Supplementation with microencapsulated lemongrass essential oil improves protein deposition and carcass yield in silver catfish (<i>Rhamdia quelen</i>)

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation with Cymbopogon flexuosus essential oil (EO) on productive performance, metabolic parameters and body and fillet composition of adult silver catfish, Rhamdia quelen. Total length, condition factor, weight gain, specific growth rate, hepatosomatic index, visceral fat content and fillet composition were not affected by EO supplementation. Plasma total protein, globulin and triglycerides were reduced by EO supplementation. Supplementation with 1 mL EO kg^-1 diet increased carcass yield and protein deposition in the carcass, while reducing gonadosomatic index and fat deposition in the carcass when compared to control group. In addition, 1 mL EO kg^-1 diet also improved feed intake when compared to 3 mL EO kg^-1 diet. Our results suggest that EO up to 1 mL kg^-1 diet can be used in fish feed to improve protein deposition and carcass yield of silver catfish.

Keywords:
Cymbopogon flexuosus; citral; growth performance; gonads; body composition

Authorship

Cristine Rampelotto

Departamento de Tecnologia e Ciência dos Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Avenida Roraima, 1000, 97105-900, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Santa MariaBrazilSanta Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, BrazilDepartamento de Tecnologia e Ciência dos Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Avenida Roraima, 1000, 97105-900, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil;

Joziane Soares de Lima

Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Santa MariaBrazilSanta Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, BrazilDepartamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil;

Carlos Garrido Pinheiro

Departamento de Engenharia Florestal, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Santa MariaBrazilSanta Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, BrazilDepartamento de Engenharia Florestal, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil;

Joseânia Salbego

Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Universidade Federal de Santa MariaBrazilSanta Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, BrazilDepartamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.

Leila Picolli da Silva

Tatiana Emanuelli ^**Author for correspondence. E-mail: tatiana.emanuelli@ufsm.br

*Author for correspondence. E-mail: tatiana.emanuelli@ufsm.br

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Tables | Formulas

Tables (6)
Formulas (10)

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Table 1. Ingredients
and proximate composition of experimental diets.

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Table 2
Productive performance of silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) fed different concentrations of Cymbopogon flexuosus EO.

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Table 3
Body yield and somatic indices of silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) fed different concentrations of Cymbopogon flexuosus EO.

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Table 4
Proximate composition of whole fish and fish fillet of silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) fed different concentrations of Cymbopogon flexuosus EO.

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Table 5
Plasmatic variables of silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) fed different concentrations of Cymbopogon flexuosus EO.

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Table 6
Metabolic parameters in liver and digestive enzymes of silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) fed diets containing different concentrations of Cymbopogon flexuosus EO.

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Table 1. Ingredients and proximate composition of experimental diets.

Diet components	Essential oil level (mL kg^-1)
Diet components	0	1	3
Ingredients (g kg^-1)
Meat and bone meal	350	350	350
Soybean meal	300	300	300
Broken corn	150	150	150
Rice bran	120	120	120
Canola oil	30	30	30
Vitamin and mineral Premix	30	30	30
Sodium chloride	10	10	10
Dicalcium phosphate	10	10	10
Essential oil microcapsules*	0	2.74	8.22
Proximate composition
Moisture (g kg^-1)	57.3	57.0	58.2
Protein ( g kg^-1)	336.9	343.4	349.3
Fat ( g kg^-1)	85.0	91.6	89.4
Ash ( g kg^-1)	215.7	224.0	219.4
NFE ( g kg^-1)	275.9	254.1	252.3
Energetic value ( kJ kg^-1)	13461	13456	13443

Notes: NFE: Nitrogen free extract. * Microcapsules contained 365 mL of EO kg^-1.

Table 2 Productive performance of silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) fed different concentrations of Cymbopogon flexuosus EO.

Variable	Essential oil level (mL kg^-1)
Variable	0	1	3
Total diet consumption (g kg^-1 body weight per day)	8.8 ± 0.5^ab	10.2 ± 0.5^a	7.8 ± 0.7^b
EO consumption (µL kg^-1 body weight per day)*	0	7.9	28.3
Total length (cm)	35.1 ± 1.1	34.9 ± 1.2	34.4 ± 1.1
Condition factor (g per cm³)	1.04 ± 0.07	1.06 ± 0.07	1.03 ± 0.07
Weight gain (g)	47.6 ± 10.8	47.1 ± 12.8	40.5 ± 17.2
Specific growth rate (% per day)	0.49 ± 0.12	0.68 ± 0.17	0.46 ± 0.16

Notes: Values are expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 7). Values that have no common superscript letter within the same row are different by Tukey’s test (p < 0.05). *Calculated based on the amount of EO in diet and the apparent consumption of diet.

Table 3 Body yield and somatic indices of silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) fed different concentrations of Cymbopogon flexuosus EO.

Variable (%)	Essential oil level (mL kg^-1)
Variable (%)	0	1	3
Carcass yield	80.4 ± 3.4^b	84.7 ± 1.7^a	83.5 ± 1.6^ab
Digestivesomatic index	3.1 ± 0.1^a	2.5 ± 0.1^b	2.5 ± 0.1^b
Hepatosomatic index	1.62 ± 0.14	1.50 ± 0.24	1.29 ± 0.07
Visceral fat index	1.05 ± 0.27	1.27 ± 0.24	0.84 ± 0.18
Gonadosomatic index*	5.4(3.4-9.3)^a	1.8(0.9-2.7)^b	3.1(2.4-5.9)^ab

Notes: Values are expressed as mean ± SEM. Values that have no common superscript letter within the same row are different by Tukey’s test (p < 0.05). *Gonadosomatic index is expressed as median followed by interquartile range (n = 7 per group) and submitted to post hoc multiple comparison of mean ranks.

Table 4 Proximate composition of whole fish and fish fillet of silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) fed different concentrations of Cymbopogon flexuosus EO.

Composition (%)	Essential oil level (mL kg^-1)
	0	1	3
	Whole fish
Moisture	66.3 ± 0.8^b	70.1 ± 0.5^a	71.2 ± 0.3ª
Fat	14.1 ± 0.3^a	11.0 ± 0.2^b	10.6 ± 0.2^b
Protein	14.9 ± 0.2^b	16.4 ± 0.3^a	14.8 ± 0.6^b
Ash	2.9 ± 0.3	3.4 ± 0.4	3.8 ± 0.3
	Fillet
Moisture	76.7 ± 0.5	75.9 ± 0.8	77.8 ± 0.4
Fat	3.7 ± 0.4	4.5 ± 0.6	2.9 ± 0.4
Protein	18.1 ± 0.5	18.8 ± 0.6	19.0 ± 0.2
Ash	1.1 ± 0.1	1.1 ± 0.0	1.2 ± 0.1

Notes: Values are expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 7 per group). Values that have no common superscript letter within the same row are different by Tukey’s test (p < 0.05).

Table 5 Plasmatic variables of silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) fed different concentrations of Cymbopogon flexuosus EO.

Variable	Essential oil level (mL kg^-1)
Variable	0	1	3
Total protein (g dL^-1)	4.4 ± 0.1^a	3.6 ± 0.2^b	3.7 ± 0.3^b
Albumin (g dL^-1)	1.4 ± 0.1	1.4 ± 0.2	1.3 ± 0.1
Globulin (g dL^-1)	3.0 ± 0.1^a	2.1 ± 0.2^b	2.3 ± 0.3^ab
Creatinine (mg dL^-1)	0.18 ± 0.04	0.26 ± 0.04	0.27 ± 0.08
Alkaline phosphatase (U L^-1)	47.6 ± 4.6	45.5 ± 5.6	51.1 ± 6.4
Free amino acids (nmol dL^-1)	11.8 ± 0.7	9.6 ± 0.8	10.4 ± 0.9
Triglycerides (mg dL^-1)	243.0 ± 36.1^a	114.5 ± 25.5^b	173.9 ± 24.3^ab
Cholesterol (mg dL^-1)	98.3 ± 7.1	106.5 ± 8.1	102.1 ± 4.8
Glucose (mg dL^-1)	23.8 ± 1.8	24.9 ± 3.4	22.3 ± 3.0
ALT (U L^-1)	23.9 ± 6.9	23.3 ± 4.5	26.5 ± 8.5
AST (UL^-1)	21.3 ± 5.1	20.9 ± 3.4	23.3 ± 6.4

Notes: Values are expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 7). Values that have no common superscript letter within the same row are different by Tukey’s test (p < 0.05). ALT = alanine aminotransferase; AST = aspartate aminotransferase.

Table 6 Metabolic parameters in liver and digestive enzymes of silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) fed diets containing different concentrations of Cymbopogon flexuosus EO.

Variable	Essential oil level (mL kg^-1)
Variable	0	1	3
Protein (mg g^-1)	68.5 ± 4.4	69.6 ± 6.6	63.0 ± 6.0
Free aminoacids (mmol g^-1)	128.5 ± 7.3^b	138.3 ± 11.8^ab	161.4 ± 6.7^a
Ammonia (mmol g^-1)	6.6 ± 1.1	6.4 ± 0.6	7.1 ± 0.4
Glucose (µmol g^-1)	302.5 ± 29.3	293.2 ± 15.3	343.7 ± 19.0
Glycogen (µmol g^-1)	174.0 ± 51.8	118.7 ± 25.7	140.8 ± 44.5
Lactate (µmol g^-1)	4.3 ± 0.3	4.8 ± 0.3	4.7 ± 0.3
ALT (UI g^-1)	35.2 ± 8.4	30.7 ± 1.9	31.1 ± 3.8
AST (UI g^-1)	1166.1 ± 105.1	1189.7 ± 73.6	1104.0 ± 99.4
	Digestive enzymes
Trypsin (µmol of TAME min.^-1 mg of protein^-1)	4.8 ± 1.0	5.0 ± 1.5	5.1 ± 0.9
Chymotrypsin (µmol of BTEE min.^-1 mg of protein^-1)	3987.0 ± 294.7	4396.8 ± 439.4	4425.3 ± 297.3

Notes: Values are expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 7 per group). Values that have no common superscript letter within the same row are different by Tukey’s test (p < 0.05). ALT = alanine aminotransferase; AST = aspartate aminotransferase.

C o n d i t i o n f a c t o r (\frac{g}{{c m}^{3}}) = 100 \times (\frac{F i n a l w e i g h t}{F i n a l {l e n g t h}^{3}})

W e i g h t g a i n (g) = (F i n a l b o d y w e i g h t - I n i t i a l b o d y w e i g h t)

S p e c i f i c g r o w t h r a t e (%) = 100 x (\frac{\ln f i n a l b o d y - \ln i n i t i a l w e i g h t}{D a y s o f e x p e r i m e n t})

C a r c a s s y i e l d (%) = (\frac{E v i s c e r a t e d f i s h w e i g h t}{W h o l e f i s h w e i g h t}) \times 100

D i g e s t i v e s o m a t i c i n d e x (%) = (\frac{D i g e s t i v e t r a c t w e i g h t}{W h o l e f i s h w e i g h t}) \times 100

V i s c e r a l f a t i n d e x (%) = (\frac{V i s c e r a l f a t w e i g h t}{W h o l e f i s h w e i g h t}) \times 100

H e p a t o s o m a t i c i n d e x (%) = (\frac{L i v e r w e i g h t}{W h o l e f i s h w e i g h t}) \times 100

G o n a d o s s o m a t i c i n d e x (%) = (\frac{G o n a d w e i g h t}{W h o l e f i s h w e i g h t}) \times 100

N F E = 100 - (% m o i s t u r e + % p r o t e i n + % l i p i d + % c r u d e f i b e r + % t o t a l a s h)

G l o b u l i n s (g {d L}^{- 1}) = t o t a l p r o t e i n (g {d L}^{- 1}) - a l b u m i n (g {d L}^{- 1})

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Supplementation with microencapsulated lemongrass essential oil improves protein deposition and carcass yield in silver catfish (<i>Rhamdia quelen</i>)

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[1] *Author for correspondence. E-mail: tatiana.emanuelli@ufsm.br