Melo et al., 20192424. Melo RPR, Pinheiro JS, Medeiros DD, Melo MLRP, Casa VIANA, Gouveia SSV. Epidemiological profile of traumatic brain injury in a reference hospital of Parnaíba - PI. Braz J Surg Cli. Res. 2019 Dec-Feb;25(3):22-7 [accessed on 27 Apr 2020]. Available at: Available at: https://www.mastereditora.com.br/periodico/20190206_203031.pdf https://www.mastereditora.com.br/periodi...
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Computerized tomography, n=83 (70.9%) reported no encephalic lesions.
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From the remaining patients: (i), n=18 (15.4%) presented frontal lobe lesions; (ii), n=12 (10.3%) presented parietal lobe lesions; (iii), n=7 (6%) presented temporal lobe lesions; (iv), n=4 (3.4%) presented occipital lobe lesions.
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19.7% (n=23) of patients displayed intoxication signs, according to their records. The remaining records did not include any information on patients’ alcoholic statuses. |
Marinho et al., 20173131. Marinho C da SR, Leite RB, Morais Filho LA, Martins QCS, Valença CN, Bay Júnior O de G, et al. Epidemiological profile of traumatic brain injury victims of a general hospital in a Brazilian capital. Biosci J. 2017;33(3)779-87 [accessed on 27 Apr 2020] Available at: Available at: https://docs.bvsalud.org/biblioref/2018/12/966238/epidemiological-profile-of-traumatic-brain-injury-victims-of-a-_qkqLXWG.pdf https://docs.bvsalud.org/biblioref/2018/...
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De Almeida et al., 20161111. De Almeida CER, De Sousa Filho JL, Dourado JC, Gontijo PAM, Dellaretti MA, Costa BS. Traumatic brain injury epidemiology in Brazil. World Neurosurg. 2016 Mar;87:540-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2015.10.020 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
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Mean hospital stay length for: (i) 2008: 5.4 days; (ii) 2009: 5.3 days; (iii) 2010: 5.5 days; (iv) 2011: 5.6 days; (v) 2012: 5.8 days. Overall mean length of hospital stays: 5.5 days. |
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Vieira et al., 20161515. Vieira RCA, Paiva WS, De Oliveira DV, Teixeira MJ, De Andrade AF, De Sousa RMC. Diffuse axonal injury: Epidemiology, outcome and associated risk factors. Front Neurol. 2016 Oct;7:178. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2016.00178 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3389/...
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Early diffuse axonal injury and intracranial hypertension signs in computerized tomography are associated with greater mortality |
Hypotension, hypertension, hypothermia, hyperthermia, hypoglycemia, hyperglicemia, bradycardia, tachycardia, and hypoxia. |
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n=33 (42.3%) patients reported alcohol intake prior the trauma event. |
Tavares et al., 20143232. Tavares CB, Sousa EB, Campbell Borges IB, Almeida Gomes Braga F das CS. Pacientes com traumatismo cranioencefálico tratados cirurgicamente no serviço de neurocirurgia do Hospital de Base do Distrito Federal (Brasília-Brasil). Arq Bras Neurocir. 2014 Sep;33(03):225-32. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1626218 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1055/...
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Chronic subdural hematoma, n=63 (32.5%)
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Acute extradural hematoma, n=49 (25.3%)
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Acute subdural hematoma, n=30(15.5%)
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Cerebral edema, n=2 (1.0%)
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Firearm projectile, n=7 (3.6%)
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Depressed skull fracture, n=38 (19.6%)
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Intraparenchymal hematoma, n=5 (2.6%)
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De Souza et al., 20131919. de Souza RB, Todeschini AB, Veiga JCE, Saade N, de Aguiar GB. Traumatic brain injury by a firearm projectile: a 16 years experience of the neurosurgery service of Santa Casa de São Paulo. Rev Col Bras Cir. 2013 Jul-Aug;40(4):300-4. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0100-69912013000400008 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/...
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Study conducted on TBI caused by projectile firearms
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Frontal lobe lesion, n=49 (27%)
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Temporal lobe lesion, n=45 (25%)
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Parietal lobe lesion, n=25 (14%)
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Occipital lobe lesion, n=31 (17%)
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Facial lesion, n=20 (11%)
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Multiple lesions, n=11 (6%)
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Tangential TBI, n=29 (16%)
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Penetrating TBI, n=152 (84%)
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Santos et al., 20132525. Santos F dos, Casagranda LP, Lange C, Farias JC de, Pereira PM, Jardim VM da R, et al. Traumatic brain injury: causes and profile of victims attended to at an emergency health clinic in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Reme Rev Min Enferm. 2013 Oct-Dec;17(4):882-7. https://doi.org/10.5935/1415-2762.20130064 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5935/...
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Fernandes et al., 20133333. Fernandes RNR, Silva M. Epidemiology of traumatic brain injury in Brazil. Arq Bras Neurocir. 2013;32(3):136-42 [accessed on 27 Apr 2020]. Available at: Available at: https://www.thieme-connect.com/products/ejournals/pdf/10.1055/s-0038-1626005.pdf https://www.thieme-connect.com/products/...
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Study did not specify whether lesions were chronic or acute.
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Fractures, n=11,125 (2.5%)
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Extradural hematoma, n=20,923 (4.8%)
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Subdural hematoma, n=27,447 (6.3%)
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Focal lesions, n=31,644 (7.2%)
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Diffuse lesions, n=159,241 (36.3%)
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Subarachnoid hemorrhage, n=1,856 (0.4%)
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Non-specified lesions, n=186,742 (42.5%)
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Carvalho Viégas et al., 20133434. Carvalho Viégas ML, Rodrigues Pereira EL, Targino AA, Furtado VG, Rodrigues DB. Traumatismo cranioencefálico em um hospital de referência no estado do Pará, Brasil: prevalência das vítimas quanto a gênero, faixa etária, mecanismos de trauma, e óbito. Arq Bras Neurocir. 2013 Mar;32(01):15-8. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1625920 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1055/...
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Ruy and Rosa, 20113535. Ruy EL, Rosa MI. Perfil epidemiológico de pacientes com traumatismo crânio encefálico. Epidemiological profile of patients with traumatic brain injury. Arq Catarinenses Med. 2011;40(3):17-20 [accessed on 27 Apr 2020]. Available at: Available at: https://www.acm.org.br/acm/revista/pdf/artigos/873.pdf https://www.acm.org.br/acm/revista/pdf/a...
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Sensory reduction, n=45 (48.5%)
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Anisocoria, n=15 (16.3%)
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Mental confusion, n=11 (12.1%)
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Psychomotor agitation, n=10 (10.9%)
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Cardiopulmonary arrest, n=10 (10.9%)
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Respiratory failure, n=9 (9.8%)
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Seizures, n=6 (6.7%)
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ICU clinical complications:
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Pneumonia, n=16 (17.3%)
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Sepsis, n=2 (2.2%)
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Acute renal failure, n=2 (2.2%)
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Cerebral hemorrhage, n=36 (38.9%)
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Cerebral contusion, n=36 (38.5%)
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Cerebral edema, n=23 (24.9%)
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Bone fracture of any kind, n=18 (19.6%)
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Pneumocephalus, n=12 (12.9%)
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Moura et al., 20112626. de Moura JC, Ramos Rangel BL, Evangelista Creôncio SC, Barros Pernambuco JR. Perfil clínico-epidemiológico de traumatismo cranioencefálico do Hospital de Urgências e Traumas no município de Petrolina, estado de Pernambuco. Arq Bras Neurocir. 2011;30(03):99-104 [accessed on 27 Apr 2020]. Available at: Available at: https://www.thieme-connect.com/products/ejournals/pdf/10.1055/s-0038-1626501.pdf https://www.thieme-connect.com/products/...
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Study did not specify whether lesions were acute or chronic.
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Diffuse axonal injury, n=1 (0.99%)
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Extradural hematoma, n=20 (19.82%)
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Cerebral contusion, n=18 (17.82%)
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Subarachnoid hemorrhage, n=10 (9.9%)
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Subdural hematoma, n=6 (5.94%)
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Most afflicted cranial sites:
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Frontal, n=25 (24.75%)
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Temporal, n=12 (11.88%)
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Temporoparietal, n=12 (11.88%)
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Parietal, n=9 (8.91%)
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Occipital, n=6 (5.94%)
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Parietofrontal, n=6 (5.94%)
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Frontotemporal, n=4 (3.96%)
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Temporooccipital, n=2 (1.98%)
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Basilar skull fracture, n=2 (1.98%)
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At admission:
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Headache, n=17 (16.83%)
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Vomiting, n=16 (15.84%)
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Otorrhagia, n=9 (8.91%)
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Coma, n=6 (5.94%)
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Ramos et al., 20103636. Ramos EMS, da Silva MKB, Siqueira GR, Vieira RAG, França WLC. Aspectos epidemiológicos dos traumatismos cranioencefálicos atendidos no hospital regional do agreste de Pernambuco de 2006 a 2007. Rev Bras Promoç Saude. 2010 Jan;23(1):4-10. https://doi.org/10.5020/18061230.2010.p4 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5020/...
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General nervous system lesion, n=34 (19.9%) |
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Bone lesion, n=39 (22.8%)
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Vascular lesion, n=55 (32.2%)
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Multiple lesions, n=26 (15.2%)
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Soft tissues, n=7 (4.1%)
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n=20 (11.7%) |
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Guerra et al., 20102121. Guerra SD, Andrade Carvalho LF, Affonseca CA, Ferreira AR, Machado Freire HB. Factors associated with intracranial hypertension in children and teenagers who suffered severe head injuries. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2010 Jan-Feb;86(1):73-9. https://doi.org/10.2223/JPED.1960 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2223/...
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(Only severe TBI) cases were analyzed)
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Diffuse Axonal Injury, n=56 (42.4%)
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Swelling, n=74 (56.1%)
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Intraparenchymal hemorrhage, n=46 (34.8%)
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Subarachnoid hemorrhage, n=41 (31.1%)
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Study did not specify whether lesions were acute or chronic:
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Subdural hematoma, n=20 (15.2%)
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Intraventricular hemorrhage, n=15 (11.4%)
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Extradural hematoma, n=14 (10.6%)
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Thoracic lesion, n=48 (36.4%)
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Skeletal muscle lesion, n=37 (28.0%)
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Abdomen, n=21 (15.9%)
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Spinal cord, n=6 (4.6%)
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Martins et al., 20093737. Martins ET, Linhares MN, Sousa DS, Schroeder HK, Meinerz J, Rigo LA, et al. Mortality in severe traumatic brain injury: A multivariated analysis of 748 Brazilian patients from florianópolis city. J Trauma - Inj Infect Crit Care. 2009 Jul;67(1):85-90. https://doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e318187acee https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1097/...
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(Only severe TBI cases were analyzed)
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Marshall type I injury, n=22 (2.9%)
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Marshall type II injury, n=175 (23.4%)
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Marshall type III injury, n=172 (23.0%)
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Marshall type IV injury, n=58 (7.8%)
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Evacuated mass lesion, n=240 (32.1%)
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Non-evacuated lesion, n=30 (4.0%)
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Brainstem lesion, n=50 (6.7%)
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Subarachnoid hemorrhage, n=267 (35.7%)
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Face trauma, n=108 (14.4%)
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Cervical spine trauma, n=27 (3.6%)
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Dorsal-lumbar spine trauma, n=7 (0.9%)
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Thoracic trauma, n=141 (18.9%)
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Abdominal trauma, n=70 (9.4%)
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Limb trauma, n=204 (27.3%)
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(Pupil) Isochoric, n=283 (37.8%)
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(Pupil) Miotics, n=30 (4.0%)
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(Pupil) Anisocorics, n=347 (46.4%)
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(Pupil) Mydriatics, n=83 (11.1%)
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Braga et al., 20082323. Braga FM, Netto AA, Rosso E, Santos D, De P, Braga B, et al. Avaliação de 76 casos de traumatismo crânio-encefálico por queda da própria altura atendidos na emergência de um hospital geral. Arq Catarinenses Med. 2008;37(4):35-9 [accessed on 27 Apr 2020]. Available at: Available at: https://www.acm.org.br/acm/revista/pdf/artigos/608.pdf https://www.acm.org.br/acm/revista/pdf/a...
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(Only TBI cases caused by falling from standing height were analyzed)
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Systemic arterial hypertension, n=9 (11.8%)
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Epilepsy, n=6 (7.9%)
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Alcoholism, n=4 (5.3%)
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Diabetes mellitus, n=3 (3.9)
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Heart failure, n=3 (3.9%)
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Alzheimer’s disease, n=3 (3.9%)
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HIV infection, n=3 (3.9%)
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n=11 (14.5%) |
Faria et al., 20083838. De Faria JWV, Nishioka SDA, Arbex GL, Alarcão GG, De Freitas WB. Occurrence of severe and moderate traumatic brain injury in patients attended in a Brazilian Teaching Hospital: Epidemiology and dosage of alcoholemy. Arq Neuro-Psiquiatr. 2008;66(1):69-73 [accessed on 27 Apr 2020]. Available at: Available at: https://www.scielo.br/j/anp/a/HLJfnSwH6yMCTVmB4rY9Wqt/?format=pdf https://www.scielo.br/j/anp/a/HLJfnSwH6y...
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n=33 (39.3%) |
Pereira et al., 20062727. Pereira CU, Duarte GC, Silva Santos EA. Avaliação epidemiológica do traumatismo craniencefálico no interior do Estado de Sergipe. Arq Bras Neurocir. 2006 Mar; 25(1): 8-16 [accessed on 27 Apr 2020]. Available at: Available at: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/ceb0/d93c7501a58de43a3d823454b970fb3f0389.pdf https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/ceb0/d9...
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Altered CT scan, n=75 (31.0%) out of 242
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Altered plain radiography of the skull, n=4 (1.7%) out of 239
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Altered conscious level, n=85 (18.1%)
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Vomiting and nausea, n=97 (20.6%)
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Sleepiness, n=51 (10.9%)
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Headache, n=40 (8.5%)
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Dizziness, n=18 (3.8%)
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Seizures, n=11 (2.3%)
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Otorrhagia, n=12 (2.6%)
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Epistaxis, n=8 (1.7%)
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Diplopia, n=2 (0.43%)
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Melo et al., 20062828. Melo JRT, De Santana DLP, Pereira JLB, Ribeiro TF. Traumatismo craniencefálico em crianças e adolescentes na Cidade do Salvador - Bahia. Arq Neuro-Psiquiatr. 2006 Dec;64(4):994-6. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0004-282X2006000600020 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/...
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(Study conducted on children and teenagers only)
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Melo et al., 20042929. Melo JRT, Da Silva RA, Moreira ED. Characteristics of patients with head injury at Salvador City (Bahia - Brazil). Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2004 Sep;62(3A):711-4. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0004-282x2004000400027 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/...
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1 lesioned organ, n=117 (66.1%)
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2 lesioned organs, n=40 (22.6%)
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≥3 lesioned organs, n=20 (11.3%)
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n=27 (4.9%) |
Dantas Filho et al., 20043939. Dantas Filho VP, Falcão ALE, Sardinha LA da C, Facure JJ, Araújo S, Terzi RGG. Fatores que influenciaram a evolução de 206 pacientes com traumatismo craniencefálico grave. Arq Neuro-Psiquiatr. 2004 Jun;62(2A):313-8. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0004-282X2004000200022 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/...
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Marshall type I injury, n=15 (7.28%)
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Marshall type II injury, n=63 (30.58%)
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Marshall type III injury, n=33 (16.02%)
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Marshall type IV injury, n=13 (6.31%)
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Focal lesion (operated), n=72 (34.95%)
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Focal lesion (not operated), n=10 (4.85%)
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Hypo-/Hypernatremia and Hypo-/hypercalcemia, n=130 (63.21%)
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Polyuria, n=32 (15.53%)
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Bronchopneumonia, n=119 (57.77%)
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Urinary infection, n=11 (5.34%)
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Sepsis, n=10 (4.85%)
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Sinusitis, n=6 (2.91%)
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Gastrointestinal bleeding, n=3 (1.46%)
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Hypoxia, n=81 (39.32%)
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Hypotension, n=39 (18.93%)
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Both hypoxia and hypotension, n=22 (10.68%)
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Gusmão et al., 20022222. Gusmão SS, Pittella JEH. Hypoxic brain damage in victims of fatal road traffic accident: prevalence, distribution and association with survival time and other head and extracranial injuries. Arq Neuro-Psiquiatr. 2002 Sep;60(3B):801-6. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0004-282X2002000500022 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/...
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(Only evaluated fatal patients)
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Diffuse axonal injury, n=96 (80.0%)
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Intracranial hypertension, n=47 (39.2%)
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Skull fracture, n=63 (52.5%)
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Hypoxic brain injury: (19.2%)
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Limb fractures, n=46 (38.3%)
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Thoracic trauma, n=42 (35%)
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Abdominal trauma, n=44 (36.7%)
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Both thoracic and abdominal trauma, n=32 (26.7%)
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Pneumonia, n=10 (8.3%)
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Purulent meningitis, n=3 (2.5%)
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Koizumi et al., 20014040. Koizumi MS, Jorge MHPM, Nóbrega LRB, Waters C. Crianças internadas por traumatismo crânio-encefálico, no Brasil, 1998: causas e prevenção. Inf Epidemiol Sus. 2001 Jun;10(2):93-101. https://doi.org/10.5123/S0104-16732001000200004 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5123/...
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(Only evaluated children)
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Skull fractures, n=1,800 (11%) |
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<1 day, n=333 (2.0%)
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1 to 3 days, n=12,100 (73.9%)
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4 to 7 days, n=2.825 (17.3%)
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8 to 29 days, n=1.023 (6.2%)
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≥30 days, n=95 (0.6%)
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Koizumi et al., 20002020. Koizumi MS, Lebrão ML, Prado De Mello-Jorge MH, Primerano V. Morbidity and mortality due to traumatic brain injury in São Paulo city, Brazil, 1997. Arq Neuro-Psiquiatr. 2000 Mar;58(1):81-9. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0004-282X2000000100013 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/...
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Fracture of skull vault, n=45 (1.2%)
-
Basilar skull fracture, n=32 (0.9%)
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Other skull fractures, n=22 (0.6%)
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Multiple fractures of skull/face, n=4 (0.1)
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Brain concussion, n=1038 (28.6%)
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Cerebral laceration and contusion, n=192 (5.3%)
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Hemorrhage, n=509 (14.0%)
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Traumatic intracranial lesion of other types, n=1793 (49.3%)
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Most predominant hospital stay duration is of 1 to 7 days hospitalized (n=2,637; 72.5%). |
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Colli et al., 19971616. Colli BO, Sato T, Oliveira RS de, Sassoli VP, Cibantos Filho JS, Manço ARX, et al. Características dos pacientes com traumatismo craniencefálico atendidos no Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto. Vol. 55, Arq Neuro-Psiquiatr. 1997;55(1):91-100. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0004-282X1997000100015 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/...
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Scalp lesion: 66.2%
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Headache (21.4% of children)
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Vomit: 17% (approximately in adult and children)
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Headache: 17% (approximately)
-
Alteration of consciousness (some time after TBI): 24.4%
-
Alteration of consciousness (immediately afterwards): 87%
-
Soft tissue lesion: 17.9%
-
Face lesion: 15.4%*
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*Full text was not retrievable. Figure 7 was missing
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17% of adults (approximately)* |
Gennari et al., 19951717. Gennari TD, Koizumi MS. Determination of trauma severity level by means of the injury severity score. Rev Saude Publica. 1995 Oct;29(5):333-41. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89101995000500001 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/...
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Masini et al., 19943030. Masini M. Perfil Epidemiológico do traumatismo cranioencefálico no Distrito Federal em 1991. J Bras Neurocir. 1994 Dec;5(2):61-8. https://doi.org/10.22290/jbnc.v5i2.129 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.22290...
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Chronic subdural hematoma, n=54 (1)
-
Acute extradural hematoma, n=40 (0.7%)
-
Acute subdural hematoma, n=40 (0.7%)
-
General fractures and basilar skull fracture, n=58 (1%)
-
Cerebral contusion, n=56 (1%)
-
Firearm projectile induced lesion: 19 (0.4%)
-
Intracerebral hematoma: 9 (0.2%)
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n=64 (64%) were discharged <24 hours.
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n=16 (16%) stayed longer than 7 days.*
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*Independent 100 people sample 71.6% patients
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Maset et al., 19931818. Maset A, Andrade A, Martucci SC, Frederico LM. Epidemiologic Features of Head Injury in Brazil. Arq Bras Neurocir. 1993 Dec;12(4):293-302. |
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Average hospital stays: 4.65 days
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71.6% patients stayed for a maximum of 4 days.
-
24.9% patients stayed for 2 days.
-
1.7% patients stayed for a period greater than 20 days.
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