Natural enemies in alternative plants during the soybean and corn offseason in Cruz Alta, Rio Grande do Sul

Identifying the behavior of natural enemies during the crop offseason is a key tool for integrated pest management. The objective of this work was to evaluate the population density of natural enemies of the plants Chloris distichophylla, Andropogon bicornis, and Erianthus angustifolium and to analyze the influence of the structural complexity of these plants on the present population. During the offseasons of 2014, 2015, and 2016, 150 plants of each species were evaluated and subdivided into different clump diameters. The species Lycosa spp., Eriops connexa, Cicloneda sanguinea, Coleomegilla quadrifasciata, Lebia concinna, and Harmonia axyridis were identified. A. bicornis was the plant with the highest population density, followed by C. distichophylla and E. angustifolium. Plants with greater structural complexities sheltered a higher population density of natural enemies.

Keywords:
Glycine max; Zea mays; biological control; ecology; population dynamics

Authorship

Eduardo Engel

Universidade de Cruz Alta, Campus Universitário Dr. Ulysses Guimarães, Rodovia Municipal Jacob Della Méa, km 5.6, 98005-972, Cruz Alta, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Universidade de Cruz AltaBrazilCruz Alta, Rio Grande do Sul, BrazilUniversidade de Cruz Alta, Campus Universitário Dr. Ulysses Guimarães, Rodovia Municipal Jacob Della Méa, km 5.6, 98005-972, Cruz Alta, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8218-6248

Mauricio Paulo Batistella Pasini

Daniele Caroline Hörz

Aline Hesel

Daniel Rapachi Barassuol

Claudio Ariel Chassot

* Author for correspondence. E-mail: agron.engel@gmail.com

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Tables

Figures (3)
Tables (3)

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Figure 1
Relationship between the diameter of the host plant. Chloris distichophylla. with the average population density of natural enemies sampled during the offseason of different years.

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Figure 2
Relationship between the diameter of the host plant. Andropogon bicornis with the average population density of natural enemies sampled during the offseason of different years.

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Figure 3
Relationship between the diameter of the host plant. Erianthus angustifolium. with the mean population density of natural enemies sampled during the offseason of different years.

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Table 1
Average population density of natural enemies in different clump diameters of Chloris distichophylla during soybean and corn offseasons over three years.

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Table 2
Average population density of natural enemies in different clump diameters of Andropogon bicornis during soybean and corn offseasons over three years.

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Table 3
Average population density of natural enemies in different clump diameters of Erianthus angustifolium during soybean and corn offseasons over three years.

Figure 1 Relationship between the diameter of the host plant. Chloris distichophylla. with the average population density of natural enemies sampled during the offseason of different years.

Figure 2 Relationship between the diameter of the host plant. Andropogon bicornis with the average population density of natural enemies sampled during the offseason of different years.

Figure 3 Relationship between the diameter of the host plant. Erianthus angustifolium. with the mean population density of natural enemies sampled during the offseason of different years.

Table 1 Average population density of natural enemies in different clump diameters of Chloris distichophylla during soybean and corn offseasons over three years.

Years	Ø	Ly	Ec	Cs	Cq	Lc	Ha	x-
2014	5	-	0.1 b*	-	-	0.3 a	-	0.4
	10	0.3 b	0.1 c	-	-	0.9 a	-	1.3
	15	0.4 b	0.4 b	0.5 a	0.1 c	0.5 a	0.2 c	2.1
	20	0.6 c	0.3 d	0.9 b	-	1.3 a	0.1 e	3.2
	25	0.8 b	0.1 d	0.8 b	0.5 c	1.5 a	0.4 c	4.1
2015	5	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
	10	0.2^ns	-	-	-	-	0.2^ns	0.4
	15	-	-	-	-	-	0.1^ns	0.1
	20	0.8^ns	-	-	-	-	0.7^ns	1.5
	25	1.7 a*	0.2 b	-	-	-	1.8 a	3.7
2016	5	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
	10	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
	15	-	-	-	-	-	0.1^ns	0.1
	20	-	-	0.4 b	-	-	0.6 a	1.0
	25	1.0 a*	-	0.7 b	-	-	1.0 a	2.7
							∑ x ^-	20.6

*Means followed by different letters in a line differ statistically via T test (p > 0.05), ns (not significant), Ø = clump diameter, x - = mean, ∑ x - = total mean. Ly = Lycosa spp., Ec = Eriops connexa, Cs = Cicloneda sanguinea, Lc = Lebia concinna, and Ha = Harmonia axyridis.

Table 2 Average population density of natural enemies in different clump diameters of Andropogon bicornis during soybean and corn offseasons over three years.

Years	Ø	Ly	Ec	Cs	Cq	Lc	Ha	x-
2014	10	0.1^ns	-	0.1^ns	-	0.1^ns	-	0.3
	20	0.6 a*	-	0.2 b	-	-	-	0.8
	30	0.7 a	0.5 b	0.7 a	-	0.2 c	-	2.1
	40	0.8 b	0.4 c	1.2 a	0.3 c	0.1 d	-	2.8
	50	1.6 b	0.5 c	2.2 a	0.2 d	0.4 c	0.1 d	5.0
2015	10	0.2^ns	-	-	-	-	0.1^ns	0.3
	20	0.9^ns	-	-	-	-	-	0.9
	30	2.4 a*	-	-	-	-	0.3 b	2.7
	40	3.3 a	-	-	-	-	1.2 b	4.5
	50	3.3 a	-	-	-	-	0.8 b	4.1
2016	10	0.2^ns	-	-	-	-	0.1^ns	0.3
	20	1.0^ns	-	-	-	-	-	1.0
	30	3.0 a*	-	-	-	-	0.2 b	3.2
	40	3.5 a	-	0.2 c	-	-	0.7 b	4.4
	50	3.9 a	-	0.6 c	-	2.5 b	0.6 c	7.6
∑ x ^-								40.0

*Means followed by different letters in a line differ statistically via T test (p > 0.05), ns (not significant), Ø = clump diameter, x - = mean, ∑ x - = total mean. Ly = Lycosa spp., Ec = Eriops connexa, Cs = Cicloneda sanguinea, Lc = Lebia concinna, and Ha = Harmonia axyridis.

Table 3 Average population density of natural enemies in different clump diameters of Erianthus angustifolium during soybean and corn offseasons over three years.

Years	Ø	Ly	Ec	Cs	Cq	Lc	Ha	x-
2014	10	-	-	-	-	0.1^ns	-	0.1
	20	0.3 a*	-	0.1 b	-	-	-	0.4
	30	0.7 a	-	0.1 c	0.1 c	-	0.3 b	1.2
	40	0.8 a	0.1 b	0.8 a	0.1 b	0.2 b	0.1 b	2.1
	50	1.2 a	0.1 d	0.9 b	0.3 c	0.4 c	0.1 d	3.0
2015	10	0.3^ns	-	-	-	-	0.3^ns	0.6
	20	1.3 a*	-	-	-	-	0.3 b	1.6
	30	1.2 a	-	-	-	-	0.3 b	1.5
	40	1.9 a	-	-	-	-	0.6 b	2.5
	50	2.8 a	-	-	-	-	1.8 b	4.6
2016	10	0.3^ns	-	-	-	-	0.3^ns	0.6
	20	1.5 a*	-	-	-	-	0.3 b	1.8
	30	1.6 a	-	-	-	-	0.6 b	2.2
	40	2.2 a	-	0.2 c	-	-	1.1 b	3.5
	50	2.7 a	-	0.6 c	-	-	1.9 b	5.2
	∑ x ^-							30.9

*Means followed by different letters in a line differ statistically via T test (p > 0.05), ns (not significant), Ø = clump diameter, x - = mean, ∑ x - = total mean. Ly = Lycosa spp., Ec = Eriops connexa, Cs = Cicloneda sanguinea, Lc = Lebia concinna, and Ha = Harmonia axyridis.

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Natural enemies in alternative plants during the soybean and corn offseason in Cruz Alta, Rio Grande do Sul

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[1] * Author for correspondence. E-mail: agron.engel@gmail.com