Fiber analysis of white huacaya alpaca (Vicugna pacos) in aymaraes and antabamba, PeruABSTRACT.
This study analyzed the phenotypic characteristics of white Huacaya alpaca fiber in Antabamba and Cotaruse, Apurímac, Peru. The relationships between sex and age with fiber quality were evaluated, considering fiber diameter (FD), coefficient of variation (CVFD), comfort factor (CF), and curvature index (CI). A total of 180 alpacas (90 males and 90 females) were randomly selected and distributed into four age categories. Fiber samples were collected from the mid-rib region and analyzed using the Optical Fibre Diameter Analyzer 2000 (Robotic Vision, 2024). Student’s t-test and correlation analysis were applied to determine differences and relationships between variables (p < 0.05). Results showed that alpacas from Antabamba had finer and more homogeneous fibers than those from Cotaruse (FD: 17.50 μm vs. 20.53 μm; CVFD: 30.88% vs. 45.97%). CF was higher in Antabamba (91.69 vs. 83.51%), suggesting softer fibers with better textile quality. No significant differences were found between sexes in FD (19.04 μm vs. 18.99 μm) or CI (12.23 °/mm vs. 10.76 °/mm). In conclusion, fiber quality is influenced by location, likely due to environmental and management factors. These findings may help improve fiber production and commercialization in Apurímac, benefiting rural communities and supporting local economic growth.
Keywords:
Alpaca; fiber diameter; coefficient of variation; comfort factor; curvature index
Introduction
The alpaca (Vicugna pacos), a domesticated species belonging to South American camelids, plays a crucial role in the economy of Andean communities in Peru (Bustinza et al., 2021) With the majority of the population in the hands of small-scale breeders-who account for over 80% of the species-alpacas efficiently utilize natural pasture resources in the high-altitude Andes (Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Agricultura y la Alimentación, 2005). The meat and, especially, the fiber derived from these fascinating creatures are essential for the livelihood of families engaged in this productive activity, particularly in areas over 3,600 meters above sea level (Vilá & Arzamendia, 2022).
Despite its socioeconomic importance, alpaca production faces various challenges that affect both the quality and quantity of fiber (Vilá & Arzamendia, 2022), as well as its color (Ramos & Melendez, 2024). These challenges include biological factors such as nutrition, health, management, and land tenure, as well as climatic, economic, and social conditions (Medina et al., 2018). Although the Apurímac region ranks fifth in alpaca production, with approximately 219,113 animals, fiber utilization in this area remains limited (Machaca et al., 2021). In this context, the present study aimed to analyze the phenotypic characteristics of white Huacaya alpaca fiber, considering sex and age variables, and to evaluate the relationship between these factors and fiber quality. The findings are expected to contribute to optimizing alpaca breeding management and improving fiber utilization by providing strategies that benefit rural communities and promote local economic development.
Materials and methods
Study location
The study was conducted in the alpaca herds of Antabamba and Cotaruse (Apurímac, Peru). Antabamba (3,636 m a.s.l.) has a cold high-mountain climate, with temperatures ranging from -5 to 18°C and annual precipitation between 700 and 1,200 mm. Cotaruse (3,800 m.a.s.l.) has similar conditions, with temperatures ranging from -7 to 16°C and annual rainfall between 900 and 1,300 mm.
Animals used and sample size
A total of 180 white Huacaya alpacas were randomly selected from the alpaca herds of each district to ensure representativeness in age and sex. The sample size was determined using the formula for infinite populations: n = Z 2 .p.q/e 2 , with a 95% confidence level, an expected proportion of 50%, and a sampling error of 7.3%. This margin balanced precision and logistical feasibility, ensuring reliable estimates without an excessive sample size. The study included 90 males and 90 females, ensuring an equal sex distribution. Age classification was divided into four categories: milk teeth (DL, n = 28), two tooth (2D, n = 89), four tooth (4D, n = 39), and full mouth (BLL, n = 24), allowing assessment of the influence of age on fiber characteristics.
Sampling area
For the evaluation, fiber samples were collected from the mid-rib region of each alpaca using standard shearing scissors to ensure uniformity in collection. The samples were stored in properly labeled paper bags and later analyzed in the laboratory using the Optical Fibre Diameter Analyzer 2000 (Robotic Vision, 2024), a specialized device for assessing animal fibers.
The analyzed variables were the average fiber diameter (FD, µm), the coefficient of variation of fiber diameter (CVFD, %), the comfort factor (CF, %), the proportion of fibers smaller than 30 µm, and the curvature index (CI, °/mm) in medullated fibers. These parameters allowed the evaluation of fiber quality and its relationship to the sex and age of the animals.
For statistical analysis
Student's t-test was used to compare means between districts and sexes, while one-way ANOVA was used to compare age categories. Correlation analysis was used to assess relationships between fiber characteristics. Data normality was verified. Data processing was performed using SPSS 26.0, with a significance level of 5% (p < 0.05).
Ethical considerations
The study adhered to animal welfare principles and research ethics, ensuring that all alpacas were handled humanely without causing stress or harm. Fiber sample collection was conducted through partial shearing in a specific body area, thereby minimizing impact on the animals and ensuring their well-being. Additionally, authorization was obtained from herd owners for the participation of their animals in the research.
Results and discussion
Fiber characteristics in Huacaya alpacas by district
In Table 1, the alpacas from Antabamba exhibit finer, more uniform, and more comfortable fiber compared to those from Cotaruse (Aymaraes). Additionally, the curvature index was higher in Antabamba, indicating curlier fiber. These results reflect differences in fiber quality between the two study areas.
The observed differences in fiber diameter and quality between both districts can be attributed to environmental, genetic, and management factors (Aguilar et al., 2019). A smaller fiber diameter is a desirable trait in the textile industry, as it is associated with greater softness and higher final product quality (Machaca et al., 2021). The finer fiber observed in Antabamba suggests that the environmental conditions of this province may favor the production of thinner fibers, similar to those reported in Ocongate (Cusco), possibly due to differences in diet, temperature, and livestock management (Llactahuamani et al., 2020).
The coefficient of variation of fiber diameter (CVFD) is a key indicator of fiber uniformity within a single sample (Czyż et al., 2024). In this study, the lower values observed in Antabamba suggest that alpacas from this province have more homogeneous fibers, which could be due to greater stability in feeding or more rigorous genetic selection in alpaca herds. Previous studies have shown that lower variability in fiber diameter improves yarn quality and fabric resistance (Machaca et al., 2021; Quispe et al., 2021b).
Comfort factor (CF) is an important measure in the textile industry, as it reflects the proportion of fibers smaller than 30 µm, which are considered non-irritating to human skin (Pacheco et al., 2024). The higher CF in Antabamba indicates a lower proportion of coarse fibers compared to Cotaruse (Aymaraes), highlighting superior fiber quality for high-end garment production. Finally, the higher curvature index (CI) in Antabamba indicates greater fiber waviness, which influences the elasticity and softness of textile products. Studies have reported that higher curvature can improve fiber cohesion during spinning and affect the mechanical properties of the fabric (Quispe et al., 2021b; Pacheco et al., 2024).
Table 2 shows the fiber characteristics of white Huacaya alpacas according to sex. Males exhibit greater heterogeneity in fiber diameter, while females have a higher comfort factor and lower curvature index, which could enhance fiber quality.
It is observed that the average fiber diameter is 19.04 μm in males and 18.99 μm in females, with no significant differences between them (p ≥ 0.05). This could be explained by management conditions and pasture scarcity (Bartl et al., 2023). While some studies agree that sex does not influence fiber diameter (Paucar et al., 2019), others suggest otherwise, arguing that females require more nutrients due to lactation and gestation (Cruz et al., 2017).
For example, a study reported that fiber diameter was greater in males (23.54 μm) than in females (22.95 μm), although the difference was not statistically significant (Paucar et al., 2019). Another study found that females have finer fibers in the early years, but after three years, thickness increases, unlike males, whose fiber remains stable (Quispe et al., 2023). Another study indicates that fiber diameter depends on environmental factors and the degree of genetic improvement (Czyż et al., 2024). In Cotaruse, Apurímac, males were reported to have finer fibers (19.6 μm) than females (20.1 μm), which is consistent with previous studies. It has also been suggested that the difference in fiber may be due to a more rigorous selection of males (Cruz et al., 2023).
Regarding the comfort factor, no significant differences were found between males and females (p ≥ 0.05). This factor is important because finer fibers provide greater comfort in textiles (Paucar et al., 2019). Previous studies have reported higher comfort factors in other regions, such as Puno (La Raya) (95.98% in males and 94.24% in females) and Cusco (76.36%) (Pacheco et al., 2024) In Poland, a study of 36 Huacaya alpacas reported an average comfort factor of 77.79%, with no difference between males and females (Radzik & Wiercińska, 2021). However, this was lower than the values reported in this study. In Cusco, a comfort factor of 81.19% in males and 90.13% in females were found, which is considered suitable for the textile industry (Pinares et al., 2023). In our study, the comfort factor was comparable to that reported in previous research. It has been noted that consumers experience itching when wearing textiles containing more than 5% of fibers over 30 μm (Vásquez et al., 2015).
Regarding the curvature index, no significant differences by sex were found in Huacaya alpacas from Apurímac (p ≥ 0.05). However, a variation in the curvature index was observed according to the animal’s age (p ≤ 0.05). It has been demonstrated that this index is inversely related to fiber diameter (Quispe et al., 2021a). In Puno (La Raya), curvature index values of 34.82, 41.72, and 38.09 °/mm were reported in alpacas aged one, three, and five years, respectively, while values of 37.57 °/mm in males and 37.92 °/mm in females were observed (Quispe et al., 2021a). In our study, considerably lower curvature index values were observed, with 12.23 °/mm in males and 10.76 °/mm in females. These values were also lower than the range of 28.0-32.2 °/mm reported in previous studies.
It has been documented that Suri alpaca fiber has a lower curvature (15.77 - 19.60 °/mm) compared to Huacaya fiber (46.78 - 49.16 °/mm) (Carlo et al., 2025). Additionally, it has been reported that sheep wool has a more pronounced curvature than alpaca fiber but is less marked than vicuña fiber (Quispe et al., 2013; Bustinza et al., 2024). In one study, male Suri alpacas had a curvature index (CI) of 17.25 °/mm, whereas females had a CI of 17.21 °/mm, in the Huacaya breed, males presented a CI of 49.08 °/mm and females 47.36 °/mm. In our study, males and females showed curvature index values of 12.23 and 10.76 °/mm, respectively; however, the difference between sexes was not statistically significant (p ≥ 0.05). Overall, the CI values observed in this study were lower than those reported in previous studies, which could be associated with environmental factors such as altitude and climate, as well as management and genetic selection (Bartl et al., 2023). Colder temperatures and lower resource availability have been suggested to favor straighter fibers with lower curvature, which could partly explain the values observed in the present study (Cruz et al., 2023).
Table 3 shows that fiber diameter (FD) decreases with age, from 20.62 µm in animals at the DL stage to 17.80 µm in those at the BLL stage, indicating progressively finer fiber as alpacas mature from DL through 2D to BLL.
In contrast, the coefficient of variation of fiber diameter (CVFD) increases from DL to BLL, reflecting greater variability in fiber fineness in older animals. The comfort factor (CF) reaches its highest value in the 4D group (93.71%), suggesting a higher proportion of fine fibers and improved textile comfort compared with the other age groups.
Finally, the curvature index (CI) decreases from 12.23 °/mm in DL animals to 9.96 °/mm in BLL animals, indicating reduced fiber waviness as animals progress from the DL stage (deciduous teeth) to the BLL stage (full mouth).
In the districts of Cotaruse and Antabamba, fiber diameter (FD) decreases significantly with advancing dental age (p < 0.05), from 20.62 µm in DL animals (deciduous teeth) to 19.08 µm in 2D, 18.46 µm in 4D, and 17.80 µm in BLL animals (full mouth). This progressive reduction in FD from DL through 2D and 4D to BLL reflects the effect of physiological maturation. Such variation may also be influenced by reproductive status, management practices, and adverse environmental conditions, including the limited availability of natural pastures in the región (Cruz et al., 2023). In BLL animals, finer fibers were observed, likely associated with pasture quality and availability in the production area. Alpaca nutrition plays a key role in fiber production and quality, particularly during critical periods, as feeding depends largely on the phenological cycle of native pastures and the edaphoclimatic conditions that characterize the region (Chicaiza et al., 2023).
Our results on fiber diameter (FD) indicate finer fibers with age, in contrast to those reported in the community of Iscahuaca (Cotaruse district), where a significant increase (p < 0.05) in FD was observed with age (Vásquez et al., 2015). These findings follow the same trend as those reported in the community of Chapimarca (Apurímac) (Machaca et al., 2021) and in the districts of Pitumarca and Maranganí (Cusco) (Pinares et al., 2023). The increase in FD has been attributed to keratinization, which hardens and thickens the fiber in adult alpacas. Meanwhile, in the Puno region, it has been suggested that shearing frequency may modify follicular structure and consequently affect fleece fineness (Chicaiza et al., 2023).
Regarding the curvature index (CI), significant differences were found only between DL and the 4D and BLL groups. These differences are not typically observed in Suri alpacas (Quispe et al., 2024). However, in Corani, values of 43.43 °/mm (2D), 42.21 °/mm (4D), and 41.27 °/mm (6D) were recorded, with minimal differences between females (42.34 °/mm) and males (42.26 °/mm) (Ormachea et al., 2015). Previous studies have indicated that the curvature index is inversely related to fiber diameter, meaning that a smaller diameter corresponds to greater curvature (Quispe et al., 2021a). In vicuñas, CI values of 80.73 °/mm in Abancay, 90.74 °/mm in Cotaruse (Iscahuaca), 87.12 °/mm in Lucanas, 86.06 °/mm in Pampachiri, and 90.14 °/mm in Taccata have been reported, demonstrating variations between communities (Pinares & Machaca, 2022). These studies suggest that these differences may be influenced by climatic factors, age, and fiber color (Ramos & Melendez, 2024). Furthermore, CI is inversely related to fiber diameter (-0.4019) (Roque & Ormachea, 2018).
Finally, the coefficient of variation of fiber diameter (CVFD) showed no significant differences by sex or sex/age interaction (p ≥ 0.05). No significant variations by age were observed either (Pinares & Machaca, 2022; Pinares et al., 2023). It is known that CVFD influences fiber quality in the textile industry, as it affects yarn fineness and tensile strength along with the average diameter (Pacheco et al., 2024).
Phenotypic correlation of fiber according to sex
Table 4 shows the phenotypic correlations between fiber diameter (FD), coefficient of variation of fiber diameter (CVFD), comfort factor (CF), and curvature index (CI) in males and females. Fiber diameter is negatively and highly significant correlated with the comfort factor in both sexes (r ≈ -0.90, p < 0.001), indicating that thicker fibers reduce comfort. Additionally, the relationship between fiber diameter and the curvature index is negative but not significant, suggesting that fiber crimp is not strongly influenced by its thickness.
Our results show a strong negative correlation between fiber diameter and the comfort factor in both sexes, with values of -0.89 in males and -0.91 in females. This indicates that as fiber thickness increases, comfort significantly decreases, which is consistent with previous studies (Pacheco et al., 2024). In Puno, it was reported that sex and age influence this relationship (Quispe et al., 2024).
On the other hand, the correlation between fiber diameter and curvature index was negative but low (-0.46 in males and -0.21 in females), indicating that fiber thickness does not significantly influence its crimp. This aligns with studies on Huacaya alpacas from Puno (Larios et al., 2023), as well as vicuñas (Pinares & Machaca, 2022). Previous research has suggested that this correlation may depend on genetic and environmental factors, highlighting the possibility of improving fiber quality through genetic selection without affecting its natural structure (Cruz et al., 2023).
These findings reinforce the importance of considering fiber diameter in selecting animals for high-quality fiber production, as it directly influences the comfort of the final product. Additionally, the low correlation with the curvature index suggests that this parameter could be optimized without compromising fiber fineness.
Table 5 shows the phenotypic correlations between fiber diameter (FD) and other characteristics such as the coefficient of variation (CVFD), comfort factor (CF), and curvature index (CI) in alpacas of different ages. A strong and significant negative correlation is observed between FD and CF at all stages, ranging from -0.85 (2D) to -0.94 (4D), indicating that a greater fiber diameter reduces comfort.
The correlations between fiber diameter (FD) and curvature index (CI) are negative across all ages, although they are of lower magnitude and not statistically significant in most cases, ranging from -0.07 (BLL) to -0.49 (4D). Similarly, the correlations between FD and the coefficient of variation (CVFD) are low and not significant, varying from -0.17 (BLL) to 0.25 (4D).
The results suggest that fiber diameter (FD) negatively influences the comfort factor (CF) and that the curvature index (CI) tends to decrease as FD increases. A strong negative correlation between FD and CF was observed across all ages, with values of -0.91 in alpacas with milk teeth (DL), -0.85 in two-tooth (2D), -0.94 in four-tooth (4D), and -0.87 in full-mouth (BLL), indicating that fiber thickening reduces fleece quality. Additionally, in 4D alpacas, the moderate negative correlation between FD and CI (-0.49) suggests that an increase in fiber diameter tends to be associated with lower fiber curvature; however, this relationship was not statistically significant.
Comparing these findings with previous studies confirms the strong negative correlation between FD and CF, similar to what was reported in the communities of Iscahuaca, Pampamarca, Pilluni, Quilcaccasa, and San Miguel de Mestizas in the district of Cotaruse (Machaca et al., 2017).
Overall, the results suggest that age significantly affects alpaca fiber quality, with a decrease in FD and CI across dental categories, while CF showed a non-linear pattern. These findings highlight the importance of considering age when selecting animals for high-quality fiber production.
Conclusion
Age, classified according to dental categories (DL, 2D, 4D, and BLL), was found to significantly influence the phenotypic characteristics of fiber in white Huacaya alpacas, directly affecting fleece quality. A significant reduction in fiber diameter (p < 0.05) was observed as animals progressed from the DL stage through 2D and 4D to BLL, demonstrating the effects of advancing dental age on fiber fineness. Likewise, the comfort factor (CF) varied across dental stages, with values of 86.63% in DL, 88.57% in 2D, 93.71% in 4D, and 88.38% in BLL animals, with the highest value observed in the 4D group.
Fiber diameter significantly influenced the comfort factor in white Huacaya alpacas, showing a strong negative correlation (-0.85 to -0.94) across all ages, and indicating a deterioration in perceived comfort as fiber thickens. In contrast, the relationship between fiber diameter and curvature index was moderate and varied depending on the developmental stage, suggesting that the increase in fiber diameter does not uniformly affect curvature, and that other factors may influence this trait.
The coefficient of variation showed low and non-significant correlations with fiber diameter, suggesting that it does not directly influence fleece quality. Likewise, sex did not show significant differences (p ≥ 0.05) in any of the analyzed characteristics, indicating that it is not a determining factor in fiber variability.
Data availability
The data supporting the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
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