Swiss Webster mice |
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- 6-Hz-induced seizure model of refractory epilepsy
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- Kcna1 -/- mouse model for TLE and SUDEP
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- 3-4-week-old male and female mice
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KD for 14 days |
|
-
- 16S rDNA profiling
-
- Metabolomics
-
- Bacterial FISH
|
-
-↑ Relative abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila and Parabacteroides
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- ↑ GABA/glutamate in the hippocampus
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- ↓ γ-glutamylated amino acids in both colonic lumenal content and sera
|
Olson et al.6161. Olson CA, Vuong HE, Yano JM, Liang QY, Nusbaum DJ, Hsiao EY. The gut microbiota mediates the anti-seizure effects of the ketogenic diet. Cell. 2018 Jun;173(7):1728-1741.e13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2018.04.027 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
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Human |
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- 12 Swedish children with drug-resistant epilepsy, 3 to 15 years old
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- 11 healthy Swedish controls (patients’ parents)
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- Classic KD for three months |
|
Shotgun metagenomic |
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- ↓ Bifidobacterial, Actinobacteria, E. rectale and Dialister
-
- ↑ Relative abundance of E. coli
|
Lindefeldt et al.6262. Lindefeldt M, Eng A, Darban H, Bjerkner A, Zetterström CK, Allander T, et al. The ketogenic diet influences taxonomic and functional composition of the gut microbiota in children with severe epilepsy. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes. 2019 Jan;5(1):1-13. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41522-018-0073-2 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1038/...
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Human |
|
- Classic KD for six months |
|
- V3 and V4 amplification of the 16S rRNA gene |
-
- Overall, KD reduced gut biodiversity
-
- ↓ Abundance of Firmicutes and Actinobacteria and ↑ Bacteroides
-
- Clostridiales, Ruminococcaceae, Rikenellaceae, Lachnospiraceae, and Alistipes were enriched in the refractory group
|
Zhang et al.6363. Zhang Y, Zhou S, Zhou Y, Yu L, Zhang L, Wang Y. Altered gut microbiome composition in children with refractory epilepsy after ketogenic diet. Epilepsy Res. 2018 Sep;145:163-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2018.06.015 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
|
Human |
- 14 Chinese children with refractory epilepsy-30 age-matched healthy infants |
- Classic KD for one week |
- Fecal samples |
16S rRNA sequencing |
-
- 64% of epileptic infants improved (50% decrease in seizure frequency)
-
- ↑ Bacteroides, Prevotella, and Bifidobacterium after treatment.
-
- ↓ Proteobacteria after KD
|
Xie et al.6464. Xie G, Qian Z, Qiu C-Z, Dai W-K, Wang H-P, Li Y-H, et al. Ketogenic diet poses a significant effect on imbalanced gut microbiota in infants with refractory epilepsy. World J Gastroenterol. 2017 Sep;23(33):6164-71. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v23.i33.6164 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3748/...
|
Human |
|
NA |
-Fecal samples |
- 16S rRNA gene (V3-V4) sequencing |
-
- ↓ Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria and ↑ Actinobacteria in epileptic group
-
- ↓ Microbial richness in epileptic patients.
-
- Biomarkers for refractory epilepsy were: Enterococcus faecium, Bifidobacterium longum, and Eggerthella lenta
|
Lee et al.6666. Lee K, Kim N, Shim JO, Kim G-H. Gut bacterial dysbiosis in children with intractable epilepsy. J Clin Med. 2021 Jan;10(1):5. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10010005 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/...
|
Human |
-
- 30 Turkey patients with idiopathic focal epilepsy (16 men, 14 women, mean age of 41.3 years)
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- 10 healthy controls (mean age 31.7)
|
NA |
- Fresh stool samples |
- 16s rDNA (V3-V4) sequencing |
-
-↑Proteobacteria in patients
-
- ↑Campylobacter, Delftia, Haemophilus, Lautropia, Neisseria in IFE group
|
Şafak et al.6767. Şafak B, Altunan B, Topçu B, Eren Topkaya A. The gut microbiome in epilepsy. Microb Pathog. 2020 Feb;139:103853. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103853 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
|
Human |
|
NA |
- Fecal samples |
- V3-V4 amplification of the 16S rRNA gene |
|
Peng et al.6868. Peng A, Qiu X, Lai W, Li W, Zhang L, Zhu X, et al. Altered composition of the gut microbiome in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 2018 Nov;147:102-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2018.09.013 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
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Human |
-
- Chinese participants.
-
- Exploration cohort: 55 patients and 46 controls
-
- Validation cohort 13 patients and ten controls
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- Ages ranged from 15 to 60 years
-
- Create a model to distinguish DRE from DSE
|
NA |
- Fecal samples |
- 16S rRNA (V3-V4) sequencing |
-
- ↓ Alfa diversity in patients
-
- At the phylum level, patients had: ↑ Actinobacteria and Verrucomicrobia, and ↓ Proteobacteria
-
- At the genus level, patients demonstrated:
-
↑ Prevotella_9, Blautia, and Bifidobacterium
-
- The phylum Cyanobacteria and genus Parabacteroides were depleted in the DRE group
-
- Fecal microbiota could serve as a potential biomarker for disease diagnosis
|
Gong et al.6969. Gong X, Liu X, Chen C, Lin J, Li A, Guo K, et al. Alteration of gut microbiota in patients with epilepsy and the potential index as a biomarker. Front Microbiol. 2020 Sep;11:517797. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.517797 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3389/...
|
Human |
-
- Pilot study
-
- 45 patients with DRE
-
- Mean age 44 years
|
A mixture of 8 bacterial species (probiotics) daily for four months |
Levels of cD-14, interleukin 6, and γ-aminobutyric acid were analyzed |
NA |
28.9% of all patients displayed a greater than 50% reduction in the number of seizures |
Gómez-Eguílaz et al.7070. Gómez-Eguílaz M, Ramón-Trapero JL, Pérez-Martínez L, Blanco JR. The beneficial effect of probiotics as a supplementary treatment in drug-resistant epilepsy: A pilot study. Benef Microbes. 2018 Dec;9(6):875-81. https://doi.org/10.3920/BM2018.0018 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3920/...
|
Human |
|
- Antibiotics exposure |
NA |
NA |
- Patients without seizures (short-term) during antibiotic treatment |
Braakman and van Ingen7171. Braakman HMH, van Ingen J. Can epilepsy be treated by antibiotics? J Neurol. 2018 Aug;265(8):1934-6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-018-8943-3 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/...
|