Dehydrated cashew apple in different grinding sizes to sheep

The cashew pseudo fruit can be used to animal feeding in tropical and subtropical countries as Brazil, Ivory Coast and Vietnam. Thus, our objective was to evaluate the intake, digestibility of nutrients and nitrogen balance of dehydrated cashew apple by-product to sheep. The experiment was carried out with 24 sheep in a completely randomized design with the treatments distributed in a 4 x 2 factorial scheme to test the inclusion (11, 21, 28 and 33% dry matter basis) and the grinding sizes (3 and 19 mm diameter) of dehydrated cashew apple by-product. To grinding sizes there was no effect to intake and digestibility, suggesting the use of dehydrated cashew apple by-product either finely or coarsely milled. The inclusion up to 33% of dehydrated cashew apple by-product inclusion did not affect voluntary intake and nitrogen balance. However, when including above 21%, there was a reduction of ether extract digestibility and more than 28% reduced dry matter and organic matter digestibility.

Keywords:
agribusiness; alternative feeds; food particle size; lambs; small ruminants

Authorship

Alexandre Ribeiro Araújo ^** Author for correspondence. E-mail: alexandre.xandyzoo@gmail.com

Universidade Vale do Acaraú, Av. da Universidade, 850, 62040-370, Sobral, Ceará, Brazil. Universidade Vale do AcaraúBrazilSobral, Ceará, BrazilUniversidade Vale do Acaraú, Av. da Universidade, 850, 62040-370, Sobral, Ceará, Brazil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6008-0813

Joaquim Bezerra Costa

Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa Cocais, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil. Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa AgropecuáriaBrazilSão Luís, Maranhão, BrazilEmpresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa Cocais, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil.

Marcos Cláudio Pinheiro Rogério

Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa Caprinos e Bovinos, Sobral, Ceará, Brazil. Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa AgropecuáriaBrazilSobral, Ceará, BrazilEmpresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa Caprinos e Bovinos, Sobral, Ceará, Brazil.

Maria do Socorro de Souza Carneiro

Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil. Universidade Federal do CearáBrazilFortaleza, Ceará, BrazilDepartamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.

Luciano Cavalcante Muniz

Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil. Universidade Estadual do MaranhãoBrazilSão Luís, Maranhão, BrazilDepartamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil.

Rildson Melo Fontenele

Faculdade de Tecnologia CENTEC, Instituto Centro de Educação Tecnológica, Quixeramobim, Ceará, Brasil. Instituto Centro de Educação TecnológicaBrasilQuixeramobim, Ceará, BrasilFaculdade de Tecnologia CENTEC, Instituto Centro de Educação Tecnológica, Quixeramobim, Ceará, Brasil.

Vandenberg Lira Silva

Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Piauí, Cocal, Piaui, Brasil.Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do PiauíBrazilCocal, Piaui, BrazilInstituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Piauí, Cocal, Piaui, Brasil.

* Author for correspondence. E-mail: alexandre.xandyzoo@gmail.com

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Tables

Tables (8)

Thumbnail

Table 1
Means of chemical composition (g kg^-1 of dry matter) and gross energy (Mcal kg^-1) of the ingredients offered in the experiment (DM basis).

Thumbnail

Table 2
Centesimal composition (%) and means of chemical composition, total digestible nutrients (TDN) (g/kg) and gross energy (Mcal kg^-1) of total mix ration containing increasing levels of dehydrated cashew apple (DM basis).

Thumbnail

Table 3
Means of daily dry matter (DM) intake as a percentage of body weight (% BW) and grams per unit of metabolic size (g kg^-1 BW^0.75), of digestible DM (g kg^-1 BW^0.75) and coefficient of apparent DM digestibility of diets containing increasing levels of dehydrated cashew apple to sheep (n=24)^*.

Thumbnail

Table 4
Means of organic matter (OM) daily intake as a percentage of body weight (% BW) and grams per unit of metabolic size (g kg^-1 BW^0.75), of digestible OM (g kg^-1 BW^0.75) and coefficient of apparent OM digestibility of diets containing increasing levels of dehydrated cashew apple to sheep (n=24)^*.

Thumbnail

Table 5
Means of crude protein (CP) daily intake as a percentage of body weight (% BW) and grams per unit of metabolic size (g kg^-1 BW^0.75), of digestible CP (g kg^-1 BW^0.75) and coefficient of apparent CP digestibility of diets containing increasing levels of dehydrated cashew apple to sheep (n=24).^*

Thumbnail

Table 6
Means of NDF daily intake as a percentage of body weight (% BW) and grams per unit of metabolic size (g kg^-1 BW^0.75) of digestible NDF (g kg^-1 BW^0.75) and coefficient of apparent NDF digestibility of diets containing dehydrated cashew apple provided to sheep (n=24)^*.

Thumbnail

Table 7
Means of ADF daily intake as a percentage of body weight (% BW) and grams per unit of metabolic size (g kg^-1 BW^0.75) of digestible ADF (g kg^-1 BW^0.75) and coefficient of apparent ADF digestibility of diets containing dehydrated cashew apple provided to sheep (n=24)^*.

Thumbnail

Table 8
Means of nitrogen intake (NI), faecal nitrogen (FN), urinary nitrogen (UN) (g d^-1), retention nitrogen (RN) as percentage of NI (RN/NI), and nitrogen balance (NB) of diets containing increasing levels of dehydrated cashew apple to sheep (n=24)^*.

Table 1 Means of chemical composition (g kg^-1 of dry matter) and gross energy (Mcal kg^-1) of the ingredients offered in the experiment (DM basis).

Components (g Kg^-1 of DM)	Dehydrated Cashew Apple	Aruana grass hay	Corn	Cottonseed meal
Dry matter (as fed)	883	873	884	927
Crude protein	153	91	112	276
Extract ether	40	29	39	92
Neutral detergent fibre	683	853	317	559
Acid detergent fibre	479	457	39	389
Lignin	218	42	0.30	106
Ash	52	87	16	43
Total carbohydrates^a	756	792	833	588
NFC^b	240	19	521	85
GE^c (Mcal kg^-1)	4.50	4.20	4.50	4.70

^a Calculated using equation of Sniffen, O'Connor, Van Soest, Fox, and Russell (1992Sniffen, C. J., O'Connor, J. D., Van Soest, P. J., Fox, D. G., & Russell, J. B. (1992). A net carbohydrate and protein system for evaluating cattle diets. II. Carbohydrate and protein availability. Journal of Animal Science, 70(11), 3562-3577. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2527/1992.70113562x
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2527/... ). ^b Non-fibrous carbohydrates, calculated using equation of Weiss (1999Weiss, W. P. (1999). Energy prediction equations for ruminant feeds. In Proceedings of the Cornell Nutrition Conference for Feed Manufacturers (p. 176-185). New York State College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Cornell University, NY. ). ^c Gross Energy. The samples were analyzed in duplicates, except for NDF, ADF and Lignin analyzed in triplicates.

Table 2 Centesimal composition (%) and means of chemical composition, total digestible nutrients (TDN) (g/kg) and gross energy (Mcal kg^-1) of total mix ration containing increasing levels of dehydrated cashew apple (DM basis).

Ingredient	Total mix ration ^a
	11%	21%	28%	33%
	Centesimal composition
Aruana grass hay	11.0	6.1	3.2	0.00
Dehydrated cashew apple	11.0	21.0	28.0	33.0
Corn	47.9	47.6	45.5	43.5
Cottonseed meal	30.1	25.3	23.3	23.5
Total	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
	Chemical composition
Dry matter (as fed)	896	894	893	894
Crude protein	164	161	161	164
TDCP^b	138	128	122	121
NDIN/Total N^c	72.8	64.3	79.4	78,3
ADIN/Total N^d	27.8	26.0	40.3	43,3
Extract Ether	54	52	51	52
Neutral detergent fibre	489	487	493	495
Acid detergent fibre	239	245	257	267
Hemicelluloses	251	242	235	228
Cellulose	172	161	159	158
Lignin	61	76	89	99
Ash	23	35	35	34
Total carbohydrates	746	752	753	750
Non-fibrous carbohydrates	303	321	325	325
Crude energy (Mcal kg^-1)	4.50	4.50	4.50	4.50
TDN (g kg^-1)^e	696	667	622	597

^a 11, 21, 28 and 33% = treatments with 110, 210, 280 and 330 g DCA kg^-1 of TMR respectively. ^b TDCP = Truly digestible crude protein. ^c NDIN = Neutral detergent insoluble nitrogen as percentage of total nitrogen (TN). ^d ADIN = Acid detergent insoluble nitrogen as percentage of total nitrogen (TN). ^e Calculated according to Sniffen et al. (1992Sniffen, C. J., O'Connor, J. D., Van Soest, P. J., Fox, D. G., & Russell, J. B. (1992). A net carbohydrate and protein system for evaluating cattle diets. II. Carbohydrate and protein availability. Journal of Animal Science, 70(11), 3562-3577. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2527/1992.70113562x
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2527/... ). The samples were analyzed in duplicates, except for NDF, ADF and Lignin analyzed in triplicates.

Table 3 Means of daily dry matter (DM) intake as a percentage of body weight (% BW) and grams per unit of metabolic size (g kg^-1 BW^0.75), of digestible DM (g kg^-1 BW^0.75) and coefficient of apparent DM digestibility of diets containing increasing levels of dehydrated cashew apple to sheep (n=24)^*.

Variables	Grinding Size		Inclusion Levels of DCA				***SEM
Variables	3 mm	19 mm	11%	21%	28%	33%	***SEM
DM intake (%BW)	4.8^a	5.2^a	4.6^a	5.0^a	5.1^a	5.4^a	0.148
DM intake (g kg^-1 BW^0.75)	101.1^a	109.9^a	98.1^a	102.5^a	108.0^a	113.4^a	2.805
Digestible DM intake (g kg^-1 BW^0.75)	60.1^a	66.7^a	63.4^a	63.7^a	63.1^a	63.3^a	1.672
**CTTAD of DM	0.60^a	0.60^a	0.65^a	0.62^ab	0.58^ab	0.56^b	1.140

^*Different subscripts indicate significant differences between treatments through SNK test (p< 0.05). ^**CTTAD - Coefficient of total tract apparent digestibility. ^***SEM = Standard error of the mean.

Table 4 Means of organic matter (OM) daily intake as a percentage of body weight (% BW) and grams per unit of metabolic size (g kg^-1 BW^0.75), of digestible OM (g kg^-1 BW^0.75) and coefficient of apparent OM digestibility of diets containing increasing levels of dehydrated cashew apple to sheep (n=24)^*.

Variables	Grinding Size		Inclusion Levels of DCA				***SEM
Variables	3 mm	19 mm	11%	21%	28%	33%	***SEM
OM intake (%BW)	4.1^a	4.5^a	3.9^a	4.3^a	4.3^a	4.6^a	0.127
OM intake (g kg^-1 BW^0.75)	86.3^a	94.0^a	83.6^a	87.8^a	92.6^a	96.8^a	2.413
Digestible OM intake (g kg^-1 BW^0.75)	52.5^a	58.6^a	56.0^a	56.7^a	55.0^a	54.5^a	1.501
**CTTAD of OM	0.62^a	0.62^a	0.67^a	0.65^a	0.59^ab	0.56^b	1.251

^*Different subscripts indicate significant differences between treatments through SNK test (p < 0.05). ^**CTTAD - Coefficient of total tract apparent digestibility. ^***SEM = Standard error of the mean.

Table 5 Means of crude protein (CP) daily intake as a percentage of body weight (% BW) and grams per unit of metabolic size (g kg^-1 BW^0.75), of digestible CP (g kg^-1 BW^0.75) and coefficient of apparent CP digestibility of diets containing increasing levels of dehydrated cashew apple to sheep (n=24).^*

Variables	Grinding Size		Inclusion Levels of DCA				***SEM
Variables	3 mm	19 mm	11%	21%	28%	33%	***SEM
CP intake (%BW)	0.8^a	0.9^a	0.8^a	0.8^a	0.8^a	0.9^a	0.025
CP intake (g kg^-1 BW^0.75)	16.4^a	18.1^a	16.0^a	16.7^a	17.8^a	18.7^a	0.481
Digestible CP intake (g kg^-1 BW^0.75)	7.9^a	8.8^a	8.9^a	7.9^a	8.2^a	8.5^a	0,317
**CTTAD of CP	0.49^a	0.48^a	0.56^a	0.47^a	0.46^a	0.46^a	1.528

^*Different subscripts indicate significant differences between treatments through SNK test (p < 0.05). ^**CTTAD - Coefficient of total tract apparent digestibility. ^***SEM = Standard error of the mean.

Table 6 Means of NDF daily intake as a percentage of body weight (% BW) and grams per unit of metabolic size (g kg^-1 BW^0.75) of digestible NDF (g kg^-1 BW^0.75) and coefficient of apparent NDF digestibility of diets containing dehydrated cashew apple provided to sheep (n=24)^*.

Variables	Grinding Size		Inclusion Levels of DCA				***SEM
Variables	3 mm	19 mm	11%	21%	28%	33%	***SEM
NDF intake (%BW)	2.3^a	2.6^a	2.3^a	2.5^a	2.4^a	2.6^a	0.073
NDF intake (g kg^-1 BW^0.75)	48.7^a	54.2^a	49.5^a	50.2^a	51.9^a	54.3^a	1.369
Digestible NDF intake (g kg^-1 BW^0.75)	18.7^a	22.8^a	24.6^a	21.2^a	19.6^a	17.7^a	1.022
**CTTAD of NDF	0.39^a	0.42^a	0.50^a	0.42^ab	0.38^bc	0.32^c	1.921

^*Different subscripts indicate significant differences between treatments through SNK test (p < 0.05). ^**CTTAD - Coefficient of total tract apparent digestibility. ^***SEM = Standard error of the mean.

Table 7 Means of ADF daily intake as a percentage of body weight (% BW) and grams per unit of metabolic size (g kg^-1 BW^0.75) of digestible ADF (g kg^-1 BW^0.75) and coefficient of apparent ADF digestibility of diets containing dehydrated cashew apple provided to sheep (n=24)^*.

Variables	Grinding Size		Inclusion Levels of DCA				***SEM
Variables	3 mm	19 mm	11%	21%	28%	33%	***SEM
ADF intake (%BW)	0.8^a	0.9^a	1.1^b	1.2^ab	1.3^ab	1.5^a	0.045
ADF intake (g kg^-1 BW^0.75)	26.5^a	28.1^a	24.3^b	25.5^b	28.4^ab	30.9^a	0.855
Digestible ADF intake (g kg^-1 BW^0.75)	6.0^a	6.8^a	7.4^a	5.3^a	6.0^a	6.8^a	0.403
**CTTAD of ADF	0.23^a	0.24^a	0.31^a	0.22^b	0.21^b	0.21^b	1.584

^*Different subscripts indicate significant differences between treatments through SNK test (p < 0.05). ^**CTTAD - Coefficient of total tract apparent digestibility. ^***SEM = Standard error of the mean.

Table 8 Means of nitrogen intake (NI), faecal nitrogen (FN), urinary nitrogen (UN) (g d^-1), retention nitrogen (RN) as percentage of NI (RN/NI), and nitrogen balance (NB) of diets containing increasing levels of dehydrated cashew apple to sheep (n=24)^*.

Variables	Grinding Size		Inclusion Levels of DCA				***SEM
Variables	3 mm	19 mm	11%	21%	28%	33%	***SEM
NI (g d^-1)	24.9^a	27.8^a	25.6^a	23.4^a	28.5^a	27.9^a	1.184
FN (g d^-1)	12.8^a	14.2^a	11.2^a	12.4^a	15.4^a	15.3^a	0.733
UN (g d^-1)	2.0^a	2.1^a	2.5^a	1.7^a	2.4^a	1.7^a	0.180
RN/NI (%)	40.8^a	40.7^a	46.0^a	39.9^a	37.6^a	39.6^a	1.451
NB (g d^-1)	10.0^a	11.4^a	12.0^a	9.3^a	10.7^a	10.9^a	0.633

^*Different subscripts indicate significant differences between treatments through SNK test (p < 0.05). ^**CTTAD - Coefficient of total tract apparent digestibility. ^***SEM = Standard error of the mean.

How to cite

copy

Editora da Universidade Estadual de Maringá - EDUEM Av. Colombo, 5790, bloco 40, CEP 87020-900 , Tel. (55 44) 3011-4253, Fax (55 44) 3011-1392 - Maringá - PR - Brazil
E-mail: actaanim@uem.br

Acompanhe os números deste periódico no seu leitor de RSS

Versão para download de PDF

PDF

Inglês

Versões e tradução automática

Versão original do texto

English

Tradução automática

Google Translator
Microsoft Translator

Como citar

RIS

BIBTEX

Outros formatos de citação e exportação:

SciELO - Scientific Electronic Library Online
Rua Dr. Diogo de Faria, 1087 – 9º andar – Vila Clementino 04037-003 São Paulo/SP - Brasil
E-mail: scielo@scielo.org

Leia a Declaração de Acesso Aberto

Métricas

Dehydrated cashew apple in different grinding sizes to sheep

PlumX

Mensagem

[1] * Author for correspondence. E-mail: alexandre.xandyzoo@gmail.com