Variability of harvest loss in relation to physiological characteristics of cotton

Pearson's correlation and spatial variability are tools that can be used to help one understand the process of losses in the mechanical harvesting of cotton. Therefore, the objective of this study was to model the spatial distribution and map the losses of mechanical cotton harvest using geostatistics and to correlate the losses with agronomic variables using Pearson’s correlation. The experiment was conducted in Itiquira and Lucas do Rio Verde, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. At each sampling point, the evaluated variables were agronomic plant variables and cotton losses in the soil and the plant (divided into lower, medium and upper thirds) and the sum total of losses. The highest losses in cotton harvest occurred in the lower third and on the soil, both of which exhibit a spatial dependence model, according to geostatistics, demonstrating that they do not occur in a randomized process and are related to the specific plant. There was a relationship between the plant populations with losses in the cotton crop. The plant population can influence the spatial dependence of losses.

Keywords:
Gossypium hirsutum; geostatistics; precision agriculture

Authorship

Elizabeth Haruna Kazama ^** Author for correspondence. E-mail: bethkazama@hotmail.com

Departamento de Engenharia Rural, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Via de Acesso Professor Paulo Donato Castelane, s/n, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil. Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”BrazilJaboticabal, São Paulo, BrazilDepartamento de Engenharia Rural, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Via de Acesso Professor Paulo Donato Castelane, s/n, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5448-458X

Rouverson Pereira da Silva

Departamento de Engenharia Rural, Universidade Estadual de São Paulo, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil. Universidade Estadual de São PauloBrazilJaboticabal, São Paulo, BrazilDepartamento de Engenharia Rural, Universidade Estadual de São Paulo, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.

Franciele Morlin Carneiro

Daniel de Bortoli Teixeira

Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade de Marília, Marília, São Paulo, Brazil. Universidade de MaríliaBrazilMarília, São Paulo, BrazilCentro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade de Marília, Marília, São Paulo, Brazil.

Welington Gonzaga do Vale

Centro de Ciências Agrárias Aplicadas, Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil. Universidade Federal de SergipeBrazilSão Cristóvão, Sergipe, BrazilCentro de Ciências Agrárias Aplicadas, Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil.

Gener Tadeu Pereira

Departamento de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual de São Paulo, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.Universidade Estadual de São PauloBrazilJaboticabal, São Paulo, BrazilDepartamento de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual de São Paulo, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.

* Author for correspondence. E-mail: bethkazama@hotmail.com

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Tables

Figures (6)
Tables (3)

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Figure 1
Study site and spatial locations of collected samples of plot 1 (V = 5 km h^-1), plot 2 (V = 7 km h^-1) in Itiquira and plot 3 in Lucas do Rio Verde, Mato Grosso State, Brazil, 2015.

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Figure 2
Schematic of losses on plant thirds.

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Figure 3
Semivariograms of the physiological variables of cotton. N boll: number of bolls per plant; M 1 boll: mass of a boll; Height pl: plant height; Height ins: insertion height.

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Figure 4
Semivariograms of losses from mechanical harvesting.

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Figure 5
Spatial distribution of cotton physiological variables. N boll: number of bolls per plant; M 1 boll: mass of a boll; Height pl: plant height; Height ins: insertion height.

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Figure 6
Spatial distribution of losses from mechanical harvesting.

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Table 1
Descriptive statistics of cotton yield, physiological variables and losses for mechanical harvesting in Itiquira and Lucas do Rio Verde, Mato Grosso State, Brazil, 2015.

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Table 2
Simple linear correlation between cotton physiological variables and mechanical harvesting losses in plot 1, plot 2, and plot 3 (Itiquira and Lucas do Rio Verde, Mato Grosso State, Brazil).

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Table 3
Parameters of experimental semivariograms obtained for cotton physiological variables and losses in mechanical harvesting for Plot 1, Plot 2, and Plot 3, Itiquira and Lucas do Rio Verde, Mato Grosso State, Brazil.

Figure 1 Study site and spatial locations of collected samples of plot 1 (V = 5 km h^-1), plot 2 (V = 7 km h^-1) in Itiquira and plot 3 in Lucas do Rio Verde, Mato Grosso State, Brazil, 2015.

Figure 2 Schematic of losses on plant thirds.

Figure 3 Semivariograms of the physiological variables of cotton. N boll: number of bolls per plant; M 1 boll: mass of a boll; Height pl: plant height; Height ins: insertion height.

Figure 4 Semivariograms of losses from mechanical harvesting.

Figure 5 Spatial distribution of cotton physiological variables. N boll: number of bolls per plant; M 1 boll: mass of a boll; Height pl: plant height; Height ins: insertion height.

Figure 6 Spatial distribution of losses from mechanical harvesting.

Table 1 Descriptive statistics of cotton yield, physiological variables and losses for mechanical harvesting in Itiquira and Lucas do Rio Verde, Mato Grosso State, Brazil, 2015.

Variables*		Mean	CI (95%)	CV	Minimum	Maximum	Skewness	Kurtosis
Variables*		Plot 1 (V = 5 km h^-1)
N boll pl	-	15.5	14.5 - 16.5	26.1	9	28.7	0.82^N	0.75
Pop	pl ha^-1	70047	66319 - 73775	21.1	20370	107407	-0.22^N	1.31
M 1 boll	g	5.1	4.9 - 5.2	14.98	2.8	6.6	-0.52^N	0.19
Height pl	m	1.16	1.13 - 1.19	9.69	0.92	1.44	0.07^N	-0.04
Height ins	m	0.25	0.23 - 0.27	27.85	0.12	0.45	0.73^A	0.56
L_low	%	2.3	1.8 - 2.7	72.43	0.09	8.71	1.86^A	4.49
L_med	%	1.0	0.8 - 1.2	82.76	0	4.64	2.2^A	6.42
L_up	%	0.4	0.2 - 0.5	154.63	0	3.06	2.96^A	9.92
L_pl	%	3.6	3.0 - 4.2	69.57	0.743	14.84	2.42^A	7.22
L_ground	%	6.6	6.0 - 7.3	36	2.19	12.83	0.72^A	0.1
L_total	%	10.1	9.1 - 11.2	40.41	4.37	27.67	1.98^A	5.57
Plot 2 (V = 7 km h^-1)
N boll pl	-	14	13.2 - 14.7	22.5	7.33	20.7	0.15^N	-0.41
Pop	pl ha^-1	79485	77106 - 81864	12	53704	101852	-0.42^N	0.13
M 1 boll	g	5.1	4.9 - 5.4	17.8	3.6	7.6	0.7^N	0.21
Height pl	m	1.17	1.13 - 1.20	11	0.89	1.5	0.14^N	-0.4
Height ins	m	0.26	0.24 - 0.28	23.4	0.15	0.4	0.75^A	-0.25
L_low	%	1.6	1.4 - 1.8	48.3	0.09	4.1	0.92^A	1.7
L_med	%	1.1	0.9 - 1.2	55.7	0	2.9	0.83^A	0.8
L_up	%	0.3	0.2 - 0.4	129.4	0	2.2	2.37^A	7.6
L_pl	%	2.9	2.6 - 3.2	41.6	0.19	6.5	0.44^N	0.7
L_ground	%	5.5	5.0 - 5.9	34.8	2.08	11.1	0.65^N	0.5
L_total	%	8.3	7.6 - 8.9	30.2	2	16.3	0.76^A	1.2
Plot 3 (Lucas do Rio Verde)
N boll pl	-	11.38	10.6 - 12.1	23.2	4.33	18.3	0.24^N	0.98
Pop	pl ha^-1	104120	100940 - 107301	10.5	75556	128889	0.04^A	0.04
M 1 boll	g	4.79	4.64 - 4.94	11.0	3.60	6.0	0.05^N	-0.30
Height pl	m	0.87	0.82 - 0.91	17.6	0.56	1.2	0.08^N	-0.75
Height ins	m	0.21	0.20 - 0.22	12.0	0.15	0.3	-0.04^N	-0.65
L_low	%	0.69	0.5 - 0.9	79.5	0.18	2.6	1.48^A	2.23
L_med	%	0.16	0.1 - 0.2	83.6	0.00	0.5	0.94^A	0.38
L_up	%	0.14	0.1 - 0.2	83.6	0.00	0.5	0.86^A	0.55
L_pl	%	0.99	0.8 - 1.2	60.4	0.23	3.0	1.44^N	2.73
L_ground	%	4.18	3.8- 4.6	34.5	1.82	8.3	0.66^N	0.50
L_total	%	5.17	4.7 - 5.7	32.8	2.75	11.4	1.30^A	2.62

CI: confidence interval; CV: coefficient of variation; N boll pl: number of bolls per plant; Pop: plant population; M 1 boll: mass of a boll; Height pl: plant height; Height ins: insertion height of the first fruiting branch; L_inf: loss in the lower third; L_med: loss in the medium third; L_up: loss in the upper third; L_pl: plant loss; L_soil: ground loss; L_total: total loss; ^N: Normal according to Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test; ^A: not normal; *(n = 64) for each plot.

Table 2 Simple linear correlation between cotton physiological variables and mechanical harvesting losses in plot 1, plot 2, and plot 3 (Itiquira and Lucas do Rio Verde, Mato Grosso State, Brazil).

Plot 1 (V = 5 km h^-1)
Var	N boll pl	Pop	M boll	Hgt pl	Hgt ins	L_low	L_med	L_up	L_pl	L_ground	L_total
N boll pl	-	-0.35**	0.27*	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	0.22^●	ns	ns
Pop		-	ns	ns	0.41**	-0.40**	ns	-0.22^●	-0.31*	-0.23^●	-0.35**
M boll			-	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns
Hgt pl				-	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns
Hgt ins					-	-0.32*	ns	ns	-0.26*	ns	-0.24^●
L_low						-	0.40**	0.41**	0.89**	0.38**	0.73**
L_med							-	0.63**	0.74**	0.24^●	0.60**
L_up								-	0.70**	ns	0.55**
L_pl									-	0.38**	0.81**
L_ground										-	0.82**
L_total											-
Plot 2 (V = 7 km h^-1)
Var	N boll pl	Pop	M boll	Hgt pl	Hgt ins	L_low	L_med	L_up	L_pl	L_ground	L_total
N boll pl	-	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	0.31**	ns	ns	ns
Pop		-	ns	ns	0.34**	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns
M boll			-	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	-0.23^●	ns
Hgt pl				-	ns	ns	0.26*	ns	ns	ns	ns
Hgt ins					-	ns	0.28*	ns	0.25*	ns	ns
L_low						-	ns	ns	0.75**	0.28*	0.59**
L_med							-	ns	0.63**	ns	0.31*
L_up								-	0.48**	ns	ns
L_pl									-	ns	0.61**
L_ground										-	0.87**
L_total											-
Plot 3 (Lucas do Rio Verde)
Var	N boll pl	Pop	M boll	Hgt pl	Hgt ins	L_low	L_med	L_up	L_pl	L_ground	L_total
N boll pl	-	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	-0.28^●	ns	ns	ns	ns
Pop		-	ns	ns	0.40**	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns
M boll			-	0.31*	ns	ns	-0.36*	ns	ns	ns	ns
Hgt pl				-	ns	ns	-0.35*	ns	ns	0.48**	0.41**
Hgt ins					-	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns
L_low						-	ns	ns	0.95**	0.33*	0.62**
L_med							-	ns	0.30*	0.32*	ns
L_up								-	0.33*	ns	ns
L_pl									-	0.25^●	0.57**
L_ground										-	0.94**
L_total											-

N boll pl: number of bolls per plant; Pop: plant population; M 1 boll: mass of a boll; Height pl: plant height; Height ins: insertion height of the first fruiting branch; L_inf: loss in the lower third; L_med: loss in the medium third; L_up: loss in the upper third; L_pl: plant loss; L_soil: ground loss; L_total: total loss; (^●): significant at 0.10; (*): significant at 0.05; (**) significant at 0.01; (ns): not significant; *(n = 64) for each plot.

Table 3 Parameters of experimental semivariograms obtained for cotton physiological variables and losses in mechanical harvesting for Plot 1, Plot 2, and Plot 3, Itiquira and Lucas do Rio Verde, Mato Grosso State, Brazil.

Variables*	Model	C₀	C₁	C₀ /(C₀ + C₁)	a	SQR	R²	CV
Variables*	Plot 1 (V = 5 km h^-1)
N boll pl	NE	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Pop	Sph	1.05E+08	1.05E+08	50.0	82.9	2.75E+15	0.71	1.55+0.77x
M 1 boll	NE	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Height pl	Sph	0.0002	0.0106	2.0	25.3	2.80E-06	0.85	0.16+0.87x
Height ins	NE	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
L_low	Sph	0.1340	1.033	11.5	34.5	0.016	0.94	0.20+0.96x
L_med	Sph	0.2001	0.201	49.9	75.0	6.23E-03	0.74	0.22+0.74x
L_up	Sph	0.0151	0.045	25.1	45.0	4.26E-05	0.95	0.07+0.73x
L_pl	Sph	0.6300	1.351	31.8	49.4	0.204	0.80	0.05+1.01x
L_ground	Sph	1.5650	2.775	36.7	36.7	1.100	0.63	1.49+0.78x
L_total	Sph	2.0700	7.317	28.3	50.6	5.06E-03	1.00	0.86+0.92x
Plot 2 (V = 7 km h^-1)
N boll pl	Sph	0.0100	9.520	0.10	27.7	1.500	0.90	2.77+0.81x
Pop	NE	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
M 1 boll	NE	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Height pl	Sph	0.0031	0.0107	22.3	33.7	5.83E-06	0.80	-0.2+1.16x
Height ins	NE	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
L_low	Sph	0.086	0.252	25.4	44.1	1.06E-03	0.96	0.11+0.91x
L_med	NE	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
L_up	NE	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
L_pl	Sph	0.276	1.174	19.0	76.1	0.064	094	0.26+0.88x
L_ground	Sph	0.639	2.129	23.8	51.7	0.168	0.90	0.85+0.86x
L_total	Sph	0.600	3.430	14.9	48.9	0.173	0.96	0.75+2.09x
Plot 3 (Lucas do Rio Verde)
N boll pl	NE	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Pop	NE	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
M 1 boll	NE	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Height pl	Sph	0.0122	0.0122	49.91	49	5.16E-06	0.94	0.11+0.86x
Height ins	Sph	0.000253	0.000275	52.10	46.7	3.46E-09	0.91	-0.01+1.05x
L_low	Sph	0.3324	0.2087	38.60	59.7	8.73E-03	0.82	8.04+0.78x
L_med	NE	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
L_up	NE	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
L_pl	NE	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
L_ground	Sph	0.0294	0.0834	26.06	64.7	1.94E-04	0.95	0.76+0.83x
L_total	Sph	0.0192	0.0592	49.98	59.5	2.72E-04	0.85	0.88+0.82x

C₀: nugget effect; C₀ + C₁: sill; a: range (m); C₀/(C₀ + C₁): spatial dependence degree (%); R²: coefficient of determination for the adjustment; SQR: sum of squared residuals; CV: cross-validation; N boll pl: number of bolls per plant; Pop: plant population; M 1 boll: mass of a boll; Height pl: plant height; Height ins: insertion height of the first fruiting branch; L_inf: loss in the lower third; L_med: loss in the medium third; L_up: loss in the upper third; L_pl: plant loss; L_soil: ground loss; L_total: total loss. NE: pure nugget effect; Sph: spherical; Gauss: Gaussian; Exp: exponential; *(n = 64 for each plot).

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Variability of harvest loss in relation to physiological characteristics of cotton

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[1] * Author for correspondence. E-mail: bethkazama@hotmail.com