Pretreatment of forage legumes under moderate salinity with exogenous salicylic acid or spermidine

The present study aims to determine whether exogenous salicylic acid (SA) or spermidine (Spd) has any protective effect against salt stress. Seeds were subjected to 0, 20, 40, and 60 mM NaCl with or without salicylic acid or spermidine (0.5 mM) for 10 days. The evaluated variables were germination rate, shoot and root dry masses, glycine betaine content, lipid peroxidation, and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX). The data were subjected to Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05). There was a growth increase, especially in plant shoots. The reduction in lipid peroxidation, as indicated by lower malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, can be explained by an increase in antioxidant activity when SA and Spd were added. When compared to CAT and APX, SOD was the least responsive enzyme to the addition of both SA and Spd in salt-stressed plants. SA and Spd partially reduced the effects of moderate salt stress in both plant species; however, Spd addition had better results than SA in terms of suppressing oxidative stress. Lablab plants were more vigorous than pigeonpea plants.

Keywords:
Cajanus cajan; Dolichos lablab; salt stress; glycine betaine; oxidative stress; growth

Authorship

Antonio Pizolato Neto^** Author for correspondence. E-mail: antoniopizolatoneto@gmail.com

Departamento de Produção Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Via de Acesso, Prof. Paulo Donato Castelane, s/n, Vila Industrial, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil. Universidade Estadual PaulistaBrazilJaboticabal, São Paulo, BrazilDepartamento de Produção Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Via de Acesso, Prof. Paulo Donato Castelane, s/n, Vila Industrial, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5041-6392

Rita de Cássia Alves

Departamento de Biologia Aplicada à Agropecuária, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil. Universidade Estadual PaulistaBrazilJaboticabal, São Paulo, BrazilDepartamento de Biologia Aplicada à Agropecuária, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.

Ayza Eugênio Viana Camargos

Departamento de Agricultura e Melhoramento Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil. Universidade Estadual PaulistaBrazilBotucatu, São Paulo, BrazilDepartamento de Agricultura e Melhoramento Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.

Priscila Lupino Gratão

Sônia Maria Raymundo Carregari

Sonia Marli Zingaretti

Universidade de Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil. Universidade de Ribeirão PretoBrazilRibeirão Preto, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade de Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.

Durvalina Maria Mathias Dos Santos

* Author for correspondence. E-mail: antoniopizolatoneto@gmail.com

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures

Figures (8)

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Figure 1
Average rates of germination of pigeonpea cv. BRS Mandarin (G) and lablab cv. Rongai at 10 days after sowing. A - Effect of salicylic acid (SA) and spermidine polyamine (Spd). B - Effect of NaCl concentrations. C - Interaction between compounds (SA and Spd) and salinity (NaCl). Averages followed by the same lowercase letter (within concentrations) or capital letter (between concentrations) do not differ from each other by Turkey’s test (p > 0.05). Averages of four replicates. Species (Sp), compounds (C), and salinity (S). **significant at 1% probability by the F-test, *significant at 5% probability by the F-test, and vertical bars show standard errors (±SE).

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Figure 2
Average shoot dry mass of pigeonpea cv. BRS Mandarin (SDM) and lablab cv. Rongai at 10 days after sowing. A - Effect of salicylic acid (SA) and spermidine polyamine (Spd). B - Effect of NaCl concentrations. C - Interaction between compounds (SA and Spd) and salinity (NaCl). Averages followed by the same lowercase letter (within concentrations) or capital letter (between concentrations) do not differ from each other by Turkey’s test (p > 0.05). Averages of four replicates. Species (Sp), compounds (C), and salinity (S). **significant at 1% probability by the F-test, *significant at 5% probability by the F-test, and vertical bars show standard errors (±SE).

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Figure 3
Average root dry mass of pigeonpea cv. BRS Mandarin (RDM) and lablab cv. Rongai at 10 days after sowing. A - Effect of salicylic acid (SA) and spermidine polyamine (Spd). B - Effect of NaCl concentrations. C - Interaction between compounds (SA and Spd) and salinity (NaCl). Averages followed by the same lowercase letter (within concentrations) or capital letter (between concentrations) do not differ from each other by Turkey’s test (p > 0.05). Averages of four replicates. Species (Sp), compounds (C), and salinity (S). **significant at 1% probability by the F-test, *significant at 5% probability by the F-test, and vertical bars show standard errors (±SE).

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Figure 4
Average values of betaine glycine (GB) levels in pigeonpea cv. BRS Mandarin and lablab cv. Rongai at 10 days after sowing. A - Effect of salicylic acid (SA) and spermidine polyamine (Spd). B - Effect of NaCl concentrations. C - Interaction between compounds (SA and Spd) and salinity (NaCl). Averages followed by the same lowercase letter (within concentrations) or capital letter (between concentrations) do not differ from each other by Turkey’s test (p > 0.05). Averages of four replicates. Species (Sp), compounds (C), and salinity (S). **significant at 1% probability by the F-test, *significant at 5% probability by the F-test, and vertical bars show standard errors (±SE).

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Figure 5
Average values of malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in pigeonpea cv. BRS Mandarin and lablab cv. Rongai at 10 days after sowing. A - Effect of salicylic acid (SA) and spermidine polyamine (Spd). B - Effect of NaCl concentrations. C - Interaction between compounds (SA and Spd) and salinity (NaCl). Averages followed by the same lowercase letter (within concentrations) or capital letter (between concentrations) do not differ from each other by the Turkey’s test (p > 0.05). Averages of four replicates. Species (Sp), compounds (C), and salinity (S). **significant at 1% probability by the F-test, *significant at 5% probability by the F-test, and vertical bars show standard errors (±SE).

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Figure 6
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) specific activity in pigeonpea cv. BRS Mandarin and lablab cv. Rongai at 10 days after sowing. A - Effect of salicylic acid (SA) and spermidine polyamine (Spd). B - Effect of NaCl concentrations. C - Interaction between compounds (SA and Spd) and salinity (NaCl). Averages followed by the same lowercase letter (within concentrations) or capital letter (between concentrations) do not differ from each other by Turkey’s test (p > 0.05). Averages of four repetitions. Species (Sp), compounds (C), and salinity (S). **significant at 1% probability by the F-test, *significant at 5% probability by the F-test, and vertical bars show standard errors (±SE).

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Figure 7
Catalase (CAT) specific activity in pigeonpea cv. BRS Mandarin and lablab cv. Rongai at 10 days after sowing. A - Effect of salicylic acid (SA) and spermidine polyamine (Spd). B - Effect of NaCl concentrations. C - Interaction between compounds (SA and Spd) and salinity (NaCl). Averages followed by the same lowercase letter (within concentrations) or capital letter (between concentrations) do not differ from each other by Turkey’s test (p > 0.05). Averages of four repetitions. Species (Sp), compounds (C), and salinity (S). **significant at 1% probability by the F-test, *significant at 5% probability by the F-test, and vertical bars show standard errors (±SE).

Thumbnail

Figure 8
Peroxidase ascorbate (APX) specific activity in pigeonpea cv. BRS Mandarin and lablab cv. Rongai at 10 days after sowing. A - Effect of salicylic acid (SA) and spermidine polyamine (Spd). B - Effect of NaCl concentrations. C - Interaction between compounds (SA and Spd) and salinity (NaCl). Averages followed by the same lowercase letter (within concentrations) or capital letter (between concentrations) do not differ from each other by Turkey’s test (p > 0.05). Averages of four replicates. Species (Sp), compounds (C), and salinity (S). **significant at 1% probability by the F-test, *significant at 5% probability by the F-test, and vertical bars show standard errors (±SE).

Figure 1 Average rates of germination of pigeonpea cv. BRS Mandarin (G) and lablab cv. Rongai at 10 days after sowing. A - Effect of salicylic acid (SA) and spermidine polyamine (Spd). B - Effect of NaCl concentrations. C - Interaction between compounds (SA and Spd) and salinity (NaCl). Averages followed by the same lowercase letter (within concentrations) or capital letter (between concentrations) do not differ from each other by Turkey’s test (p > 0.05). Averages of four replicates. Species (Sp), compounds (C), and salinity (S). **significant at 1% probability by the F-test, *significant at 5% probability by the F-test, and vertical bars show standard errors (±SE).

Figure 2 Average shoot dry mass of pigeonpea cv. BRS Mandarin (SDM) and lablab cv. Rongai at 10 days after sowing. A - Effect of salicylic acid (SA) and spermidine polyamine (Spd). B - Effect of NaCl concentrations. C - Interaction between compounds (SA and Spd) and salinity (NaCl). Averages followed by the same lowercase letter (within concentrations) or capital letter (between concentrations) do not differ from each other by Turkey’s test (p > 0.05). Averages of four replicates. Species (Sp), compounds (C), and salinity (S). **significant at 1% probability by the F-test, *significant at 5% probability by the F-test, and vertical bars show standard errors (±SE).

Figure 3 Average root dry mass of pigeonpea cv. BRS Mandarin (RDM) and lablab cv. Rongai at 10 days after sowing. A - Effect of salicylic acid (SA) and spermidine polyamine (Spd). B - Effect of NaCl concentrations. C - Interaction between compounds (SA and Spd) and salinity (NaCl). Averages followed by the same lowercase letter (within concentrations) or capital letter (between concentrations) do not differ from each other by Turkey’s test (p > 0.05). Averages of four replicates. Species (Sp), compounds (C), and salinity (S). **significant at 1% probability by the F-test, *significant at 5% probability by the F-test, and vertical bars show standard errors (±SE).

Figure 4 Average values of betaine glycine (GB) levels in pigeonpea cv. BRS Mandarin and lablab cv. Rongai at 10 days after sowing. A - Effect of salicylic acid (SA) and spermidine polyamine (Spd). B - Effect of NaCl concentrations. C - Interaction between compounds (SA and Spd) and salinity (NaCl). Averages followed by the same lowercase letter (within concentrations) or capital letter (between concentrations) do not differ from each other by Turkey’s test (p > 0.05). Averages of four replicates. Species (Sp), compounds (C), and salinity (S). **significant at 1% probability by the F-test, *significant at 5% probability by the F-test, and vertical bars show standard errors (±SE).

Figure 5 Average values of malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in pigeonpea cv. BRS Mandarin and lablab cv. Rongai at 10 days after sowing. A - Effect of salicylic acid (SA) and spermidine polyamine (Spd). B - Effect of NaCl concentrations. C - Interaction between compounds (SA and Spd) and salinity (NaCl). Averages followed by the same lowercase letter (within concentrations) or capital letter (between concentrations) do not differ from each other by the Turkey’s test (p > 0.05). Averages of four replicates. Species (Sp), compounds (C), and salinity (S). **significant at 1% probability by the F-test, *significant at 5% probability by the F-test, and vertical bars show standard errors (±SE).

Figure 6 Superoxide dismutase (SOD) specific activity in pigeonpea cv. BRS Mandarin and lablab cv. Rongai at 10 days after sowing. A - Effect of salicylic acid (SA) and spermidine polyamine (Spd). B - Effect of NaCl concentrations. C - Interaction between compounds (SA and Spd) and salinity (NaCl). Averages followed by the same lowercase letter (within concentrations) or capital letter (between concentrations) do not differ from each other by Turkey’s test (p > 0.05). Averages of four repetitions. Species (Sp), compounds (C), and salinity (S). **significant at 1% probability by the F-test, *significant at 5% probability by the F-test, and vertical bars show standard errors (±SE).

Figure 7 Catalase (CAT) specific activity in pigeonpea cv. BRS Mandarin and lablab cv. Rongai at 10 days after sowing. A - Effect of salicylic acid (SA) and spermidine polyamine (Spd). B - Effect of NaCl concentrations. C - Interaction between compounds (SA and Spd) and salinity (NaCl). Averages followed by the same lowercase letter (within concentrations) or capital letter (between concentrations) do not differ from each other by Turkey’s test (p > 0.05). Averages of four repetitions. Species (Sp), compounds (C), and salinity (S). **significant at 1% probability by the F-test, *significant at 5% probability by the F-test, and vertical bars show standard errors (±SE).

Figure 8 Peroxidase ascorbate (APX) specific activity in pigeonpea cv. BRS Mandarin and lablab cv. Rongai at 10 days after sowing. A - Effect of salicylic acid (SA) and spermidine polyamine (Spd). B - Effect of NaCl concentrations. C - Interaction between compounds (SA and Spd) and salinity (NaCl). Averages followed by the same lowercase letter (within concentrations) or capital letter (between concentrations) do not differ from each other by Turkey’s test (p > 0.05). Averages of four replicates. Species (Sp), compounds (C), and salinity (S). **significant at 1% probability by the F-test, *significant at 5% probability by the F-test, and vertical bars show standard errors (±SE).

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[1] * Author for correspondence. E-mail: antoniopizolatoneto@gmail.com