Land use indicators and Water quality parameters |
China. Zhaoet al. (2015). |
LUP: level of urbanization, environmental management, expansion of the industrial zone, land-use composition. WQP: Biochemical oxygen demand, nitrate, and phosphorus. |
Correlates urban expansion to water quality. |
Peru. Carpio and Fath (2011)CARPIO, O. V.; FATH, B. D. Assessing the Environmental Impacts of Urban Growth Using Land Use/Land Cover, Water Quality and Health Indicators: A Case Study of Arequipa, Peru. American Journal of Environmental Sciences, v. 7, n. 2, p. 90-101, 2011. https://doi.org/10.3844/ajessp.2011.90.101 https://doi.org/10.3844/ajessp.2011.90.1...
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LUP: pasture, agriculture, volcanic material, water, empty land. WQP: fecal coliforms. Absolute numbers of cases of gastrointestinal diseases. |
Studies the direct relationship of urban expansion with changes in river flow, water quality, and waterborne diseases. |
Puerto Rico. Uriarteet al. (2011). |
LUP: agriculture, forest, pasture, water, urban area, swamp. WQP: turbidity, dissolved oxygen, total phosphorus, nitrogen, fecal coliforms, and streptococci. |
Links urban expansion and pasture to water quality. |
India. Singhet al. (2016). |
LUP: agriculture, built area, and vegetation. Applying the Water Quality Index (WQI). |
States that urbanization is the cause of water pollution. |
United States. Carstens and Amer (2019). |
LUP: agriculture, forest, pasture, water, urban area. WQP: dissolved oxygen, total phosphorus, nitrogen, and fecal coliform. |
The results state that urbanization has a negative impact on water quality. |
Environmental indicators of PPA |
Brazil. Freitaset al. (2013). |
Parameters: land use, proximity to vegetation and urban areas, proximity to the road network, risk of erosion, capacity to sustain the native forest, order of drainage channels, and PPA category. |
The study found that 44% of local PPAs were in compliance. |
Urban Environmental Quality Index |
Brazil. Ribeiro and Mendes (2015). |
LUP: vegetation coverage, basic infrastructure, and demographic data. |
Methodological contributions applying remote sensing and multivariate analysis. |
Sustainability Indicators |
Brazil. Dellamoraet al. (2013). |
LUP: land use, green areas, water resources, and PPA land. |
Methodological contributions applying remote sensing and Geographic Information System. |
Environmental Vulnerability Index |
Brazil. Barroset al. (2015). |
LUP: declivity, land and area of riparian forest PPA, i.e., the 30 m required by law. |
Relates PPA with social vulnerability, infrastructure, and urban flood risk. |