Seasonal variations in soil chemical and microbial indicators under conventional and organic vineyards

Amaral, Higo Forlan; Schwan-Estrada, Kátia Regina Freitas; Sena, José Ozinaldo Alves de; Colozzi-Filho, Arnaldo; Andrade, Diva Souza

doi:10.4025/actasciagron.v45i1.56158

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AGRICULTURE MICROBIOLOGY • Acta Sci., Agron. 45 • 2023 • https://doi.org/10.4025/actasciagron.v45i1.56158 copy

Seasonal variations in soil chemical and microbial indicators under conventional and organic vineyards

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT.

Studies regarding soil quality and health often need to be up-to-date, as they feed new models for quantifying agricultural impacts on the environment. This study was established to understand how types of vineyard cultivation (organic and conventional) affect soil chemical and microbial attribute dynamics throughout different seasons. Vineyard management had a strong effect on chemical soil attributes. Organic carbon and phosphorus were 2.8 and 2.0 times greater, respectively, in organic vineyards than in conventional vineyards. Metabolic quotient (qCO₂) values were lowest in summer and autumn, with an average of 2.31-2.49 µg C-CO₂ h^-1 g^-1 soil, under organic management, indicating greater microbial growing efficacy. Regardless of season and sampling position, organic soil had a higher C microbial biomass than conventional vineyards, with values ranging from 179.79 to 284.71 µg g^-1 soil, which were similar to those of the adjacent forest soil. Overall, there were increases in both the microbial and the chemical attributes of soil under organic vineyards compared relative to conventional management, which might have been due to the continuous input of organic matter, crop rotation, and alternative plant protection and fertilizer compounds used in organic farming.

Keywords:
basal respiration; flux C microbial; metabolic quotient; microbial biomass; Vitis labrusca

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[1] * Author for correspondence. E-mail: diva@idr.pr.gov.br

Treatments			pH	C_org	P	Ca	Mg	K	H+Al
Treatments			pH	g (kg soil)^-1	mg (kg soil)^-1	--------- cmol (kg soil)^-1 --------
Spr	ORG	R	6.10c	18.14b	221.53a	4.29b	2.81a	0.57c	2.59d
	ORG	IR	6.36b	18.13b	227.89a	4.49b	3.10a	0.60c	2.40e
	CONV	R	5.44d	7.12c	95.43e	2.32d	0.87d	0.22d	2.67c
	CONV	IR	5.21e	6.20c	69.00f	2.12d	0.74d	0.21d	2.85b
Sum	ORG	R	6.20c	17.10b	169.83c	3.96c	2.23c	0.38d	2.43e
	ORG	IR	6.53a	19.24a	200.49b	4.81a	2.63b	0.42d	2.25e
	CONV	R	5.38e	6.01c	77.64f	3.18c	0.52d	0.22d	2.72b
	CONV	IR	5.64d	6.78c	78.55f	2.69d	0.63d	0.21d	2.57d
Aut	ORG	R	6.53a	20.45a	210.24b	4.54b	2.90a	0.66b	2.00e
	ORG	IR	6.58a	20.38a	183.50c	4.87a	2.95a	0.76a	1.97e
	CONV	R	5.50d	6.89c	134.51d	3.44c	0.55d	0.21d	2.44e
	CONV	IR	5.38e	6.50c	75.85f	2.56d	0.55d	0.20d	2.56d
Win	ORG	R	6.00c	17.02b	153.48c	3.66c	1.88c	0.65b	3.06a
	ORG	IR	6.29b	18.01b	159.66c	4.41b	2.26c	0.58c	2.76b
	CONV	R	5.55d	6.40c	123.89d	2.28d	0.64b	0.20d	2.99b
	CONV	IR	5.45d	6.85c	80.56f	2.53d	0.57d	0.23d	3.14a
CV (%)			2.5	8.72	21.12	23.12	10.92	17.22	8.98
Spr	FOR		3.99±0.2	16.30±1.05	3.53±0.85	1.50±0.7	0.60±0.25	0.14±0.02	7.19±1.07
Sum			3.98±0.1	15.85±1.74	3.40±1.09	1.55±0.7	0.60±0.14	0.13±0.03	6.65±0.71
Autu			4.05±0.3	16.72±1.92	2.93±0.86	1.38±0.6	0.55±0.16	0.13±0.02	6.07±1.09
Win			4.25±0.5	18.03±1.78	3.40±1.04	2.36±1.6	0.91±0.59	0.15±0.04	7.23±1.22
Factors						p-values
Temporal (T)			0.318^ns	0.009^ns	0.209^ns	0.115^ns	0.001**	0.001**	0.001**
Management (M)			0.001**	0.001**	0.001**	0.001**	0.001**	0.001**	0.001**
Spatial (S)			0.314^ns	0.181^ns	0.175^ns	0.623^ns	0.159^ns	0.299^ns	0.465^ns
T x M			0.347^ns	0.002*	0.025*	0.005*^s	0.015**	0.008*	0.319^ns
M x S			0.597^ns	0.054^ns	0.245^ns	0.620^ns	0.674^ns	0.307^ns	0.714^ns
T x S			0.130^ns	0.152^ns	0.079^ns	0.043*	0.095^ns	0.286^ns	0.079^ns
T x M x S			0.837^ns	0.914^ns	0.985^ns	0.802^ns	0.692^ns	0.130^ns	0.691^ns

Treatments			BMC	BMN	BR	qCO₂	qMIC	C/N
Treatments			---------μg g^-1 soil---------		-- ug C-CO₂ h^-1 g^-1 soil --		(%)
Spr	ORG	R	221.50a	74.84a	1.10a	4.96c	1.22 b	2.95d
	ORG	IR	284.71a	75.19a	1.05a	3.68d	1.57 b	3.78d
	CONV	R	141.58c	21.26c	0.65c	4.60c	1.98 a	5.54b
	CONV	IR	128.84d	14.87d	0.31e	2.40e	2.07 a	7.47a
Sum	ORG	R	280.35a	55.07b	0.59c	2.11e	1.63 b	5.09b
	ORG	IR	262.43a	48.14b	0.66c	2.52e	1.36 b	5.45b
	CONV	R	88.24f	19.05c	0.55d	6.23a	1.46 b	4.63c
	CONV	IR	89.71e	16.52c	0.37e	4.12c	1.32 b	5.36b
Aut	ORG	R	188.37b	56.26b	0.47d	2.49e	0.92 c	3.44d
	ORG	IR	184.06b	54.23b	0.56d	3.04d	0.90 c	3.51d
	CONV	R	81.68e	17.45d	0.67c	8.20a	1.18 b	4.68c
	CONV	IR	75.98e	17.34d	0.44e	5.79a	1.16 c	4.38c
Win	ORG	R	196.35b	57.83b	0.81b	4.12c	1.15 b	3.39d
	ORG	IR	179.79b	46.76b	0.80b	4.44c	0.99 c	3.90d
	CONV	R	80.27e	17.64c	0.59c	7.35a	1.25 b	4.17c
	CONV	IR	80.77f	18.52c	0.46e	6.06a	1.17 c	4.36c
CV (%)			12.67	6.08	19.85	21.5	5.67	11.5
Spr	FOR		251.6±28.3	47.2±9.0	0.49±0.11	1.94±0.47	1.54±0.18	5.46±1.0
Sum			308.0±44.6	49.9±9.3	0.57±0.13	1.85±0.32	1.85±0.40	6.41±1.8
Aut			221.8±21.1	59.9±12.9	0.53±0.19	2.38±0.89	1.32±0.18	3.88±0.0
Win			290.9±37.1	60.4±4.3	0.50±0.11	1.71±0.54	1.61±0.40	4.83±0.7
Factors			_____________________ p-values _________________
Temporal (T)			0.001**	0.001**	0.001**	0.041*	0.001**	0.001**
Management (M)			0.001**	0.001**	0.001**	0.001**	0.003*	0.001**
Spatial (S)			0.739^ns	0.001**	0.001**	0.084^ns	0.555^ns	0.049*
T x M			0.667^ns	0.043*	0.001**	0.001**	0.049*	0.001**
M x S			0.140^ns	0.001**	0.185^ns	0.071^ns	0.234^ns	0.044*
T x S			0.567^ns	0.001**	0.002*	0.034*	0.388^ns	0.659^ns
T x M x S			0.014**	0.001**	0.610^ns	0.058^ns	0.204^ns	0.100^ns

Soil characteristics	Conventional		Organic		Forest
	Sampling year
	2004	2007	2004	2007	Forest		2004	2007
C_mic (kg ha^-1)	159.8b	254.4a	524.2a	507.0a	615.0a	510.0b
BR (µg C-CO₂ h^-1 g^-1 soil)	1.75ª	0.4b	1.22a	0.62b	3.66a	0.58b
qCO₂ (mg C-CO₂ h^-1 g^-1 C_mic)	31.9ª	6.1b	10.3a	2.36b	11.9a	1.88b
C_org (g dm^-3)	14.4ª	8.3b	15.1b	22.5a	18.6b	31.0a
C_mic:C_Org (%)	3.8b	11.1a	17.3a	14.3b	21.0a	18.7a
SOM g dm^-3	24.8a	14.3b	26.0b	38.8a	32.0b	53.4a
Annual flux C (kg ha^-1 yr^-1)	735.0a	318.0b	655.2a	633.8a	768.8a	637.5b