Gherkin cultivation in saline medium using seeds treated with a biostimulant

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of a biostimulant on gherkin seeds, cultivar Liso de Calcutá, under conditions of salt stress. A split-plot experimental design with five replications was used; the main plot was represented by two levels of irrigation water salinity (0.5 and 3.5 dS m^-1), and the subplot was composed of five biostimulant doses applied as a seed treatment (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 mL kg^-1). The following variables were evaluated: the number of leaves; number of branches; length of the largest branch; leaf, stem, fruit and total dry matter; number of fruits; average fruit weight; and fruit production. The values of all analyzed variables decreased with an increase in irrigation water salinity regardless of the biostimulant dose, but in the absence of salt stress, biostimulant use led to an increase in the number of leaves and branches, the length of the largest branch and biomass accumulation. Biostimulation was not effective in reducing the effects of salinity on gherkin production, but it increased fruit production regardless of the salinity level.

Keywords:
Cucumis anguria; horticulture; salt stress; bioregulator

Authorship

Maria Lilia de Souza Neta

Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Av. Francisco Mota, 572, 59625-900, Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-ÁridoBrazilMossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, BrazilCentro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Av. Francisco Mota, 572, 59625-900, Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.

Francisco de Assis de Oliveira

Salvador Barros Torres ^**Author for correspondence. E-mail: sbtorres@ufersa.edu.br

Antonia Adailha Torres Souza

Dennis Darkyan Almeida da Silva

Sandy Thomaz dos Santos

*Author for correspondence. E-mail: sbtorres@ufersa.edu.br

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Tables

Figures (3)
Tables (3)

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Figure 2
Number of leaves (A); number of secondary branches (B); length of the largest branch (C); and the leaf (D), stem (E), fruit (F), and total dry matter (G) of gherkin plants, cultivar Liso de Calcutá, grown from seeds treated with different doses of biostimulant and cultivated under conditions of salt stress.

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Figure 3
Number of fruits per plant (A), average fruit weight (B), and fruit production (C) in gherkin, cultivar Liso de Calcutá, grown from seeds treated with different doses of biostimulant under conditions of salt stress.

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Table 1
Chemical characteristics of the soil used in the experiment.

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Table 2
Summary of the results of the analyses of variance and the mean values for the number of leaves (NL); number of secondary branches (NSB); largest branch length (LBL); leaf (LDM), stem (SDM), and fruit dry matter (FDM); and the total dry matter (TDM) of gherkin, cultivar Liso de Calcutá, using seeds treated with different doses of biostimulant and grown under conditions of salt stress.

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Table 3
Summary of the results of the analyses of variance and the average number of fruits per plant (NF), average fruit weight (AFW) and production (PROD) of gherkin, cultivar Liso de Calcutá, grown from seeds treated with different doses of biostimulant under conditions of salt stress.

Figure 2 Number of leaves (A); number of secondary branches (B); length of the largest branch (C); and the leaf (D), stem (E), fruit (F), and total dry matter (G) of gherkin plants, cultivar Liso de Calcutá, grown from seeds treated with different doses of biostimulant and cultivated under conditions of salt stress.

Figure 3 Number of fruits per plant (A), average fruit weight (B), and fruit production (C) in gherkin, cultivar Liso de Calcutá, grown from seeds treated with different doses of biostimulant under conditions of salt stress.

Table 1 Chemical characteristics of the soil used in the experiment.

pH	EC	P	K⁺	Na⁺	Ca²⁺	Mg²⁺	Al³⁺	(H+Al)	SB	T	CTC	V	M	PST
	dS m^-1	----mg dm^-3 ----			----------------------- cmol_c dm^-3 ------------------------				------ % -------			V	M	PST
6.18	0.06	5.23	44.52	8.61	1.62	1.88	0.0	1.32	3.65	3.65	4.97	73	0.0	1.0

*pH, in water, ratio 1:2.5, N = total nitrogen obtained by the sum of N-NO₃ ^- and N-NH₄ ⁺ contents, OM = organic matter, P, K and Na extracted using Mehlich-1, N, Ca, Mg, Al and M extracted using KCl 1N.

Table 2 Summary of the results of the analyses of variance and the mean values for the number of leaves (NL); number of secondary branches (NSB); largest branch length (LBL); leaf (LDM), stem (SDM), and fruit dry matter (FDM); and the total dry matter (TDM) of gherkin, cultivar Liso de Calcutá, using seeds treated with different doses of biostimulant and grown under conditions of salt stress.

Sources of variation	GL	Average squares
Sources of variation	GL	NL	NSB	LBL	LDM	SDM	FDM	TDM
Salinity (S)	1	121228.9**	38.72**	0.32**	21.41**	807.30**	6535.67**	12967.58**
Resídue - 1	8	653.74	0.85	0.03	1.73	0.89	15.24	10.65
Biostimulant (B)	4	9995.0**	12.73**	0.02^ns	33.38**	11.40**	18.06*	123.35**
S X B	4	14581.9**	11.47**	0.23**	10.48**	11.20**	36.06**	71.39**
Resídue - 2	32	658.74	1.85	0.02	1.97	2.69	5.06	9.36
CV 1(%)		9.16	9.85	11.24	8.71	7.25	18.83	6.68
CV 2 (%)		9.19	14.53	9.56	9.29	12.61	10.86	6.26
Doses of Biostimulant (mL kg^-1 of seeds)	Salinity dS m^-1	Test of averages
Doses of Biostimulant (mL kg^-1 of seeds)	Salinity dS m^-1	NL	NSB	LBL (m)	LDM (g)	SDM (g)	FDM (g)	TDM (g)
0	0.5	269.4 a#	9.8 a	1.27 b	12.35 a	14.78 a	29.65 a	56.77 a
0	3.5	235.8 b	6.0 b	1.51 a	11.61 a	8.56 b	8.72 b	28.88 b
5	0.5	419.2 a	10.4 a	1.51 a	16.37 a	16.17 a	31.21 a	63.75 a
5	3.5	247.6 b	8.8 a	1.42 b	16.92 a	10.05 b	9.82 b	36.79 b
10	0.5	264.6 a	11.6 a	1.49 a	15.92 a	20.05 a	31.13 a	67.10 a
10	3.5	259.4 a	9.2 b	1.42 a	16.36 a	9.13 b	10.60 b	36.10 b
15	0.5	332.2 a	11.8 a	1.60 a	17.46 a	17.85 a	31.19 a	66.49 a
15	3.5	218.2 b	9.0 b	1.32 b	13.30 b	8.32 b	9.31 b	30.94 b
20	0.5	356.8 a	7.6 b	1.80 a	16.71 a	16.21 a	37.66 a	70.56 a
20	3.5	188.8 b	9.4 a	1.21 b	14.12 b	8.82 b	8.06 b	30.91 b

^ns, ** and * non significant, significant at 5 and 1% probability, by T test. # Averages followed by the same letter in columns, per salinity, did not differ by Tukey test (p < 0.05).

Table 3 Summary of the results of the analyses of variance and the average number of fruits per plant (NF), average fruit weight (AFW) and production (PROD) of gherkin, cultivar Liso de Calcutá, grown from seeds treated with different doses of biostimulant under conditions of salt stress.

Sources of variation	GL	Average squares
Sources of variation	GL	NF	AFW	PROD
Salinity (S)	1	1607.45**	875.38**	1648590.24**
Resídue - 1	8	1.41	1.66	645.94
Biostimulant (B)	4	7.57**	12.49**	6668.01**
S X B	4	2.01*	14.65**	622.45^n.s
Resídue - 2	32	0.64	1.69	841.24
CV 1(%)		8.08	6.11	7.60
CV 2 (%)		5.44	6.16	8.67
Doses of Biostimulant (mL kg^-1 of seeds)	Salinity dS m^-1	Test of averages
Doses of Biostimulant (mL kg^-1 of seeds)	Salinity dS m^-1	NF	AFW(g fruit^-1)	PROD(g plant^-1)
0	0.5	19.20 a#	25.66 a	492.42 a
0	3.5	9.40 b	14.39 b	132.79 b
5	0.5	20.00 a	26.46 a	523.77 a
5	3.5	8.10 b	18.66 b	151.33 b
10	0.5	21.80 a	24.77 a	540.32 a
10	3.5	10.50 b	19.24 b	201.65 b
15	0.5	20.80 a	23.88 a	533.88 a
15	3.5	9.00 b	17.07 b	153.53 b
20	0.5	20.10 a	25.60 a	489.25 a
20	3.5	8.20 b	15.17 b	124.53 b

^ns,** and * non significant, significant at 5 and 1% probability, by T test. # Averages followed by the same letter in columns, per salinity, did not differ by Tukey test (p < 0.05).

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Gherkin cultivation in saline medium using seeds treated with a biostimulant

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[1] *Author for correspondence. E-mail: sbtorres@ufersa.edu.br