Padi6 expression patterns in buffalo oocytes and preimplantation embryos

Abstract

The subcortical maternal complex, which consists of maternal-effect genes, plays a crucial role in the development of oocytes and preimplantation embryo until the activation of the zygote genome. One such gene, known as peptidyl-arginine deiminase VI (Padi6), is involved in the oocyte maturation, fertilization and embryonic development. However, the precise function of Padi6 gene in buffalo is still unclear and requires further investigation. In this study, the sequence, mRNA and protein expression patterns of Padi6 gene were analyzed in oocytes, preimplantation embryos and somatic tissues of buffalo. The coding sequence of gene was successfully cloned and characterized. Real-time quantitative PCR results indicated an absence of Padi6 transcripts in somatic tissues. Notably, the expression levels of Padi6 in oocytes showed an increased from the germinal vesicle stage to metaphase II stage, followed by a rapid decrease during the morula and blastocyst stages. Immunofluorescence analysis confirmed these findings, revealing a noticeable decline in protein expression levels. Our research provides the initial comprehensive expression profile of Padi6 in buffalo oocytes and preimplantation embryos, serving as a solid foundation for further investigations into the functionality of maternal-effect genes in buffalo.

Keywords:
maternal-effect genes; Padi6; oocyte; preimplantation embryo; immunofluorescence

Introduction

Buffalo species hold significant economic and biological importance, especially in tropical and subtropical regions. Buffaloes serve as a multipurpose animal, providing draft power, milk, and meat. However, their reproductive efficiency remains lower compared to other domestic animals, posing a challenge to the advancement of dairy buffalo industry. Consequently, comprehensive research on buffalo oocytes and embryos is imperative for improving the reproductive capabilities. The cloning and identification of crucial genes related to oocyte and embryo development are pivotal in elucidating the underlying factors contributing to the lower reproduction performance, and promoting the progress of buffalo industry.

Maternal effect genes (MEGs) play a crucial role in oocyte maturation and the development of embryo. Following fertilization, the zygotic genome remains inactive, relying on MEGs to provide the encode mRNAs and proteins for processes such as cell division, epigenetic reprogramming, chromatin remodeling, and zygote activation cascades (Jukam et al., 2017). The subcortical maternal complex (SCMC), which is present in oocytes and preimplantation embryos, consists of multiplex protein encoded by MEGs. While SCMCs have minimal impact on oocyte maturation and fertilization, they are essential for early cleavage and the reprogramming of preimplantation embryos (Lu et al., 2017; Zhang and Smith, 2015).

SCMCs, which are functionally conserved in various mammalian species, consists of eight proteins: oocyte-expressed protein (OOEP), peptidyl-arginine deiminase VI (PADI6), zinc finger BED domain-containing protein 3 (ZBED3), transducin-like enhancer protein 6 (TLE6), KH domain-containing protein 3 (FILIA), and NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 2 (NLRP2), NLRP5, and NLRP7 (Zhu et al., 2015; Mahadevan et al., 2017; Monk et al., 2017; Xu et al., 2016; Zhang et al., 2021). Padi6 encodes an enzymes belonging to the peptidyl-arginine deiminase family, which converts arginine residues to citrulline (Witalison et al., 2015). Previous studies conducted in mice and humans have demonstrated thatPADI6is highly expressed in oocytes and preimplantation embryos, where it colocalizes with other components of the SCMC (Yurttas et al., 2008; Yu et al., 2014). PADI6 is necessary for the formation of the oocyte lattices, which are believed to serve as ribosomal storage for preimplantation embryo (Yurttas et al., 2008). The absence of Padi6 in embryos leads to arrest at the 2-cell stage and impaired activation of the embryonic genome, indicating its significance as a novel MEGs (Esposito et al., 2007). In humans, mutations in PADI6 have been linked to female infertility (Qian et al., 2018). Liu et al. reported PADI6 plays a critical role in the formation of oocyte cytoplasmic lattices in mammals. However, little is known regarding the expression patterns of padi6 genes during oocytes and embryos development in buffalo species. This study aims to analyze the gene expression profiles of Padi6 to elucidate the roles of the MEGs during embryonic development. Our findings have significant implications for improving in vitro maturation systems and addressing infertility issues in buffalo.

Material and methods

The Animal Experimentation Ethics Committee of Guangxi University (Nanning, China) provided guidance and approval for the experiments conducted in this study.

Collection, maturation and fertilization of oocyte

Buffalo ovaries were procured from a slaughterhouse and promptly transported to the laboratory at 37°C. Oocytes were aspirated from follicles with a diameter of 2–8 mm, and subsequently washed with TCM-199 medium supplemented with 20 mM HEPEs, 5 mM sodium bicarbonate, and 0.06 mg/mL penicillin. Intact cumulus oocyte complexes were selected for in vitro maturation, following a previously published protocol (Huang et al., 2018). Following maturation, the cumulus oocyte complexes were washed, and the cumulus cells were gently removed by pipetting. For in vitro fertilization, thawed buffalo semen was adjusted to a concentration of 2 × 10⁶/mL, and 15 μL of spermatozoa were added to each fertilization drop containing oocytes. The fertilization drops were then incubated at 38.5°C in a humidified incubator with 5% CO₂ for a duration of 24 h.

In vitro cultivation of embryos

After fertilization, presumptive zygotes were separated from the fertilization drops, and they underwent three washes with a modified Tyrode’s In vitro cultivation medium consisted of 36% TCM-199, 10% fetal bovine serum, 0.06 mg/mL penicillin, and 0.1mg/mL streptomycin. Subsequently, the zygotes were transferred to 100-μL culture drops. Every 48 h, half of the original IVC medium in each culture drop was replaced with a similar volume of fresh medium. The zygotes were cultured for a period of 7–8 days in a humidified incubator with 5% CO₂ at 38.5°C.

Reverse transcription and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR)

Total RNA was extracted from oocytes, preimplantation embryos (2-cell, 4-cell, 8-cell, morula, and blastocyst), and various tissues (heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, brain, testicle, ovary, and others) using the RNAiso Plus Kit (Takara, Kusatsu, Japan) following the manufacturer’s instructions. To ensure adequate RNA yield, 200-300 oocytes, 100-150 2-cells embryos, 50-80 4-cells embryos, 20-40 8-cells embryos, approximately 20 morulae and 10 blastocysts were used for extraction. The concentration of RNA in each sample was quantified using a NanoDrop 1000 spectrophotometer (Thermo scientific, MA, USA). The isolated RNA was eluted in RNase-free water and promptly subjected to reverse transcription PCR. First-strand cDNA synthesis was performed using the PrimerScript RT Master Mix (Takara), comprising PrimeScript RT, EnzymeMix I, PrimeScript buffer, and RNase-free water in a final volume of 10 μL. The reaction tubes were incubated at 37°C for 15 min, followed by 85°C for 5 s to inactivate the reaction. qRT-PCR analysis was performed using a SYBR-premix Ex Taq Kit (Takara) and a LightCycler 480 instrument (Roche, Basel, Switzerland), as described in previous studies (Huang et al., 2018; Fu et al., 2016). The primer sequences are detailed in Supplementary Table S1. Gene expression levels were determined using the 2^−ΔΔCT method. GAPDH expression serving as the control group.

Semi-quantitative analysis of Padi6 transcript in somatic tissues

To evaluate the expression ofPadi6 in somatic tissues, semi-quantitative PCR experiments were conducted. First-strand cDNA synthesis was carried out as detailed in section 2.3. PCR amplification was performed with the following cycling conditions: initial denaturation at 95°C for 5 min; followed by 34 cycles of denaturation at 95°C for 15 s, annealing at 60°C for 15 s, and extension at 72°C for 30 s. A final extension step was conducted at 72°C for 5 min. The expression of GAPDH was used as a positive control. Subsequently, the PCR products were subjected to analysis by gel electrophoresis on 2% agarose gels stained with SYBR.

Immunofluorescence analysis

Buffalo oocytes and preimplantation embryos (10 cells in each group) were underwent three washes with PBS. Following this, the oocytes and embryos were fixed at room temperature for 30 min using 4% paraformaldehyde and permeabilized with 0.1% Triton X-100 for 10 min. Subsequently, oocytes and embryos were incubated in a blocking solution containing 5% goat serum for 1 h at room temperature, followed by incubation with diluted (1:50) PADI6 primary antibody (Cwbio, Beijing, China) overnight at 4°C. Then the oocytes and embryos were then incubated with a FITC-conjugated secondary antibody (Cwbio, Beijing, China) in the dark at room temperature for 1 h. Fluorescence images were captured using a fluorescence microscope (Zeiss Z2, Oberkochen, Germany).

Statistical analysis

Quantitative data were presented as the mean ± standard error of the mean from a minimum of three independent experiments. These data were then analyzed using one-way ANOVA for evaluation. Statistical significance was considered when P ≤ 0.05.

Results

Cloning and characterization of Padi6 gene

The Padi6 gene from buffalo was successfully cloned into four fragments of 576 bp, 712 bp, 639 bp, and 778 bp (Figure 1). Subsequently, these fragments were assembled to generate a 2121-bp sequence, encompassing a region of the partial coding sequence. The open reading frame (ORF) of the gene encodes a protein consisting of 765 amino acids, with leucine, serine, and glutamine accounting for 10.3%, 8.4% and 8.2% of the amino acid composition, respectively. The predicted translation product exhibits a molecular mass of 85.35 kD and an isoelectric point of 6.50. Furthermore, the PADI6 protein contains three distinct domains. The ProtScale software (Gasteiger et al. 2005) calculated a grand average of hydropathicity of 0.188, indicating the hydrophilic nature of the PADI6 protein.

Figure 1
Electrophoresis results of PCR amplification products. M: DNA Marker; 1: blank control; 2: 576-bp fragment; 3: 712-bp fragment; 4: 639-bp fragment; 5: 508-bp fragment.

To assess the homology of the buffalo Padi6 gene, the BLAST tool was utilized to compare it with the Padi6 sequences from various mammalian species, such as sheep (XM_027965660.1), goat (XM_018054709.1), cattle (XM_002685797.5), boar (XM_013999025.2), rat (NM_001191766.1) and mouse (NM_153106.2), macaque (XM_001089244.4), orangutan (XM_003814444.1), and human (NM_207421.4). The BLAST analysis revealed a high homology between the buffalo Padi6 gene and cattle (97.3%), goat (94.6%) and sheep (94.0%) (Figure 2A). Conversely, the lowest homology was observed with the mouse sequence (70.3%), suggesting the evolutionary conservation of the Padi6 gene among diverse mammalian species.

Figure 2
Sequence homology analysis of different mammalian species.

Tissue distribution of Padi6 gene

To investigate the distribution of Padi6 mRNA in different tissues, a semi-quantitative analysis was performed using qRT-PCR. Various somatic tissues including the heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, brain, spinal cord, tongue, throat, stomach, muscle, fat, and uterus, as well as germ line tissues such as testicle and ovary, were examined. The expression levels of Padi6mRNA were normalized to the expression of GAPDH, which functioned as an internal control for reverse transcription. Notably, distinct and specific expression of Padi6 was exclusively observed in oocytes, with no detectable transcripts in other tissues (Figure 3). This highly specific expression pattern suggests a specialized role for Padi6 in oocyte function.

Figure 3
Padi6 mRNA expression profile based on qRT-PCR of multiple tissues. 1: heart, 2: liver, 3: spleen, 4: lung, 5: kidney, 6: brain, 7: spinal cord, 8: tongue, 9: throat, 10: stomach, 11: muscle, 12: fat, 13: testicle, 14: uterus, 15: ovary, 16: oocyte.

Padi6 expression patterns in oocytes and preimplantation embryos

Upon further analysis using qRT-PCR, the presence of Padi6 mRNA was confirmed in the germinal vesicle (GV) and metaphase II (MII) stage embryos, as well as during preimplantation embryos development, encompassing the 2-cell, 4-cell, 8-cell, 16-cell, morula, and blastocyst stage. The expression of Padi6 mRNA exhibited a significant increase from the GV to the MII stages, with the highest level of expression observed at the MII stage. Subsequently, a gradual decrease in expression was noted during preimplantation embryo development, although a slight increase was observed at the 4-cell stage (Figure 4). These findings suggest that Padi6 is predominantly expressed prior to the MII stage and plays important roles in oocyte maturation.

Figure 4
Padi6 mRNA expression levels in buffalo oocytes and preimplantation embryos. **Compared with control group, P<0.01.

PADI6 proteins expression and subcellular localization

To further investigate the expression and subcellular localization of the PADI6 protein, immunofluorescence analysis was conducted. The results revealed the presence of PADI6 protein in buffalo oocytes and preimplantation embryos. Notably, the fluorescence intensity of GV stage oocytes was higher in comparison to oocyte at the MII stage. In both GV and MII stage oocytes, the PADI6 protein was predominantly localized in the cytoplasmic region (Figure 5). Furthermore, zygotes exhibited a significant decrease in PADI6 expression compared to MII stage oocytes. Throughout the developmental stages from 2-cell to 8-cell embryos, similar fluorescence signals were observed, which gradually decreased from the morula stage onward. At the blastocyst stage, PADI6 protein was expressed at extremely low levels in the cortical region. These results are consistent with the mRNA expression pattern and suggest that PADI6 protein primarily functions during oocyte maturation and preimplantation embryonic development from 2–8 cell divisions.

Figure 5
Immunofluorescence of PADI6 protein in buffalo oocytes and preimplantation embryos.

Discussion

Female gametes are transcriptionally inactive during fertilization. The activation of the zygote genome occurs at different stages of embryonic development in various species. In mice, it happens during the later one-cell to early 2-cell stage, while in pigs, it occurs at the 4-cell stage. Primates experience genome activation between the 4-cell to 8-cell stage, and cattle between the 8-cell to 16-cell stage (Pisani et al., 2010). The regulation of early zygotic development relies on pre-existing factors encoded by MEGs (Evsikov and Marín de Evsikova, 2009). Among these factors, the products of Padi6 is one of the earliest factors to influence embryogenesis. During oogenesis, PADI6 functions by catalyzing the deamination of arginine residues in proteins, potentially contributing to cytoskeletal reorganization in oocytes and preimplantation embryos. Studies on Padi6-deficient mice have shown that these animals are infertile due to developmental defects in preimplantation embryos, highlighting the crucial role of PADI6 in female fertility (Rezaei et al., 2021). Furthermore, previous research has linked PADI6 to other reproductive deficiencies, strengthening the association between PADI6 and infertility, miscarriages, and molar pregnancies (Qian et al., 2018; Maddirevula et al., 2017). At the cellular level, PADI6 is the first identified oocyte-specific protein that localizes to cytoplasmic lattices in mice. The cytoskeletal reorganization mediated by PADI6 is critical for regulating organelle positioning and redistribution (Esposito et al., 2007).

The expression patterns and functions of Padi6 in buffalo have not been previously characterized. This study aimed to clone and analyze the gene for the first time, providing a foundation for further validation of its function. The coding sequence of buffalo Padi6 is a 2.2 kb sequence and consists of 17 exons, similar in length to bovine, mouse, swine, and macaque. However, the number of exons varies among different animal species, indicating distinct gene organization in buffalo Padi6. The ORF of buffalo Padi6 encodes a predicted protein of 765 amino acids with a molecular weight of 85.35 kD, which is shorter than the corresponding protein in mouse and swine.

Previous studies have described the expression profile of Padi6 transcripts (Esposito et al., 2007; Chavanas et al., 2004). In our study, Padi6 transcripts were not detected in somatic tissues, suggesting a tissue-distribution pattern similar to that of other domestic animal species. During oocyte maturation, until embryo cleavage, Padi6 mRNA exhibited a rapidly decrease. Interestingly, while previous studies reported low expression levels in morula and blastocysts (Pennetier et al., 2006). We found abundant PADI6 protein in buffalo oocytes and preimplantation embryos, suggesting a potential persistent of Padi6 in buffalo embryo development.

MEGs play a crucial role in various stages of reproduction, including oogenesis, oocyte maturation, and preimplantation embryo development. Buffalo Padi6 gene exhibits a distinct expression pattern during the development of oocytes and embryos. The mRNA molecules are highly transcribed and accumulated in the cytoplasm of oocytes during oogenesis, but degrade rapidly after fertilization. Therefore, it is essential to investigate the regulatory mechanisms underlying oocyte and preimplantation embryo development in order to gain a comprehensive understanding of these processes. Furthermore, such investigations have important implications for advancements in in vitro embryo culture, somatic cell cloning, and transgenic breeding.

Conclusion

In conclusion, this study provides the first characterization of Padi6, a component of the SCMC, during oocyte and preimplantation embryo development in buffalo. The mRNA transcript and protein expression profiles suggest that Padi6 may function in buffalo oocyte maturation and preimplantation embryo cleavage. These findings contribute to our understanding of the fundamental biological processes in SCMCs during buffalo embryo development.

Supplementary Material

Supplementary material accompanies this paper.

Supplementary Table S1

This material is available as part of the online article from https://doi.org/10.1590/1984-3143-AR2023-0146

Acknowledgements

This work was jointly supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 31960660).

• Financial support: FQ received funding for this research from the national Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC). Grant: No. 31960660.
• How to cite: Sun Q, Yang Y, Zhang Y, Chen D, Zheng H, Qin G, Fu Q. Padi6 expression patterns in buffalo oocytes and preimplantation embryos. Anim Reprod. 2024;21(1):e20230146. https://doi.org/10.1590/1984-3143-AR2023-0146

References

• Chavanas S, Mechin MC, Takahara H, Kawada A, Nachat R, Serre G, Simon M. Comparative analysis of the mouse and human peptidylarginine deiminase gene clusters reveals highly conserved non-coding segments and a new human gene, PADI6. Gene. 2004;330:19-27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2003.12.038 PMid:15087120.
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2003.12.038
• Esposito G, Vitale AM, Leijten FPJ, Strik AM, Koonen-Reemst AMCB, Yurttas P, Robben TJAA, Coonrod S, Gossen JA. Peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) 6 is essential for oocyte cytoskeletal sheet formation and female fertility. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2007;273(1-2):25-31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2007.05.005 PMid:17587491.
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2007.05.005
• Evsikov AV, Marín de Evsikova C. Gene expression during the oocyte-to-embryo transition in mammals. Mol Reprod Dev. 2009;76(9):805-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrd.21038 PMid:19363788.
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrd.21038
• Fu Q, Liu ZF, Huang YL, Lu YQ, Zhang M. Comparative proteomic analysis of mature and immature oocytes of the swamp buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). Int J Mol Sci. 2016;17(1):94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms17010094 PMid:26784167.
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms17010094
• Gasteiger E, Hoogland C, Gattiker A, Duvaud S, Wilkins MR, Appel RD, Bairoch A. Protein identification and analysis tools on the ExPASy server. In: Walker JM, editor. The proteomics protocols handbook. Nova Jersey: Humana Press; 2005. Springer Protocols Handbooks. https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-890-0:571
  » https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-890-0:571
• Huang YL, Wang HJ, Chen FM, Zhao XL, Fu Q, Zhang PF, Pu LP, Huang FL, Lu YQ, Zhang M. Role of BCL2L10 in regulating buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) oocyte maturation. Theriogenology. 2018;110:1-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.12.040 PMid:29331495.
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.12.040
• Jukam D, Shariati SAM, Skotheim JM. Zygotic genome activation in vertebrates. Dev Cell. 2017;42(4):316-32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.devcel.2017.07.026 PMid:28829942.
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.devcel.2017.07.026
• Lu X, Gao Z, Qin D, Li L. A maternal functional module in the mammalian oocyte-to-embryo transition. Trends Mol Med. 2017;23(11):1014-23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molmed.2017.09.004 PMid:28993030.
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molmed.2017.09.004
• Maddirevula S, Coskun S, Awartani K, Alsaif H, Abdulwahab FM, Alkuraya FS. The human knockout phenotype of PADI6 is female sterility caused by cleavage failure of their fertilized eggs. Clin Genet. 2017;91(2):344-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cge.12866 PMid:27730629.
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cge.12866
• Mahadevan S, Sathappan V, Utama B, Lorenzo I, Kaskar K, Vanden VIB. Maternally expressed NLRP2 links the subcortical maternal complex (SCMC) to fertility, embryogenesis and epigenetic reprogramming. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):44667. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep44667 PMid:28317850.
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep44667
• Monk D, Sanchez-Delgado M, Fisher R. NLRPs, the subcortical maternal complex and genomic imprinting. Reproduction. 2017;154(6):R161-70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/REP-17-0465 PMid:28916717.
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/REP-17-0465
• Pennetier S, Perreau C, Uzbekova S, Thelie A, Delaleu B, Mermillod P, Dalbies-Tran R. MATER protein expression and intracellular localization throughout folliculogenesis and preimplantation embryo development in the bovine. BMC Dev Biol. 2006;6(1):26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-213X-6-26 PMid:16753072.
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-213X-6-26
• Pisani LF, Ramelli P, Lazzari B, Braglia S, Ceciliani F, Mariani P. Characterization of maternal antigen that embryos require (MATER/NLRP5) gene and protein in pig somatic tissues and germ cells. J Reprod Dev. 2010;56(1):41-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1262/jrd.09-098A PMid:19815987.
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1262/jrd.09-098A
• Qian J, Nguyen NMP, Rezaei M, Huang B, Tao YL, Zhang XF, Cheng Q, Yang HJ, Asangla A, Majewski J, Slim R. Biallelic PADI6 variants linking infertility, miscarriages, and hydatidiform moles. Eur J Hum Genet. 2018;26(7):1007-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41431-018-0141-3 PMid:29693651.
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41431-018-0141-3
• Rezaei M, Suresh B, Bereke E, Hadipour Z, Aguinaga M, Qian JH, Bagga R, Fardaei M, Hemida R, Jagadeesh S, Majewski J, Slim R. Novel pathogenic variants in NLRP7, NLRP5, and PADI6 in patients with recurrent hydatidiform moles and reproductive failure. Clin Genet. 2021;99(6):823-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cge.13941 PMid:33583041.
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cge.13941
• Witalison EE, Thompson PR, Hofseth LJ. Protein arginine deiminases, associated citrullination: physiological functions and diseases associated with dysregulation. Curr Drug Targets. 2015;16(7):700-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389450116666150202160954 PMid:25642720.
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389450116666150202160954
• Xu Y, Shi Y, Fu J, Yu M, Feng R, Sang Q, Liang B, Chen B, Qu R, Li B, Yan Z, Mao X, Kuang Y, Jin L, He L, Sun X, Wang L. Mutations in PADI6 cause female infertility characterized by early embryonic arrest. Am J Hum Genet. 2016;99(3):744-52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.06.024 PMid:27545678.
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.06.024
• Yu XJ, Yi Z, Gao Z, Qin D, Zhai Y, Chen X, Ou-Yang Y, Wang ZB, Zheng P, Zhu MS, Wang H, Sun QY, Dean J, Li L. The subcortical maternal complex controls symmetric division of mouse zygotes by regulating F-actin dynamics. Nat Commun. 2014;5(1):4887. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms5887 PMid:25208553.
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms5887
• Yurttas P, Vitale AM, Fitzhenry RJ, Cohen-Gould L, Wu W, Gossen JA, Coonrod SA. Role for PADI6 and the cytoplasmic lattices in ribosomal storage in oocytes and translational control in the early mouse embryo. Development. 2008;135(15):2627-36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.016329 PMid:18599511.
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.016329
• Zhang K, Smith GW. Maternal control of early embryogenesis in mammals. Reprod Fertil Dev. 2015;27(6):880-96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/RD14441 PMid:25695370.
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/RD14441
• Zhang M, Liu C, Chen B, Lv M, Zou H, Liu Y, Ga Y, Wang T, Xing Q, Zhu Y. Identification of novel biallelic TLE6 variants in female infertility with preimplantation embryonic lethality. Front Genet. 2021;12:666136. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2021.666136 PMid:34178031.
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2021.666136
• Zhu K, Yan L, Zhang X, Lu X, Wang T, Yan J, Liu X, Qiao J, Li L. Identification of a human subcortical maternal complex. Mol Hum Reprod. 2015;21(4):320-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molehr/gau116 PMid:25542835.
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molehr/gau116

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  22 Mar 2024
• Date of issue
  2024

History

• Received
  10 Nov 2023
• Accepted
  26 Feb 2024