effectiveness of protected areas for the conservation of aquatic invertebrates: a study-case in southern Brazil. Acta Limnol. Bras. 32, e5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s2179-975x9416.
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). Therefore, determining the taxonomic level to be used will depend on the circumstances of the environment, and as such, prior comparisons should be made to establish a methodology with a specific taxonomic level. On the other hand, the lack of taxonomic knowledge regarding macroinvertebrate species, especially in tropical areas, represents a significant challenge for environmental policies and monitoring in freshwater ecosystems (Jones, 2008Jones, F.C., 2008. Taxonomic sufficiency: the influence of taxonomic resolution on freshwater bioassessments using benthic macroinvertebrates. Env. Rev. 16(NA), 45-69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/A07-010.
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; Buss et al., 2015Buss, D.F., Carlisle, D.M., Chon, T.S., Culp, J., Harding, J.S., Keizer-Vlek, H.E., Robinson, W.A., Strachan, S., Thirion, C. & Hughes, R.M., 2015. Stream biomonitoring using macroinvertebrates around the globe: a comparison of large-scale programs. Environ. Monit. Assess. 187(1), 4132. PMid:25487459. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-014-4132-8.
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). Additionally, macroinvertebrates constitute highly diverse groups that vary according to the geographic region in which they are found. They also face multiple pressures from human activities; thus, assessing how they respond to such impacts is essential. This allows for identifying the most indicative groups and determining the taxonomic level at which they respond (Ricciardi & Rasmussen, 1999Ricciardi, A. & Rasmussen, J.B., 1999. Extinction rates of North American freshwater fauna. Conserv. Biol. 13(5), 1220-1222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1999.98380.x.
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; Abell, 2002Abell, R., 2002. Conservation biology for the biodiversity crisis: a freshwater follow-up. Conserv. Biol. 16(5), 1435-1437. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.01532.x.
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; Allan, 2004Allan, J.D., 2004. Landscapes and riverscapes: the influence of land use on stream ecosystems. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 35(1), 257-284. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.35.120202.110122.
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; Lento et al., 2022Lento, J., Laske, S.M., Lavoie, I., Bogan, D., Brua, R.B., Campeau, S., Chin, K., Culp, J.M., Levenstein, B., Power, M., Saulnier-Talbot, É., Shaftel, R., Swanson, H., Whitman, M. & Zimmerman, C.E., 2022. Diversity of diatoms, benthic macroinvertebrates, and fish varies in response to different environmental correlates in Arctic rivers across North America. Freshw. Biol. 67(1), 95-115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/fwb.13600.
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; Milner et al., 2023Milner, A.M., Loza Vega, E.M., Matthews, T.J., Conn, S.C. & Windsor, F.M., 2023. Long‐term changes in macroinvertebrate communities across high‐latitude streams. Glob. Chang. Biol. 29(9), 2466-2477. PMid:36806834. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16648.
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).
Using higher taxa (such as genera and families) as surrogates for species richness has been the predominant approach in biodiversity assessment. However, research on assemblage structure patterns with higher resolution has received limited attention despite their crucial role in conservation planning as indicators of species composition among sites (Ferrier, 2002Ferrier, S., 2002. Mapping spatial pattern in biodiversity for regional conservation planning: where to from here? Syst. Biol. 51(2), 331-363. PMid:12028736. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10635150252899806.
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; Nosad et al., 2021Nosad, S., Ganesh, T. & Kiran, L.R., 2021. Efficiency of sampling gears (quadrate and core) and taxonomic resolution on the soft bottom intertidal macrobenthic community of Port Blair coast. Res. J. Chem. Environ. 25(11), 93-103. http://dx.doi.org/10.25303/2511rjce93103.
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Typically, biotic patterns examined at the species level encompass both environmental variability and the geographic location of sampling units (Forero et al., 2014Forero, L.C., Longo, M., Ramírez, J.J.R. & Chalar, G., 2014. Aquatic ecological index based on freshwater (ICERN-MAE) for the Río Negro watershed, Colombia. Rev. Biol. Trop. 62(Suppl 2), 233-247. PMid:25189081. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v62i0.15790.
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). However, our understanding of regional patterns in the taxonomic resolution at genus and family levels remains limited (Jones, 2008Jones, F.C., 2008. Taxonomic sufficiency: the influence of taxonomic resolution on freshwater bioassessments using benthic macroinvertebrates. Env. Rev. 16(NA), 45-69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/A07-010.
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). Nonetheless, a recent regional study on invertebrate families demonstrated a significant association between assemblage variability, spatial location, and stream habitat characteristics (Murphy & Davy-Bowker, 2005Murphy, J.F. & Davy-Bowker, J., 2005. Spatial structure in lotic macroinvertebrate communities in England and Wales: relationships with physicochemical and anthropogenic stress variables. Hydrobiologia 534(1-3), 151-164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-004-1451-8.
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). This finding was unexpected, considering that families generally exhibit broader distributions than species at regional scales, and family-level data were expected to display less spatial structure (Jones, 2008Jones, F.C., 2008. Taxonomic sufficiency: the influence of taxonomic resolution on freshwater bioassessments using benthic macroinvertebrates. Env. Rev. 16(NA), 45-69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/A07-010.
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). Furthermore, spatial variability in higher taxonomic resolution has been observed on much larger scales, ranging from continental to global, based on extensive sampling grids (Gaston et al., 1995Gaston, K.J., Williams, P.H., Eggleton, P. & Humphries, C.J., 1995. Large scale patterns of biodiversity: spatial variation in family richness. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 260(1358), 149-154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1995.0072.
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). Therefore, it is crucial to test the applicability of higher taxon surrogates at the regional scale, leveraging local and site-specific knowledge (Balmford et al., 2000Balmford, A., Lyon, J.E. & Lang, R.M., 2000. Testing the higher-taxon approach to conservation planning in a megadiverse group: the macrofungi. Biol. Conserv. 93(2), 209-217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(99)00140-8.
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).
The optimal level of taxonomic resolution required in bioindication has been extensively debated among authors, leading to varying perspectives. Some suggest employing bioindicators at the species level (e.g., Guerold, 2000Guerold, F., 2000. Influence of taxonomic determination level on several community indices. Water Res. 34(2), 487-492. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(99)00165-7.
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; Lenat & Resh, 2001Lenat, D.R. & Resh, V.H., 2001. Taxonomy and stream ecology: the benefits of genus-and species-level identifications. J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc. 20(2), 287-298. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1468323.
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; Waite et al., 2004Waite, I.R., Herlihy, A.T., Larsen, D.P., Urquhart, N.S. & Klemm, D.J., 2004. The effects of macroinvertebrate taxonomic resolution in large landscape bioassessments: an example from the Mid‐Atlantic Highlands, USA. Freshw. Biol. 49(4), 474-489. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2004.01197.x.
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), while others advocate for their use at the family level (Warwick, 1988Warwick, R.M., 1988. The level of taxonomic discrimination required to detect pollution effects on marine benthic communities. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 19(6), 259-268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-326X(88)90596-6.
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; Bailey et al., 2001Bailey, R.C., Norris, R.H. & Reynoldson, T.B., 2001. Taxonomic resolution of benthic macroinvertebrate communities in bioassessments. J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc. 20(2), 280-286. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1468322.
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; Pitacco et al., 2019Pitacco, V., Reizopoulou, S., Sfriso, A., Sfriso, A., Mistri, M. & Munari, C., 2019. The difficulty of disentangling natural from anthropogenic forcing factors makes the evaluation of ecological quality problematic: a case study from Adriatic lagoons. Mar. Environ. Res. 150, 104756. PMid:31295663. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2019.104756.
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). Several studies have indicated that macroinvertebrate assemblage variation exhibits minimal change when shifting from genus to order level regarding taxonomic resolution (Furse et al., 1984Furse, M.T., Moss, D., Wright, J.F. & Armitage, P.D., 1984. The influence of seasonal and taxonomic factors on the ordination and classification of running water sites in Great Britain and on the prediction of their macroinvertebrate communities. Freshw. Biol. 14(3), 257-280. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.1984.tb00040.x.
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; Wright et al., 1995Wright, I.A., Chessman, B.C., Fairweather, P.G. & Benson, L.J., 1995. Measuring the impact of sewage effluent on the macroinvertebrate community of an upland stream: the effect of different levels of taxonomic resolution and quantification. Aust. J. Ecol. 20(1), 142-149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.1995.tb00528.x.
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; Bowman & Bailey, 1997Bowman, M.F. & Bailey, R.C., 1997. Does taxonomic resolution affect the multivariate description of the structure of freshwater benthic macroinvertebrate communities? Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 54(8), 1802-1807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f97-085.
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). Some authors have even proposed that higher taxonomic levels are more suitable than the species level due to the latter's heightened response to natural environmental variation, which can introduce noise and mask human impacts (Warwick, 1993Warwick, R.M., 1993. Environmental impact studies on marine communities: pragmatical considerations. Aust. J. Ecol. 18(1), 63-80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.1993.tb00435.x.
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; Bailey et al., 2001Bailey, R.C., Norris, R.H. & Reynoldson, T.B., 2001. Taxonomic resolution of benthic macroinvertebrate communities in bioassessments. J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc. 20(2), 280-286. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1468322.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1468322...
).
Many countries have adopted macroinvertebrates as bioindicators of water quality, using the family level (Queiroz et al., 2018Queiroz, M.E.F., Schäffer, A.L., Villela, A.C.A.S., Martins e Martins, D.E. & Silva, P.H.T., 2018. Utilização de macroinvertebrados bentônicos como bioindicadores em córrego urbano de Conceição do Araguaia-PA. Sustain. Debate 9(3), 96-110. http://dx.doi.org/10.18472/SustDeb.v9n3.2018.18378.
http://dx.doi.org/10.18472/SustDeb.v9n3....
; Cortelezzi et al., 2019Cortelezzi, A., Barranquero, R.S., Marinelli, C.B., San Juan, M.R.F. & Cepeda, R.E., 2019. Environmental diagnosis of an urban basin from a social-ecological perspective. Sci. Total Environ. 678, 267-277. PMid:31075593. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.334.
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; Castro et al., 2020Castro, M., Capurro, L., Chalar, G. & Arocena, R., 2020. Macroinvertebrados bentónicos indican empeoramiento de la calidad de agua en una zona de influencia urbana en el Río Negro. Bol. Soc. Zool. Urug. 29(2), 116-125.). However, Germany stands out as the only country that requires the use of species-level identification in its saprobic method (Jones, 2008Jones, F.C., 2008. Taxonomic sufficiency: the influence of taxonomic resolution on freshwater bioassessments using benthic macroinvertebrates. Env. Rev. 16(NA), 45-69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/A07-010.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/A07-010...
). In Latin America, the incomplete knowledge of the aquatic macroinvertebrate fauna presents a significant challenge, making it difficult to work at the genus level, and even more so at the species level (Jones, 2008Jones, F.C., 2008. Taxonomic sufficiency: the influence of taxonomic resolution on freshwater bioassessments using benthic macroinvertebrates. Env. Rev. 16(NA), 45-69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/A07-010.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/A07-010...
; Buss & Vitorino, 2010Buss, D.F. & Vitorino, A.S., 2010. Rapid bioassessment protocols using benthic macroinvertebrates in Brazil: evaluation of taxonomic sufficiency. J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc. 29(2), 562-571. http://dx.doi.org/10.1899/09-095.1.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1899/09-095.1...
; Cortelezzi & Paz, 2023Cortelezzi, A. & Paz, L.E., 2023. Macroinvertebrate biomonitoring in Latin America: progress and challenges. Freshw. Sci. 42(2), 204-213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/724732.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/724732...
). For instance, studies on bioindication assessing pollution caused by oil industry spills have consistently recommended using taxonomic diagnostic levels, specifically at the family level (but if it is possible, at the genus level), to interpret the environmental impact of the spill accurately (Bailey et al., 2001Bailey, R.C., Norris, R.H. & Reynoldson, T.B., 2001. Taxonomic resolution of benthic macroinvertebrate communities in bioassessments. J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc. 20(2), 280-286. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1468322.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1468322...
).
The level of taxonomic resolution necessary to meet the research objectives is called sufficient taxonomic resolution (Ellis, 1985Ellis, D., 1985. Taxonomic sufficiency in pollution assessment. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 16(12), 459. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-326X(85)90362-5.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-326X(85)9...
). According to a previous study the order level could significantly distinguish between different land uses in lowland Uruguayan streams (Suárez et al., 2022Suárez, B., Barrios, M. & Teixeira de Mello, F., 2022. Macroinvertebrates’ response to different land use in lowland streams from Uruguay: use of artificial substrates for biomonitoring. Neotrop. Biodivers. 8(1), 136-146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23766808.2022.2049178.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23766808.2022....
). In this sense, we aimed to evaluate the taxonomic sufficiency by contrasting the macroinvertebrate community at the family and order taxonomic levels to assess its potential to differentiate the effects of different land use types in lowland subtropical streams.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study area
The study was conducted in 11 streams with three land uses: extensive cattle ranching (CR; n=4) located in the Santa Lucía and Río Negro watersheds; intensive agriculture with dairy production (AD; n=4) located in the Santa Lucía River watershed; and urbanization (U; n=3) located in the Río de la Plata and Arroyo Maldonado watersheds (Table 1). When selecting the study sites, we initially focused on systems with a high predominance of land uses to be analyzed within their respective watersheds.
The CR sites selected for this study had extensive cattle use occupying 87.2 ± 13.9% of the watershed. In Uruguay, this extensive activity is characterized by an average of 0.7 cattle per hectare (DIEA, 2020Oficina de Estadísticas Agropecuarias - DIEA, 2020. Anuario estadístico agropecuario 2020. Estadísticas agropecuarias [online]. Montevideo: Ministerio de Ganadería, Agricultura y Pesca. Retrieved in 2023, May 16, from https://www.gub.uy/ministerio-ganaderia-agricultura-pesca/datos-y-estadisticas/estadisticas/anuario-estadistico-agropecuario-2020
https://www.gub.uy/ministerio-ganaderia-...
). Uruguayan pristine ecosystems are practically nonexistent after European colonization (Torremorell et al., 2021Torremorell, A., Hegoburu, C., Brandimarte, A.L., Rodrigues, E.H.C., Pompêo, M., Silva, S.C., Moschini-Carlos, V., Caputo, L., Fierro, P., Mojica, J.I., Matta, Á.L.P., Donato, J.C., Jiménez-Pardo, P., Molinero, J., Ríos-Touma, B., Goyenola, G., Iglesias, C., López-Rodríguez, A., Meerhoff, M., Pacheco, J.P., Mello, F.T., Rodríguez-Olarte, D., Gómez, M.B., Montoya, J.V., López-Doval, J.C. & Navarro, E., 2021. Current and future threats for ecological quality management of South American freshwater ecosystems. Inland Waters 11(2), 125-140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20442041.2019.1608115.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20442041.2019....
), and lowland streams associated with extensive livestock production. Represent the least impacted streams and generally have better water quality conditions in our country (Arocena, 1996Arocena, R., 1996. La comunidad bentónica como indicadora de zonas de degradación y recuperación en el arroyo Toledo (Uruguay). Rev. Biol. Trop. 44(2A), 659-671. PMid:9246372.; Benejam et al., 2016Benejam, L., Teixeira-de-Mello, F., Meerhoff, M., Loureiro, M., Jeppesen, E. & Brucet, S., 2016. Assessing effects of change in land use on size-related variables of fish in subtropical streams. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 73(4), 547-556. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2015-0025.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2015-002...
; Barrios et al., 2024Barrios, M., Tesitore, G., Burwood, M., Suárez, B., Meerhoff, M., Alonso, J., Ríos Touma, B. & Teixeira de Mello, F., 2024. Environmental and aquatic macroinvertebrate metrics respond to the Eucalyptus afforestation gradient in subtropical lowland streams. Hydrobiologia 851(2), 343-365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-023-05248-w.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-023-052...
). For this reason, many of these streams can currently be considered reference streams in low-gradient areas in Uruguay (Barrios et al., 2024Barrios, M., Tesitore, G., Burwood, M., Suárez, B., Meerhoff, M., Alonso, J., Ríos Touma, B. & Teixeira de Mello, F., 2024. Environmental and aquatic macroinvertebrate metrics respond to the Eucalyptus afforestation gradient in subtropical lowland streams. Hydrobiologia 851(2), 343-365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-023-05248-w.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-023-052...
), and in this region, the small streams representative of the lowlands generally do not have riparian forests (Mary-Lauyé et al., 2023Mary-Lauyé, A.L., González-Bergonzoni, I., Gobel, N., Somma, A., Silva, I. & Lucas, C.M., 2023. Baseline assessment of the hydrological network and land use in riparian buffers of Pampean streams of Uruguay. Environ. Monit. Assess. 195(1), 80. PMid:36342548. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-022-10684-7.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-022-106...
).
The AD sites represent two combined uses consisting of intensive agriculture and dairy production, with 100% of their watershed cultivated to generate fodder for dairy cattle, which is also present in the same area, this type of soil promotes increases in nutrient concentrations in the water. In Uruguay, 65% of the farms dedicated to dairy cattle production, have an area between 50 and 500 hectares, and more than 60% of their pastures are improved (DIEA, 2020Oficina de Estadísticas Agropecuarias - DIEA, 2020. Anuario estadístico agropecuario 2020. Estadísticas agropecuarias [online]. Montevideo: Ministerio de Ganadería, Agricultura y Pesca. Retrieved in 2023, May 16, from https://www.gub.uy/ministerio-ganaderia-agricultura-pesca/datos-y-estadisticas/estadisticas/anuario-estadistico-agropecuario-2020
https://www.gub.uy/ministerio-ganaderia-...
). The U sites selected for this study represent sites with high urban coverage in their drainage basin (70 ± 17.3%). These streams are among the most urbanized systems in the city of Maldonado and are included in the monitoring system of the “Núcleo Interdisciplinario: Aguas Urbanas: Proyecto y Gestión”.
The aquatic habitat of the selected sites was characterized by medium-fine substrates, including sand, gravel, and stones (Suárez et al., 2022Suárez, B., Barrios, M. & Teixeira de Mello, F., 2022. Macroinvertebrates’ response to different land use in lowland streams from Uruguay: use of artificial substrates for biomonitoring. Neotrop. Biodivers. 8(1), 136-146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23766808.2022.2049178.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23766808.2022....
). The depths of these habitats did not exceed 30 cm, and their wet widths measured around 3 m. In terms of physicochemical water parameters, the temperature varied across the sites, with the livestock sites exhibiting the highest average values (25.8 ± 2.5°C), followed by agriculture and dairy sites (24.2 ± 1.9°C), and urban sites (20.9 ± 1.6°C). Another parameter considered was the specific conductivity (corrected conductivity at 25°C, µS. cm-1), where agriculture with dairy sites recorded the highest value (629.0 ± 153.3 µS. cm-1), followed by livestock and urban sites (395.3 ± 35.8 µS. cm-1; 357.5 ± 101.0 µS. cm-1, respectively). The highest values of the concentration of total phosphorus were reported in agriculture with dairy sites (320.9 ± 153.9 µg. L-1) and urban sites (246.8 ± 194.9 µg. L-1), while livestock sites had the lowest value (42.7 ± 27.7 µg. L-1). In terms of total nitrogen concentrations (µg. L-1), the urban sites exhibited the highest values (1437.5 ± 325.7 µg. L-1), followed by the agricultural (925.0 ± 228.3 µg. L-1), and livestock sites (421.8 ± 134.5 µg. L-1) (Suárez et al., 2022Suárez, B., Barrios, M. & Teixeira de Mello, F., 2022. Macroinvertebrates’ response to different land use in lowland streams from Uruguay: use of artificial substrates for biomonitoring. Neotrop. Biodivers. 8(1), 136-146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23766808.2022.2049178.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23766808.2022....
). We also considered other relevant variables for the macroinvertebrate community in these systems, such as watershed area and channel depth (Death & Winterbourn, 1995Death, R.G. & Winterbourn, M.J., 1995. Diversity patterns in stream benthic invertebrate communities: the influence of habitat stability. Ecology 76(5), 1446-1460. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1938147.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1938147...
).
2.2. Macroinvertebrate community sampling
An additional important small-scale component of the macroinvertebrate ecosystem is a certain kind of sediment (Brooks & Boulton, 1991Brooks, S.S. & Boulton, A.J., 1991. Recolonization dynamics of benthic macroinvertebrates after artificial and natural disturbances in an Australian temporary stream. Mar. Freshw. Res. 42(3), 295-308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/MF9910295.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/MF9910295...
). To neutralize the impact of various sediment types that can occur in different streams, we utilized artificial substrates. This allowed us to consistently study a subsample of the macroinvertebrate community linked to a specific substrate type across all streams (Quesada-Alvarado & Solano-Ulate, 2020Quesada-Alvarado, F. & Solano-Ulate, D., 2020. Colonización de macroinvertebrados acuáticos en tres tipos de sustratos artificiales, en un río tropical. Rev. Biol. Trop. 68(Supl. 2), S68-S78. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v68iS2.44339.
http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v68iS2.44...
). We inserted 15 artificial substrates for the purpose of sampling macroinvertebrates in each stream. These substrates were 160 cm3 of stones that had been sieved to a size of 1.3 to 1.5 cm. They were made of plastic mesh bags with 1.2 cm apertures. Each bag measured 11.2 cm in length and 7.3 cm in width. There were 73.3 ± 5.8 cm3 of interstitial water in this volume of stones. Every bag was positioned evenly throughout the watercourse's width. In order to facilitate macroinvertebrate colonization, we kept the devices in the streams for 15 days during the summer (February 2018). For every stream, we examined 10 replicates (110 replicates) of artificial substrates. Using a 500 µm filter, we removed the macroinvertebrates from the substrates and preserved them in 70% alcohol. In the laboratory, we identified the macroinvertebrates at the order and family level using the taxonomic keys of Domínguez & Fernández (2009)Domínguez, E. & Fernández, H.R., 2009. Macroinvertebrados bentónicos sudamericanos. Sistemática y biología. Tucumán: Fundación Miguel Lillo. and Hamada et al. (2018)Hamada, N., Thorp, J.H. & Rogers, D.C., 2018. Thorp and Covich’s freshwater invertebrates. Volume 3: keys to Neotropical Hexapoda (4th ed.). London: Academic Press..
2.3. Statistical analysis
To comprehend geographic heterogeneity in macroinvertebrate composition at the order and family levels, two nonmetric multidimensional scaling ordinations (NMDS) were utilized. To check for differences in macroinvertebrate structure among various land uses at the order and family levels, two permutational multivariate analyses of variance (PERMANOVA) were conducted. Both NMDS and PERMANOVA are appropriate for similarity or distance data, and they concentrate on displaying and evaluating variations in data structure. They are used to evaluate group similarities and differences (Anderson, 2014Anderson, M.J., 2014. Permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA). In: Balakrishnan, N., Colton, T., Everitt, B., Piegorsch, W., Ruggeri, F., & Teugels, J.L., eds. Wiley StatsRef: statistics reference online. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118445112.stat07841.
https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118445112.st...
). Using 999 permutations and the Bray-Curtis dissimilarity measure, the abundance matrix was converted into a dissimilarity matrix for both the PERMANOVA and NMDS analyses (Quinn & Keough, 2002Quinn, G.P. & Keough, M.J., 2002. Experimental design and data analysis for biologists. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511806384.; Anderson, 2011Anderson, M.J., 2011. A new method for non-parametric multivariate analysis of variance. Aust. Ecol. 26(1), 32-46. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.2001.01070.pp.x.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.2001...
). Indicator species analysis was performed at the order and family level to detect the macroinvertebrate groups responsible for the separation of each group. The aim of this analysis is to find species that are significantly associated with each group. This method focuses on identifying species that are highly prevalent in one group compared to others. It also evaluates the statistical significance of the association between a species and a group (Bakker, 2008Bakker, J.D., 2008. Increasing the utility of indicator species analysis. J. Appl. Ecol. 45(6), 1829-1835. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2008.01571.x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.20...
). The R packages “vegan” (Oksanen et al., 2013Oksanen, J., Blanchet, F.G., Kindt, R., Legendre, P., Minchin, P.R., O’hara, R.B., Simpson, G.L., Solymos, P., Stevens, M.H.H., Wagner, H. & Oksanen, M.J., 2013. Package ‘vegan.’. Community Ecol. Package 2, 1-295.) and “indicspecies” (De Cáceres, 2020De Cáceres, M., 2020. How to use the indicspecies package (ver. 1.7.8) [online]. Solsona: Forest Sciences and Technology Center of Catalonia. Retrieved in 2022, May 4, from https://cran.rproject.org/web/packages/indicspecies/vignettes/indicspeciesTutorial.pdf
https://cran.rproject.org/web/packages/i...
) were used for NMDS- PERMANOVA and indicator species analyses respectively.
3. Results
In total, 8105 macroinvertebrates were collected from the 110 artificial substrates analyzed. They were distributed across 22 order taxa, with Ephemeroptera, Littorinimorpha, and Amphipoda being the most abundant groups. A total of 50 families belonging to the phylum Arthropoda were identified, with 33 families representing 55.4% of the total abundance. Mollusca were represented by 10 families (30.3% of the total abundance) and Annelida by six families (14.3%). The families with the highest frequency of occurrence in the total samples were Cochliopidae (24.8% of the total abundance), Hyalellidae (11.3%), and Chironomidae (6.2%) (Table 2).
Mean and standard deviation for the total abundance of aquatic macroinvertebrates for each land use: extensive cattle ranching (CR), intensive agriculture and dairy production (AD) and urban (U).
A total of 1892, 4842, and 1371 macroinvertebrates were captured at the CR, AD, and U sites, respectively. Regarding the abundance and richness of families in each order, Littorinimorpha, which Cochliopodae fully represents, predominated the AD sites (Figure 1). Caenidae comprised most of the Ephemeroptera group, followed by the Leptophlebiidae, while Baetidae and Leptohyphidae were less common (Figure 1). In contrast, the Hydropsychidae made up the majority of the Trichoptera. The CR sites showed a higher relative abundance of Ephemeroptera, with a higher proportion of Leprophlebiidae, followed by Canidae and Baetidae; this last family had a lower proportion. Leptoceridae was the main family among the Trichoptera, with minor amounts of Hydroptilidae, Hydrobiosidae, Hydropsychidae, and Polycentropodidae (Figure 1). The U sites revealed that Amphipoda was only composed by Hyalellidae, and the same occurred with Rhynchobdellida, composed by Glossiphoniidae (Figure 1).
Distribution of the main total and relative family abundance for each order and land use type. Sampling sites: CR: extensive cattle ranching sites, AD: intensive agriculture and dairy production sites, and U: urbanization sites.
The ordination analysis (NMDS) of stream sites based on the relative abundance of macroinvertebrates at the order level revealed a separation between CR and AD from U sites (Figure 2A), and these group differences were statistically significant (PERMANOVA, F= 8.26, p < 0.002). Similarly, when considering the relative abundance at the family level, the same pattern was observed in the ordination (Figure 2B), and the differences between groups were also statistically significant (PERMANOVA, F= 5.63, p < 0.001).
Macroinvertebrate community ordination analysis of the different land use types in the study area using non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS). A: order taxonomic level analysis, B: family level. Stress: 0.055 (order level), 0.071 (family level). Sampling sites: CR: extensive cattle ranching sites, AD: intensive agriculture and dairy production sites, and U: urbanization sites.
The Indicator Species Analysis performed at the order level (Table 3) revealed that Amphipoda was the most abundant in U sites (Relative abundance: U= 26.4 ± 17.5 vs. AD= 4.5 ± 2.4 and CR= 1.0 ± 0.5). At the same time, Littorinimorpha dominated in intensive AD sites (relative abundance: AD= 47.0 ± 52.2 vs. U= 0.3 ± 0.5 and CR= 0.4 ± 5.6). Ephemeroptera was mostly represented in AD and CR streams (relative abundance: AD= 14.9 ± 14.2 and CR= 12.6 ± 17.1 vs. U= 0) (Table 3).
Indicator species analysis: proportion of contribution of order and families by land use group: extensive cattle ranching (CR), intensive agriculture and dairy production (AD) and urban (U).
At the family level, the Indicator Species Analysis showed that Hyalellidae (U= 26.4 ± 17.5 vs. AD= 4.5 ± 2.4, and CR= 1.0 ± 0.5) and Glossiphoniidae (U= 19.2 ± 16.8 vs. AD= 9.1 ± 4.1, and CR= 1.3 ± 0.4) were the most abundant in U streams, while Cochliopidae (AD= 50.1 ± 36.2 vs. U= 1.0 ± 0.5, and CR= 5.8 ± 2.8) dominated in intensive AD sites. Leptophlebiidae showed the highest abundance values in CR (CR=13.5 ± 10.8 vs. AD= 5.3 ± 3.6, and U= 0).
4. Discussion
The results demonstrated the potential use of higher taxonomic levels for monitoring lowland streams evaluated in this study. However, it is crucial to expand the number of study sites to include other land uses (e.g., afforestation) and verify the consistency of the findings.
Regarding taxonomic levels, employing macroinvertebrates as bioindicators at the order level offers advantages in terms of speed and ease of implementation in monitoring practices. However, it also highlights the challenge of assigning consistent tolerance categories due to the inclusion of family and genera with different tolerance levels within an order (Hilsenhoff, 1988Hilsenhoff, W.L., 1988. Rapid field assessment of organic pollution with a family level biotic index. J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc. 7(1), 65-68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1467832.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1467832...
; Flowers, 2009Flowers, R.W., 2009. A new species of Thraulodes (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae, Atalophlebiinae) from a highly altered river in western Ecuador. Zootaxa 2052(1), 55-61. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2052.1.4.
http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2052....
). To address this issue, several authors have identified certain orders that exhibit greater consistency in their tolerance classification (i.e., they are always classified as tolerant or sensitive regarding the families; Rodrigues Capítulo et al., 2001Rodrigues Capítulo, A., Tangorra, M. & Ocón, C., 2001. Use of benthic macroinvertebrates to assess the biological status of Pampean streams in Argentina. Aquat. Ecol. 35(2), 109-119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1011456916792.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:101145691679...
; Casset, 2013Casset, M.A., 2013. Aplicación y optimización de índices de estado ecológico en arroyos de la provincia de Buenos Aires [Doctoral dissertation in Biological Sciences]. Buenos Aires: Universidad de Buenos Aires [online]. Retrieved in 2023, February 18, from http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12110/tesis_n5399_Casset
http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12110/tesis...
; Hentges, 2019Hentges, S.M., 2019. Estrutura da comunidade de macroinvertebrados aquáticos e avaliação da qualidade da água em riachos da sub-bacia hidrográfica do rio Piratinim, Médio Rio Uruguai, RS, Brasil [Master’s thesis in Environment and Sustainable Technologies]. Cerro Largo: Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul [online]. Retrieved in 2022, December 20, from https://rd.uffs.edu.br/handle/prefix/3001
https://rd.uffs.edu.br/handle/prefix/300...
; Restello et al., 2020Restello, R.M., Battistoni, D., Sobczak, J.R., Valduga, A.T., Zackrzevski, S.B.B., Zanin, E.M., Decian, V.S. & Hepp, L.U., 2020. Effectiveness of protected areas for the conservation of aquatic invertebrates: a study-case in southern Brazil. Acta Limnol. Bras. 32, e5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s2179-975x9416.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s2179-975x9416...
). As an example, Tricoptera, Ephemeroptera, and Plecoptera, known for their high occurrence in sites with oxygenated and clean water conditions (Domínguez & Fernández, 2009Domínguez, E. & Fernández, H.R., 2009. Macroinvertebrados bentónicos sudamericanos. Sistemática y biología. Tucumán: Fundación Miguel Lillo.).
Hyalellidae exhibited higher abundance in urban streams, indicating a tolerant response to high-impact conditions. These organisms have demonstrated flexibility in food resource acquisition, particularly feeding on sediment organic matter, which is predominant in urban streams due to sewage inflow (Suedel & Rodgers Junior, 1994; Saigo et al., 2010Saigo, M., Marchese Garello, M.R. & Montalto, L., 2010. Hábitos alimentarios de Hyalella curvispina Shoemaker, 1942 (Amphipoda: Gammaridea) en ambientes leníticos de la llanura aluvial del río Paraná Medio. Nat. Neotrop. 40(1-2), 43-59.). Moreover, within the order Amphipoda found in Uruguayan streams, Hyalellidae is the sole family present, making the use of a coarse taxonomic resolution equivalent to a finer level. A similar situation arises with Glossiphoniidae, the only representative family in the region for Rhynchobdellida, known for its tolerance to pollution and high nutrient concentrations (Arias et al., 2020Arias, M., Scalise, A., Solis, M., Paracampo, A., Indaco, M., Fanelli, S., Mugni, H. & Bonetto, C., 2020. Horticulture affects macroinvertebrate assemblages in adjacent streams (Buenos Aires, Argentina). Knowl. Manag. Aquat. Ecosyst. (421), 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/kmae/2019048.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/kmae/2019048...
).
Intensive agriculture (AD) sites had a higher abundance of macroinvertebrates, especially Cochliopidae. These gastropods usually have an adaptive potential for agrochemicals, allowing them to take advantage of the organic matter produced by agricultural activity (Juárez et al., 2018Juárez, I., Crettaz Minaglia, M.C., Gianello, D., Rodriguez, M.S., San Millan, F., Chavez, E., & Juarez, R.A., 2018. Diagnóstico ambiental de la cuenca media-baja del arroyo santa bárbara (Gualeguaychú, Entre Ríos). SIF (Online), 9(1), 46-70. Retrieved in 2022, December 20, from https://revista.uader.edu.ar/index.php/aasif/article/view/116
https://revista.uader.edu.ar/index.php/a...
). Another difference between AD and CR land uses is the higher relative abundance of Ephemeroptera and Trichoptera in CR, particularly Hydropsychidae (Trichoptera) followed by and Leptophlebiidae (Ephemeroptera). Families included in Plecoptera, Trichoptera, and Ephemeroptera may indicate varying thresholds for tolerating pollution. Watercourses with high oxygen levels and good water quality are often home to Leptophlebiidae (Domínguez & Fernández, 2009Domínguez, E. & Fernández, H.R., 2009. Macroinvertebrados bentónicos sudamericanos. Sistemática y biología. Tucumán: Fundación Miguel Lillo.; Springer, 2010Springer, M., 2010. Trichoptera. Rev. Biol. Trop. 58(Suppl. 4), 151-198.). However, in waters with an abundance of nutrients, taxa such the Hydropsychidae, Baetidae, and Caenidae may have a wider tolerance range or stronger resilience (Chang et al., 2014Chang, F.H., Lawrence, J.E., Rios-Touma, B. & Resh, V.H., 2014. Tolerance values of benthic macroinvertebrates for stream biomonitoring: assessment of assumptions under lying scoring systems worldwide. Environ. Monit. Assess. 186(4), 2135-2149. PMid:24214297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-013-3523-6.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-013-352...
; Masese & Raburu, 2017Masese, F.O. & Raburu, P.O., 2017. Improving the performance of the EPT Index to accommodate multiple stressors in Afrotropical streams. Afr. J. Aquat. Sci. 42(3), 219-233. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/16085914.2017.1392282.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/16085914.2017....
; Barrios et al., 2024Barrios, M., Tesitore, G., Burwood, M., Suárez, B., Meerhoff, M., Alonso, J., Ríos Touma, B. & Teixeira de Mello, F., 2024. Environmental and aquatic macroinvertebrate metrics respond to the Eucalyptus afforestation gradient in subtropical lowland streams. Hydrobiologia 851(2), 343-365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-023-05248-w.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-023-052...
). Several authors have suggested that family-level resolution could distinguish between unimpaired, moderately impaired, and severely impaired systems (Hewlett, 2000Hewlett, R., 2000. Implications of taxonomic resolution and sample habitat for stream classification at a broad geographic scale. J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc. 19(2), 352-361. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1468077.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1468077...
; Lenat & Resh, 2001Lenat, D.R. & Resh, V.H., 2001. Taxonomy and stream ecology: the benefits of genus-and species-level identifications. J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc. 20(2), 287-298. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1468323.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1468323...
; Waite et al., 2004Waite, I.R., Herlihy, A.T., Larsen, D.P., Urquhart, N.S. & Klemm, D.J., 2004. The effects of macroinvertebrate taxonomic resolution in large landscape bioassessments: an example from the Mid‐Atlantic Highlands, USA. Freshw. Biol. 49(4), 474-489. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2004.01197.x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.20...
; Buss & Vitorino, 2010Buss, D.F. & Vitorino, A.S., 2010. Rapid bioassessment protocols using benthic macroinvertebrates in Brazil: evaluation of taxonomic sufficiency. J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc. 29(2), 562-571. http://dx.doi.org/10.1899/09-095.1.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1899/09-095.1...
). However, focusing on conservation, life histories, specific indicator groups, or particular types of disturbance, it is necessary to require genus- or species-level identifications (Buss & Vitorino, 2010Buss, D.F. & Vitorino, A.S., 2010. Rapid bioassessment protocols using benthic macroinvertebrates in Brazil: evaluation of taxonomic sufficiency. J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc. 29(2), 562-571. http://dx.doi.org/10.1899/09-095.1.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1899/09-095.1...
).
In this study, the use of a taxonomic resolution at the family level or even coarser (order level) proved to be useful and sufficient in significantly distinguishing between different land uses, consistent with previous studies (Ruellet & Dauvin, 2007Ruellet, T. & Dauvin, J.C., 2007. Benthic indicators: analysis of the threshold values of ecological quality classifications for transitional waters. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 54(11), 1707-1714. PMid:17868743. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2007.07.003.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.20...
; Springer, 2010Springer, M., 2010. Trichoptera. Rev. Biol. Trop. 58(Suppl. 4), 151-198.; Hentges et al., 2021Hentges, S.M., Menzel, T.C., Loebens, C.M., Siveris, S.E., Reynalte-Tataje, D.A. & Strieder, M.N., 2021. Structure of aquatic macroinvertebrate communities in streams of a sub-basin in the Pampa Biome, Southern Brazil. Neotrop. Biol. Conserv. 16(2), 249-271. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neotropical.16.e60579.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neotropical.16...
). It is worth noting that for our study sites, some orders (i.e., Amphipoda, Littorinimorpha, and Rhynchobdellida) typically had only one family present, which increases the efficiency of work at the order level.
Order-level identification would be considered a cost-effective method for biomonitoring, as it reduces the time and effort required for identification compared to the family level. However, as we analyzed in this work, it is crucial to assess whether the information obtained at this level is comparable to that obtained at the family level. As evidenced in this study, where macroinvertebrate communities exhibit a weak family-order relationship, it is anticipated that studies conducted considering these two taxonomic levels will exhibit strong congruence, indicating clear taxonomic sufficiency at the order level. Conversely, in regions characterized by a high diversity of families, it is anticipated that this congruence will decrease (Hawkins et al., 2000Hawkins, C.P., Norris, R.H., Hogue, J.N. & Feminella, J.W., 2000. Development and evaluation of predictive models for measuring the biological integrity of streams. Ecol. Appl. 10(5), 1456-1477. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2000)010[1456:DAEOPM]2.0.CO;2.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2000...
).
Acknowledgements
This work was carried out within the framework of the “Núcleo Interdisciplinario Aguas Urbanas: Proyecto y Gestión” supported by the “Espacio Interdisciplinario de la Universidad de la República”. BS is supported by the SNB-ANII (“Sistema Nacional de Becas de la Agencia Nacional de Investigación e Innovación”) Master's scholarship. FTM and MB are supported by the SNI (“Sistema Nacional de Investigadores”) and FTM is supported by the PEDECIBA “Geosciencias y Biología” (“Programa de Desarrollo de las Ciencias Básicas”). We thank Magda González, Lucía Urtado, Iván González-Bergonzoni, Guillermo Goyenola, Maite Burwood, Natalie Corrales and Natalia Vilaboa for their collaboration in the fields.
-
Cite as: Suárez, B., Barrios, M. and Teixeira de Mello, F. Assessing the taxonomic sufficiency of macroinvertebrate communities and their potential to distinguish the impacts of land use on lowland streams in Uruguay. Acta Limnologica Brasiliensia, 2024, vol. 36, e7.
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Publication Dates
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Publication in this collection
12 Feb 2024 -
Date of issue
2024
History
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Received
23 June 2023 -
Accepted
22 Jan 2024