I. |
Selection of the indicated sows with superior fertility traits |
Follicular fluid composition, seasonal infertility and follicle size effects on oocyte developmental competence and embryonic survival. |
Peltoniemi et al., 1999Peltoniemi OAT, Love RJ, Heinonen M, TuovinenV, Saloniemi H. 1999. Seasonal and management effects on fertility of the sow:a descriptive study. Anim Reprod Sci, 55:47-61.; Bertoldo et al., 2013Bertoldo MJ, Nadal-Desbarats L, Ge’rard N, Dubois A, Holyoake PK, Grupen CG. 2013. Differences in the metabolomic signatures of porcine follicular fluid collected from environments associated with good and poor oocyte quality. Reproduction, 146:221-231.; Da Silva et al., 2018Da Silva CLA, Mulder HA, Broekhuijse MLWJ, Kemp B, Soede NM, Knol EF. 2018. Relationship between the estimated breeding values for litter traits at birth and ovarian and embryonic traits and their additive genetic variance in gilts at 35 days of pregnancy. Front Genet, 9:111. Doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2018.00111. https://doi.org/Doi.org/10.3389/fgene.20...
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I. |
Oocyte/ embryo retrieval from donor sows |
Flushing equipment for sows, skill acquisition in vivo
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Hazeleger et al., 1989Hazeleger W, van der Meulen J, van der Lende T. 1989. A method of transcervical embryo collection in the pig. Theriogenology, 32:727-734.; Kobayashi et al., 1989Kobayashi K, Hayashi S, Ohtubo Y, Honda A, Mizuno J, Hirano S. 1989. Theriogenology, 32(1):123-129.; Brüssow and Rátky 1996Brüssow KP, Rátky J. 1996. Endoscopic collection of porcine embryos. Reprod Dom Anim, 31:711-715.; Besenfelder et al., 1997Besenfelder U, Mödl J, Müller M, Brem G. 1997. Endoscopic embryo collection and embryo transfer into the oviduct and the uterus of pigs. Theriogenology, 5:1051-1060.
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Ovum pick-up (OPU) in donor sows |
OPU device for sows, OPU technique optimization, skill acquisition on live animals |
Brüssow et al., 1997Brüssow KP, Torner H, Rátky J, Hunter MG, Nürnberg G. 1997. Ovum pick up in swine: The influence of aspiration vacuum pressure on oocyte recovery from preovulatory follicles. Acta Vet Hung, 45:189-196.; Antosik et al., 2007Antosik P, Jaśkowski JM, Jeziorkowski M, Lechnowicz J. 2007. The influence of vaccum pressure on quality and number of recovered oocytes aspirated from ovarian follicles of swine and cows. Arch Tierz Dummerstorf, 50:260-266.; Ikoma et al., 2014Ikoma E, Suzuki C, Ishihara Y, Komura K, Ookoda T, Maruno H. 2014. Transvaginal ultrasound-guided ovum pick up (OPU) in Berkshire breed during natural estrous cycle. JPN J Swine Sci, 51(2): 45-53.
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II. |
Gametes: In vitro
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In vitro maturation (IVM), fertilization (IVF) and culture |
Funahashi and Day 1993Funahashi D, Day BN. 1993. Effect of follicular fluid at fertilization in vitro on sperm penetration in pig oocytes. J Reprod Fertil, 99:97-103.; Laurincik et al.,, 1994Laurincik J, Rath D, Niemann H. 1994. Differences in pronucleus formation and first cleavage following in vitro fertilization between pig oocytes matured in vivo and in vitro . J Reprod Fertil, 102(2):277-84.; Brüssow et al., 2000Brüssow KP, Torner H, Kanitz W, Rátky J. 2000. In vitro technologies related to pig embryo transfer. Reprod Nutrit Dev, 40(5):469-480.; Romar et al., 2012Romar R, Coy P, Rath D. 2012. Maturation conditions and boar affect timing of cortical reaction in porcine oocytes. Theriogenology, 15:1126-1139.; Gil et al., 2017Gil MA, Nohalez A, Martinez CA, Ake-Villanueva JR, Centurion-Castro F, Maside C, Cuello C, Roca J, Parrilla I, Martinez EA. 2017. Effects of meiotic inhibitors and gonadotropins on porcine oocytes in vitro maturation, fertilization and development. Reprod Domest Anim, 52:873-880.; Soriano-Úbeda et al., 2017Soriano-Úbeda C, García-Vázquez FA, Aguirregomezcorta R, Matás C. 2017. Improving porcine in vitro fertilization output by simulating the oviductal environment. Nature Scientific Reports, 7:43616.| Doi:10.1038/srep4361. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep4361...
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Oocytes/ embryos: In vitro
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Cryopreservation/ vitrification of embryos/ oocytes |
Berthelot et al., 2000Berthelot F, Martinat-Botté F, Locatelli A, Perreau C, Terqui M. 2000. Piglets Born after Vitrification of Embryos Using the Open Pulled Straw Method. Cryobiology, 41:116-124.; Cuello et al., 2016Cuello C, Martinez CA, Nohalez A, Parrilla I, Roca J, Gil MA, Martinez EA. 2016. Effective vitrification and warming of porcine embryos using a pH-stable, chemically defined medium. Sci Rep, 6:33915. Doi: 10.1038/srep33915. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep33915...
; Nohalez et al., 2018Nohalez A, Martinez CA, Parrilla I, Roca J, Gil MA, Rodriguez-Martinez H, Martinez EA, Cuello C. 2018. Exogenous ascorbic acid enhances vitrification survival of porcine in vitro -developed blastocysts but fails to improve the in vitro embryo production outcomes. Theriogenology, 113:113-119.
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III. |
Recipient sow synchronization |
Hormonal synchronization protocol |
Wilson et al., 1998Wilson ME, Biensen NJ, Youngs CR, Ford SP. 1998. Development of Meishan and Yorkshire littermate conceptuses in either a Meishan or Yorkshire uterine environment to day 90 of gestation and to term. Biol Reprod, 58:905-910.; Martynenko et al., 2004Martynenko NA, Tchjrkov AG, Denisjuk PV, Korennoij SN. 2004. Transcervical transplantation of porcine embryos and neutralization of superinduction using inseminated recipients. Vistnik Poltavskoij Dershavnoij Agrarnoij Akademii, 2:13-17.; Brüssow et al., 2018Brüssow KP, Rátky J, Antosik P, Kempisty B, Jaśkowski JM. 2018. Embryo transfer in swine - an indispensable key for the application of reproductive techniques. Electronic Journal of Polish Agricultural Universities, 21(3):3. DOI:10.30825/5.EJPAU.78.2018.21.3 https://doi.org/10.30825/5.EJPAU.78.2018...
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ET on recipient sows |
ET into the cranial portion of the corpus uteri |
Webel et al.,, 1970Webel SK, Peters JB, Anderson LL. 1970. Synchronous and asynchronous transfer of embryos in the pig. J Anim Sci, 30:565-568.; Galvin et al.,, 1994Galvin JM, Killian DB, Stewart ANV. 1994. A procedure for successful nonsurgical embryo transfer in swine. Theriogenology, 41:1279-1289.; Hazeleger and Kemp 1994Hazeleger W, Kemp B. 1994. Farrowing rate and litter size after transcervical embryo transfer in sows. Reprod Domest Anim, 29:481-487.; Li et al., 1996Li J, Rieke A, Day BN, Prather RS. 1996. Technical note: porcine non-surgical embryo transfer. J Anim Sci, 74(9):2263-8.; Yonemura et al., 1996Yonemura I, Fujino Y, Irie S, Miura Yl. 1996. Transcervical transfer of porcine embryos under practical conditions. J Reprod Dev, 42:89-94.; Rátky et al., 2001Rátky J, Brüssow KP, Solti L, Torner H, Sarlós P. 2001. Ovarian response, embryo recovery and results of embryo transfer in a Hugarian native pig breed. Theriogenology, 56:969-978.; Martinez et al., 2004Martinez EA, Caamano JN, Gil MA, Rieke A, McCauley TC, Cantley TC, Vazquez JM, Roca J, Vazquez JL, Didion BA, Murphy CN, Prather RS, Day BN. 2004. Successful nonsurgical deep uterine embryo transfer in pigs. Theriogenology, 61:137-146.; Martinez et al., 2016Martinez EA, Nohalez A, Martinez CA, Parrilla I, Vila J, Colina I, Diaz M, Reixach J, Vazquez JL, Roca J, Cuello C, Gil MA. 2016. The Recipients' Parity Does Not Influence Their Reproductive Performance Following Non-Surgical Deep Uterine Porcine Embryo Transfer. Reprod Domest Anim, 51(1):123-9. doi: 10.1111/rda.12654. Epub 2015 Dec 14. https://doi.org/10.1111/rda.12654...
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