Nursing disciplinary resources: a historical and foucauldian study

Historical research, using a qualitative approach, that was conducted with nurses who militate for professional reasons. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews, organized using NVivo 10 software, and analyzed based on dialectical hermeneutics.

Results:

The following disciplinary resources were identified: religiosity, gender, surveillance, coercion, and punishment strategies.

Conclusion:

These resources constitute a panoptic structure, and are used for domination and maintenance of the subaltern role of nurses, beginning in the educational process and moving into the labor market. Finally, this study indicates the need to review nursing education, as well as pedagogical practices, in order to favor professional formation and actions that are effectively critical, reflexive, and emancipatory.

Keywords
Nursing; Politics; Leadership; History of nursing; Education; nursing

Corpus	Synthesis Hermeneutics
[…] If someone came to the service, the nurse would have to stand. You did not call a teacher by name. […] On the bus it was the same thing, the teacher sat in the first chairs, and we from the middle to the end. […] The teacher could not enter the elevator if she was not the first. […] the School of Nursing had a very religious basis […] ethics of the School of Nursing was based on the precept of religion. […] but it was about the life of saints, things connected with the Catholic religion. Priests were brought to lecture in ethics classes. […] (Rosa dos Ventos 1).	Religiosity resources
[…] I remember the time I was a student, I was censored because I was standing in a work environment, leaning against the wall […] at the time I was a student […] commented thus that some nurses felt like St. Peter, had a bunch of keys that was in their hands and that only they could open, take, take that material and something like that. […] (Rosa dos Ventos 5). […] (the director) she used to bribed, bribed people and made threats, with me the threats were like this: every time […] we went to meetings with her, she began to cry, she became be fragile (She) […] bribed the poor, but with me, for example, she began to cry, can you think about that? The dean of the nursing school crying, why are you doing this to me? […] Then I replied, […] I am not here as your friend I do not like or dislike you; the question is not personal. I am here as president of the student union, bringing the claims of students […] (Rosa dos Ventos 6).
[…] you do not have to feel like a criminal for charging to take care of someone … the influence of the Catholic Church, where the nuns’ work was indirectly charged for, and the economic value of nursing work was not established, generated a rather submissive, accommodating category, with moments of sporadic militancy. […] the religious question […] brought several problems and I would cite just two: submission and subalternity because most of them worked in exchange for a place to live and for generosity, it is not by chance that today it has the angelic symbols. […] (Rosa dos Ventos 10).
[…] [about choosing the candidates for Association president] things were something like this: Look, we had a conversation and we think it's better that, at this moment, you should not be the president, we already have the president, It must be So- and-So (pause), she is more calm, more moderate […] (Rosa dos Ventos 4).
[…] the choice of who will be part of the board was the choice of someone, who had a sponsor […] if you join the board it is going to be good. And so the board was formed. […] (Rosa dos Ventos 11).

Corpus	Synthesis Hermeneutics
[…] the director cleared the school of unwanted people, for example, she offered courses in medicine, dentistry to the boys, the few that appeared […] only (one) remained here […] (Rosa dos Ventos 6).	Gender resources
[…] We are about more than 80% of female workers in the field nursing work. how can we not participate in the feminist movement? […] Historically, women were morally devalued, socially, and their work was economically devalued. […] (Rosa dos Ventos 9). […] Nursing has expanded; today we have family health groups, and even still, the nurse has the preponderant role in family health, but her salary is always lower […] is lower because she is a woman and lower because she is a nurse […] (Rosa dos Ventos 4).
[…] As a manager in my house, I am a manager in the hospital. Just as I obey my husband, I obey the doctor inside the infirmary, right? So the relationship I have with a patient is my little boy, my dear […]. And the auxiliaries and technicians are my employees […] Why do you have in association a lot of women and in the council a lot of men? It is linked to money; it is linked to power […] (Rosa dos Ventos 10). […] then I think that we managed the association as if we were a domestic administration. Do you understand? […] (Rosa dos Ventos 2).

Corpus

Synthesis Hermeneutics

[…] because if you take the nursing communications itself, even the Brazilian Nursing Journal itself, you will see that many papers, i.e., the State was an entity that you could not say anything about. It's a paternal one, do you understand ?! […] (Rosa dos Ventos 4).
[…] the assembly of delegates (from ABEn) was a “horror” in terms of authoritarianism; difficult people who did not agree with what was being talked about and expressed and… […] Enough to say that there was a delegation whose president ruled the state delegates’ voting: she got up and turned with her finger up, so everyone in her delegation knew she had to get up and vote yes […] (Rosa dos Ventos 5).

Surveillance, coercion and punishment resources.

[…] I used to occupy the 7th floor on the side [Nursing students who were at risk of arrest at the time of the Military Dictatorship] […] the police surrounded the school to capture us […] then we were in total silence, turn off all the lights of the school, understand? And I remember that we were crouching… we took some books and documents from the movement, which we then burned […] (Rosa dos Ventos 4).
[…] [speaks as the teachers saw him] I was seen … as a communist […] as a person, termite or noxious element that contaminated the rest of the group. […]most of the teachers were only technical, competent, if they said they were politically neutral, as if this were possible. I have always been called a communist as a student and later as a school teacher. Some things I was unable to attend. […] I experienced this situation where there was a resurgence of political militancy … a brake … in face of the repression situation, torture and murder of some militants (I lost friends). In Bahia, some students of the nursing school […] [speaks of the murder of Edma and Marcos] remember the meeting called by ABEn-BA in June or July of the year they were murdered to discuss the situation of the system. Some national leaders participated. Edma and Marcos were present and on this occasion he told me that he was threatened with death, and in September, if I'm not wrong, they were murdered. […] the COFEN president at the time of the denunciations had, at certain moments, police security. The symposium we did in Santa Catarina, I believe it was in 1999, we had to have police security, we were only going to the meeting place with the police in front of us, to get there, afraid […] (Rosa dos Ventos 10).
[…] Another thing like this, there was the issue of the time of our arrival (she refers to leaving the nursing residence) was scary; people lied, to go out every weekend we used to say that was a birthday of someone, I invented birthdays at the house of many people, because I could not leave, then I had to be there at the established time. […] At that moment I was doing a master's degree in São Paulo […], we started to work […] because we wanted the ABEn… And we won the election of São Paulo. And we also made a lot of changes in São Paulo, I practically had to leave my master's degree, I was invited to go back to Salvador […] after I was appointed (again) to ABEn Nacional […] I was already doing my doctorate. So I was also called several times, by the coordinator of the course, […] always harassing me as a person who militated in ABEn as if it were a crime. […] (Rosa dos Ventos 11).

Escola Paulista de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal de São Paulo R. Napoleão de Barros, 754, 04024-002 São Paulo - SP/Brasil, Tel./Fax: (55 11) 5576 4430 - São Paulo - SP - Brazil
E-mail: actapaulista@unifesp.br

Acompanhe os números deste periódico no seu leitor de RSS

[1] Corresponding author Deybson Borba de Almeida Av. Transnordestina, S/N, 44000-000, Feira de Santana, BA, Brazil. deybsonborba@yahoo.com.br