Parkinson's disease (PD) accounts for 58% of patients with Parkinsonism. The second most common cause is drug-induced Parkinsonism, diagnosed in 20% of patients. Levodopa remains as the mainstay of PD treatment. Although there is controversy regarding the timing for beginning levodopa, it should be used when the patient develops significant disability. Other drugs that may be used are anticholinergic agents, useful for tremor; amantadine, for rigidity and bradykinesia; dopamine agonists, for the management of levedopa complications; and selegeline which may be a neuroprotector agent. Problems in the management of PD include primary failure, secondary failure and levodopa complications. Antidopaminergic drugs, severe rest tremor and diagnosis error may lead to primary failure. Progression of PD is the most common explanation for secondary failure.The most important levodopa therapy complications are dyskinesias and fluctuations. Other common problems are dysautonomia, depression, psychosis and dementia. The author discusses the phenomenology and management of these complications. Future perspectives include brain repair sugeries.
parkinsonism; Parkinson's disease; levodopa; dyskinesia; fluctuation