Distribuição de elementos maiores e traços em sedimentos de fundo da Bacia do Rio Taquari, município de Caldas (Brasil)

A Bacia do Rio Taquari, localizada no Complexo Alcalino de Poços de Caldas, na porção sul de Minas Gerais, está situada em uma antiga caldeira vulcânica. Devido às suas características químicas e radiológicas, é uma área de interesse econômico e mineral, além de abrigar diversos sistemas de flora e fauna. Nos seus arredores existem áreas agrícolas, indústrias (ativas e inativas) e centros urbanos e rurais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar as concentrações totais e potencialmente biodisponíveis de elementos principais e traços para a avaliação de potenciais de contaminação geogênica e antropogênica em corpos d'água. Os resultados mostram que há uma contribuição antrópica (fertilizantes e rejeitos de mineração) em alguns setores da bacia do rio Taquari, gerando possíveis preocupações quanto à quantidade de elementos que podem ser transferidos para os corpos hídricos. Além disso, há contribuição geogênica de áreas naturalmente enriquecidas, apresentando situações distintas que geram um aumento na concentração de elementos químicos nos corpos d'água.

Palavras-chave:
fertilizantes; qualidade dos sedimentos; rejeitos de mina de urânio.

Autoria

Pedro Henrique Dutra ^**Corresponding author: Pedro Henrique Dutra, e-mail: pedrohenrique.dutra@gmail.com

Departamento de Serviço do Meio Ambiente, Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear (CDTN), Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, n° 6.627, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. E-mail: pedrohenrique.dutra@gmail.com, feliciaovanusa@gmail.com, calbertocf@gmail.comCentro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia NuclearBrazilBelo Horizonte, MG, BrazilDepartamento de Serviço do Meio Ambiente, Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear (CDTN), Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, n° 6.627, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. E-mail: pedrohenrique.dutra@gmail.com, feliciaovanusa@gmail.com, calbertocf@gmail.com

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3988-8006

Vanusa Maria Delage Feliciano

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9885-9363

Carlos Alberto De Carvalho Filho

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4632-230X

^*Corresponding author: Pedro Henrique Dutra, e-mail: pedrohenrique.dutra@gmail.com

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figuras | Tabelas | Fórmulas

Figuras (3)
Tabelas (3)
Fórmulas (1)

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Figure 1.
A) Location map of the study area. Source: Modified from Carvalho Filho et al. (2016)CARVALHO FILHO, C. A. de; MOREIRA R. M.; GUIMARÃES B. F.; FERREIRA V. V. M.; AULER L. M. L. A.; PALMIERI H. E. L.; OLIVEIRA A. F. G.; DUTRA P. H. Hydrochemical assessment of surface water in watersheds near the Uranium Mining and Milling Facilities of Caldas. Brazil. Environmental Earth Sciences, v. 75, n. 3, Article 187, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-015-5070-7
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-015-5070-... ; B) the sampling stations and soil use and occupation map.

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Figure 2.
Distribution of EF values in A) sediments and in B) sources of contamination.

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Figure 3.
Distribution of the most enriched elements in each of the sediment samples and an indication of the likely source (s) for enrichment.

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Table 1.
Fluvial sediment concentrations (SD) and reference standard local rock (LR).

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Table 2.
Potential sources of contamination concentrations.

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Table 3.
Enrichment Factor for elements with at least 1 sediment sample with EF> 3. No colour (EF≤3), green (3<EF≤5), blue (5<EF≤10), orange (10<EF≤25), red (EF>50).

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(1)

Figure 1. A) Location map of the study area. Source: Modified from **Carvalho Filho et al. (2016)**CARVALHO FILHO, C. A. de; MOREIRA R. M.; GUIMARÃES B. F.; FERREIRA V. V. M.; AULER L. M. L. A.; PALMIERI H. E. L.; OLIVEIRA A. F. G.; DUTRA P. H. Hydrochemical assessment of surface water in watersheds near the Uranium Mining and Milling Facilities of Caldas. Brazil. Environmental Earth Sciences, v. 75, n. 3, Article 187, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-015-5070-7
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-015-5070-... ; B) the sampling stations and soil use and occupation map.

Source: research data.

Figure 2. Distribution of EF values in A) sediments and in B) sources of contamination.

Source: research data.

Figure 3. Distribution of the most enriched elements in each of the sediment samples and an indication of the likely source (s) for enrichment.

Source: research data.

Table 1. Fluvial sediment concentrations (SD) and reference standard local rock (LR).

ELEMENTS (%)
Samples	Al	Ca	Fe	K	Mg	Mn	Na	P	Si	Ti
SD01	20.01±0.10	0.06±3x10^-4	3.85±0.01	3.03±0.01	0.07±3x10^-4	0.04±2x10^-5	0.01±5x10^-6	0.31±1x10^-4	22.81±0.11	1.08±0.005
SD02	19.85±0.09	0.04±2x10^-4	4.20±0.02	5.56±0.02	0.08±4x10^-4	0.27±1x10^-4	0.04±2x10^-5	0.18±9x10^-5	21.50±0.10	0.78±0.003
SD03	18.68±0.09	0.03±2x10^-4	4.34±0.02	6.72±0.03	0.07±3x10^-4	0.39±2x10^-4	0.03±1x10^-5	0.11±5x10^-5	21.46±0.10	0.60±0.003
SD04	18.56±0.09	0.24±1x10^-4	1.92±0.01	3.72±0.01	0.08±4x10^-4	0.06±3x10^-5	0.50±2x10^-4	0.06±3x10^-5	20.04±0.10	0.60±0.003
SD05	21.59±0.10	0.20±1x10^-4	7.55±0.03	1.49±0.01	0.21±1x10^-4	0.19±9x10^-5	0.02±2x10^-5	0.18±9x10^-5	19.02±0.09	2.04±0.10
SD06	21.70±0.10	0.12±6x10^-5	4.76±0.02	4.32±0.02	0.10±5x10^-5	0.08±4x10^-5	0.05±2x10^-5	0.19±9x10^-5	20.05±0.10	1.20±0.006
SD07	18.03±0.09	0.25±1x10^-4	4.85±0.02	2.22±0.01	0.17±1x10^-4	0.15±7x10^-5	1.33±6x10^-4	0.06±3x10^-5	16.54±0.08	1.00±0.005
SD08	17.65±0.08	0.34±1x10^-4	4.57±0.02	3.42±0.01	0.63±3x10^-4	0.15±7x10^-5	0.16±1x10^-4	0.07±3x10^-5	17.85±0.08	1.09±0.005
SD09	19.16±0.09	0.19±2x10^-4	4.83±0.02	5.81±0.02	0.10±5x10^-5	0.46±2x10^-4	0.11±5x10^-5	0.11±5x10^-5	21.27±0.10	1.08±0.005
SD10	23.39±0.11	0.07±3x10^-5	4.90±0.02	3.82±0.01	0.11±5x10^-5	0.26±1x10^-4	0.03±1x10^-5	0.09±4x10^-5	18.74±0.09	1.14±0.005
SD11	19.58±0.09	0.24±1x10^-4	4.34±0.02	5.73±0.02	0.11±5x10^-5	0.66±3x10^-4	0.10±5x10^-5	0.12±6x10^-5	20.89±0.10	1.14±0.005
SD12	21.12±0.10	0.08±4x10^-5	5.81±0.02	4.81±0.02	0.11±5x10^-5	0.40±2x10^-4	0.04±2x10^-5	0.12±6x10^-5	19.73±0.09	0.78±0.003
SD13	17.65±0.08	0.34±1x10^-4	4.56±0.02	3.41±0.01	0.14±5x10^-5	0.15±7x10^-5	0.23±1x10^-4	0.07±3x10^-5	17.85±0.08	1.09±0.005
SD14	17.56±0.08	0.34±1x10^-4	4.52±0.02	3.39±0.01	0.27±1x10^-4	0.15±7x10^-5	0.24±1x10^-4	0.03±2x10^-5	17.73±0.08	1.08±0.005
LR	17.36±0.08	0.46±2x10^-4	3.42±0.01	4.21±0.02	0.09±4x10^-5	0.10±5x10^-5	2.22±1x10-3	0.03±1x10^-5	18.24±0.09	0.44±0.002
ELEMENTS (mg.kg-1)
Samples	Ba	Cu	Ni	Pb	Rb	Sr	Th	U	Zn	Zr
SD01	<1	<1	<1	176.4±0.88	128.0±0.64	803.3±4.01	66.18±0.33	10±0.05	273.2±1.36	1111±5.55
SD02	447.8±2.24	15.98±0.08	<1	557.0±2,78	210.3±1.05	1015±5.07	118.7±0.59	68±0.34	128.5±0.64	1851±9.25
SD03	223.9±1.12	<1	<1	185.7±0.92	274.3±1.37	651.1±3.25	106.6±0.53	210±1.05	514.2±2.67	2147±10.73
SD04	1692±84.6.	19.15±0.09	<1	30.2±0.15	126.3±0.63	595.2±2.97	100±0.50	47±0.28	118.5±0.59	1339±6.69
SD05	<1	31.95±0.15	133.6±0.66	185.7±0.92	91.4±0.45	761.0±3.80	101.8±0.51	10±0.05	401.7±2.05	2517±12.58
SD06	474.7±2.37	31.95±0.15	39.29±0.19	83.6±0.41	210.3±1.21	532.7±2.66	50.54±0.25	8±0.04	321.4±1.60	962±4.81
SD07	2856±14.28	21.53±0.11	<1	57.3±0.28	99.7±0.49	438.1±2.19	106±0.53	16±0.08	176.1±0.88	1886±9.43
SD08	3094±15.47	21.07±0.10	<1	49.9±0.25	137.9±0.68	603.5±3.01	107±0.53	33±0.16	220.0±1.10	2788±13.94
SD09	209.7±1.05	23.97±0.12	<1	120.7±0.60	181.8±0.90	813.8±4.06	55.72±0.27	10±0.05	273.2±1.36	1890±9.45
SD10	447.4±2.24	<1	<1	185.7±0.93	181.8±0.90	292.6±1.46	64.69±0.32	36±0.18	192.8±0.96	4095±20.47
SD11	251.7±1.21	47.93±0.24	47.15±0.23	148.5±0.74	189.4±0.94	786.4±3.93	76.41±0.38	27±0.14	249.1±1.24	2913±14.56
SD12	321.6±1.61	15.98±0.08	<1	371.3±1.85	212.1±1.06	640.1±3.20	57.4±0.28	22±0.11	257.1±1.28	2205±11.02
SD13	2414±12.07	21.05±0.10	<1	49.9±0.25	114.1±0.57	652.2±3.26	95±0.47	24±0.12	219.8±1.09	2962±14.81
SD14	3066±15.33	20.83±0.10	<1	49.4±0.25	136.3±0.68	596.7±3.98	84±0.42	31±0.15	217.5±1.08	2755±13.77
LR	243.6±1.21	5.49±0.02	5.66±0.03	91.3±0.45	138.8±0.69	783.8±3.41	52.26±0.26	18.59±0.09	139.8±0.69	1571±7.85

SD=Sediment.
Source: research data. LR - Local Rock. Geochemistry data reported by (Valeton et al.,1997VALETON, I.; SCHUMANN, A.; VINX, R.; WIENEKE, M. Supergene Alteration Since the Upper Cretaceous on Alkaline Igneous and Metasomatic Rocks of the Poços de Caldas Ring Complex, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Applied Geochemistry, v. 12, p.133-154, 1997. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-2927(96)00060-1
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-2927(96)00... ).

Table 2. Potential sources of contamination concentrations.

		ELEMENTS (%)
	Samples	Al	Ca	Fe	Mg	Mn	Na	K	P	Si	Ti
BF4	RM-03	15.56±0.07	0.03±1x10^-4	4.55±0.02	0.07±3x10^-4	0.19±9x10^-4	0.07±3x10^-4	10.04±0.05	0.11±5x10^-4	23.00±0.11	0.44
	RM-04	14.71±0.07	0.09±4x10^-4	3.92±0.02	0.06±3x10^-4	0.15±7x10^-4	0.10±5x10^-4	10.63±0.05	0.11±5x10^-4	23.75±0.12	0.44
	RM-01	16.37±0.08	0.29±1x10^-3	5.15±0.02	0.11±5x10^-4	0.08±4x10^-4	0.22±1x10^-3	3.56±0.01	0.07±3x10^-4	17.78±0.08	0.49
	BF4-Mean	15.55±0.07	0.14±7x10^-4	4.54±0.07	0.08±4x10^-4	0.14±7x10^-4	0.13±6x10^-4	8.08±0.04	0.10±5x10^-4	21.51±0.11	0.46
BR	RM-05	13.97±0.07	0.04±2x10^-4	1.47±7x10^-3	0.04±2x10^-4	0.01±5x10^-5	0.06±3x10^-4	12.45±0.06	0.08±4x10^-4	25.15±0.12	0.50
	RM-06	14.55±0.07	0.02±1x10^-4	2.59±0.01	0.04±2x10^-4	0.01±5x10^-5	0.06±3x10^-4	11.54±0.05	0.07±3x10^-4	23.98±0.12	0.66
	RM-02	13.64±0.06	1.66±8x10^-3	5.22±0.02	0.27±1x10^-3	5.35±0.02	0.21±1x10^-3	2.19±0.01	0.10±5x10^-4	10.52±0.05	2.71
	BR-Mean	14.06±0.07	0.57±3x10^-4	3.09±0.01	0.12±6x10^-4	1.79±0.01	0.11±5x10^-4	8.73±0.04	0.09±4x10^-4	19.88±0.10	1.29
FT	FT-01	0.21±1x10^-4	31.73±0.15	2.03±0.01	0.23±1x10^-3	0.13±6x10^-4	0.13±6x10^-4	0.70±3x10^-3	7.64±0.03	0.65±3x10^-4	0.30±1x10^-4
	FT-02	<0.1	0.31±1x10^-3	0.02±1x10^-5	0.00±1x10^-5	0.00±2x10^-5	0.02±1x10^-4	0.13±6x10^-4	0.88±4x10^-3	0.35±1x10^-4	<0.01
	FT-03	<0.1	9.91±0.49	1.56±7x10^-3	0.00±1x10^-5	0.07±3x10^-5	4.01±0.02	24.65±0.12	2.40±0.01	0.41±2x10^-4	<0.01
	FT-04	0.26±1x10^-4	24.01±0.12	1.54±7x10^-3	0.38±1x10^-3	0.09±4x10^-5	0.38±1x10^-3	7.80±0.03	6.20±0.03	0.79±4x10^-4	0.22±1x10^-4
	FT-05	1.33±0,06	51.82±0.25	0.63±3x10^-3	9.17±0.04	0.15±7x10^-4	0.02±1x10^-4	0.37±1x10^-3	0.10±5x10^-4	3.01±0.01	0.07±3x10^-5
	FT-06	<0.1	25.03±0.12	0.23±1x10^-3	1.50±7x10^-3	0.00±2x10^-5	4.89±0.02	24.18±0.12	0.03±1x10^-4	0.56±3x10^-4	<0.01
	FT-07	3.97±0,02	18.15±0.09	5.95±0.02	6.87±0.03	0.77±3x10^-3	1.19±5x10^-3	1.58±7x10^-3	6.15±0.03	10.24±0.05	0.35±1x10^-4
	FT-Mean	1.44±7x10^-3	23.00±0.12	1.71±8x10^-3	2.59±0.01	0.18±9x10^-4	1.52±6x10^-3	8.49±0.04	3.34±0.01	2.29±0.01	0.24±1x10^-4
CT	CT	7.41±0.03	0.09±4x10^-4	27.98±0.13	0.03±1x10^-4	3.18±0.01	0.02±1x10^-4	1.99±0,01	0.65±3x10^-4	6.26±0.03	0.31±6x10^-4
		ELEMENTS (mg kg-1)
	Samples	Ba	Cu	Ni	Pb	Rb	Sr	Th	U	Zn	Zr
BF4	RM-03	895.7±4.42	<1	<1	380.6±1.90	365.8±1.32	710.3±3.55	99.8±0.49	121±0.65	136.6±0.68	2073±10.36
	RM-04	1075±5.32	<1	<1	157.8±7.89	384.1±1.92	676.5±3.38	103.4±0.51	169±0.84	120.5±0.60	2443±12.21
	RM-01	1373±6.31	18.38±0,09	<1	74.5±0.37	129.6±0.64	380.2±1.90	430.0±2.10	480±2.40	928.7±4.64	1988±9.94
	BF4-Mean	1115±5.57	<1	-	204.3±1.02	293.1±1.46	589.0±2.94	211.1±1.05	256.7±1.28	395.3±1.97	2168±10.84
BR	RM-05	985.2±4.92	<1	<1	176.4±0.88	457.2±2.26	456.6±2.28	39.4±0.19	81±0.40	24.1±0.12	2591±12.95
	RM-06	1344±6.72	<1	<1	232.1±1.16	457.2±2.26	431.3±2.15	56.7±0.28	95±0.47	32.1±0.16	3924±14.62
	RM-02	3633±13.16	22.10±0.11	<1	16.1±0.08	94.1±0.47	4807.9±24.03	277.0±1.38	100±0.50	1052±5.26	971.1±4.85
	BR-Mean	1987±9.93	22.10±0.11	-	141.5±0.71	336.2±1.68	1898.6±9.49	124.3±0.62	92±0.46	369.4±1.84	2495±12.47
FT	FT-01	4210±21.05	143.8±0.71	102.2±0.51	<1	<1	11838±59.19	65.8±0.32	72±0.36	257.1±1.28	37.0±0.16
	FT-02	<1	79.89±0.39	<1	<1	<1	42.3±0.21	0.3±1x10^-3	1±5x10^-3	40.2±0.20	<1
	FT-03	<1	159.8±0.79	<1	<1	<1	2537±12.68	53.6±0.26	12±0.06	200.9±1.01	<1
	FT-04	42010±210.05	95.86±0.47	70.72±0.35	120.7±0.60	<1	5835±29.16	48.8±0.24	48±0.24	160.7±0.80	266.5±1.33
	FT-05	<1	<1	78.58±0.39	<1	<1	2368±11.84	0.3±1x10^-3	2±0.01	112.5±0.56	<1
	FT-06	<1	207.7±1.03	<1	<1	<1	338.2±1.69	33.0±0.16	16±0.08	40.2±0.02	<1
	FT-07	26870±134.35	591.2±2.95	722.9±3.61	102.1±0.60	45.7±0.22	5666±28.33	1.3±0.06	1±5x10^-3	5865±29.32	177.7±0.88
	FT-Mean	11763±56.81	213.0±1.06	243.6±1.21	111.4±0.55	45.7±0.22	4089±20.44	29.0±0.14	21.64±0.11	953.8±4.76	160.4±0.80
CT	CT	1701.7±6.00	<1	<1	529.1±2.14	<1	2114.0±10.57	611.1±30.55	1200	498.1±2.49	139921±699.60

FT=fertilizers; BF4-mean= mean of samples RM-03, RM-04 and RM-01; BR-mean= mean of samples RM-05, RM-06 and RM-02; CT=Caldasite.
Source: research data.

Table 3. Enrichment Factor for elements with at least 1 sediment sample with EF> 3. No colour (EF≤3), green (3<EF≤5), blue (5<EF≤10), orange (10<EF≤25), red (EF>50).

	Ba	Cu	Mg	Mn	Ni	P	Pb	Th	U	Total	WR	WE
SD01	-	-	0.68	0.35	-	10.72	1.72	1.13	0.48	1	10.72	P
SD02	1.50	2.55	0.73	2.11	-	5.89	4.97	1.85	2.98	2	5.89	P
SD03	0.73	-	0.65	2.97	-	3.40	1.60	1.61	8.91	1	3.40	U
SD04	12.40	3.26	1.60	1.02	-	4.38	0.59	3.42	4.51	4	12.40	Ba
SD05	-	4.68	1.10	0.80	-	3.27	0.92	0.88	0.24	2	4.68	Cu
SD06	1.40	4.66	0.85	0.52	5.56	5.45	0.66	0.70	0.31	3	5.56	Ni
SD07	8.26	3.78	1.36	1.04	-	1.76	0.44	1.43	0.61	2	8.26	Ba
SD08	9.52	3.77	5.44	1.07	-	2.01	0.41	1.53	1.33	3	9.52	Ba
SD09	0.61	-	0.83	3.09	-	3.05	0.94	0.76	0.38	2	3.09	Mn
SD10	1.28	-	0.87	1.70	-	2.41	1.42	0.87	1.35	0	2.41	P
SD11	0.82	-	0.98	4.96	-	3.80	1.28	1.15	1.15	2	4.96	Mn
SD12	0.78	2.39	0.77	2.27	-	2.84	2.40	0.65	0.70	0	2.84	P
SD13	7.43	3.77	1.24	1.07	-	2.01	0.41	1.36	0.97	2	7.43	Ba
SD14	9.53	3.75	2.30	1.07	-	2.01	0.41	1.22	1.26	2	9.53	Ba
EF>3 (SD)	5	7	1	2	1	8	1	1	2
BF4-Mean	3.45	2.52	0.69	1.01	-	2.97	1.69	3.04	10.41	2	3.45	U
BR-Mean	9.03	4.46	1.52	18.91	-	3.93	1.72	2.64	5.48	4	18.91	Mn
FT-Mean	96.62	77.67	59.41	3.44	86.18	263.60	2.44	1.11	2.33	6	263.60	P
CT	0.85	-	0.04	3.71	-	3.14	0.71	1.43	7.89	2	3.71	U
EF>3 (souces)	3	2	1	3	1	3	0	1	3

HE= Highest Enrichment; EE=Most Enriched Element; SD=sediment; CT=caldasite; FT=fertilizers; BR and BF4= wastes.
Source: research data.

(1)

E F = \frac{[\frac{C_{M} s a m p l e}{C_{N E} s a m p l e}]}{[\frac{C_{M} r e f e r e n c e}{C_{N E} r e f e r e n c e}]}

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Instituto de Pesquisas Ambientais em Bacias Hidrográficas Instituto de Pesquisas Ambientais em Bacias Hidrográficas (IPABHi), Estrada Mun. Dr. José Luis Cembranelli, 5000, Taubaté, SP, Brasil, CEP 12081-010 - Taubaté - SP - Brazil
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Distribuição de elementos maiores e traços em sedimentos de fundo da Bacia do Rio Taquari, município de Caldas (Brasil)

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[1] ^*Corresponding author: Pedro Henrique Dutra, e-mail: pedrohenrique.dutra@gmail.com