O papel dos pequenos ruminantes na mudança climática global

Monteiro, Alda Lúcia Gomes; Faro, Amanda Moser Coelho da Fonseca; Peres, Mylena Taborda Piquera; Batista, Rafael; Poli, Cesar Henrique Espirito Candal; Villalba, Juan Jose

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ANIMAL PRODUCTION • Acta Sci., Anim. Sci. 40 • 2018 • https://doi.org/10.4025/actascianimsci.v40i1.43124 copiar

O papel dos pequenos ruminantes na mudança climática global

Autoria SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

RESUMO.

O aquecimento global, como consequência da produção excessiva de CO₂, principalmente devido a ações antrópicas, é uma das principais preocupações da sociedade devido aos efeitos que pode causar na sobrevivência de seres humanos, plantas e animais. Diversas consequências climáticas têm sido relatadas, como o aquecimento dos oceanos e a alteração da biodiversidade em várias regiões do planeta. Um dos gases de efeito estufa responsáveis pelo aquecimento global, que causa muita preocupação, é o gás metano proveniente da digestão de alimentos por ruminantes. Além disso, as emissões de gases de efeito estufa são representadas também pela gestão de resíduos, pelo cultivo de arroz, pela queima de resíduos da agricultura e pelo manejo do solo para produção agrícola. Entre os ruminantes, os ovinos e os caprinos desempenham um importante papel econômico, especialmente na Oceania, Ásia e África. Mais de 50% dos pequenos ruminantes do mundo estão localizados em regiões áridas, indicando sua adaptabilidade e possível adequação futura ao aumento das temperaturas. O objetivo desta revisão é relatar o conhecimento atual sobre a emissão de metano produzida por pequenos ruminantes, abordando as diferentes interfaces deste tema e considerando possíveis estratégias de mitigação.

Palavras-chave:
aquecimento global; caprinos; metano; ovinos

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[1] *Author for correspondence. E-mail:aldaufpr@gmail.com

Variables	Sheep	Goats	Cattle	Source
World Emission (Gg CH₄)	6,564	5,014	71,910	FAO (2016)Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [FAO]. (2016). Statistical Yearbook (Vol. 1). Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
World Emission (Gg CO_2-eq)	137,840	105,295	1,510,106	FAO (2016)Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [FAO]. (2016). Statistical Yearbook (Vol. 1). Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
Brazilian Emission (Gg CH₄)	353.4* 92.2	353.4* 48.9	11,876 12,536	MCTI (2014)Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação [MCTI]. (2014). Estimativas anuais de emissões de gases de efeito estufa no Brasil. Brasília, DF: MCTI. FAO (2016)**Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [FAO]. (2016). Statistical Yearbook (Vol. 1). Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
Brazilian Emission (Gg CO_2-eq)	1,936	1,027	263,245	FAO (2016)Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [FAO]. (2016). Statistical Yearbook (Vol. 1). Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
Emission by Product (kg CO_2-eq kg meat^-1)	23.4 24.4	23.3 23.5	67.4 53.4	Gerber et al. (2013Gerber, P. J., Steinfeld, H., Henderson, B., Mottet, A., Opio, C., Dijkman, J., … Tempio, G. (2013). Tackling climate change through livestock: a global assessment of emissions and mitigation opportunities: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO).)***

Emission (kg CH₄ year^-1)	BW (kg)	Local	Source
8	55	Global	IPCC (2006)Intergovernamental Panel on Climate Change [IPCC]. (2006). IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories. Kanagawa, JP: Institute for Global Environmental Strategies.
6.9	37	New Zealand	Lassey, Ulyatt, Martin, Walker, and Shelton (1997Lassey, K. R., Ulyatt, M. J., Martin, R. J., Walker, C. F., & Shelton, I. D. (1997). Methane emissions measured directly from grazing livestock in New Zealand. Atmospheric Environment, 31(18), 2905-2914. )
8	-	Several	Pelchen and Peters (1998Pelchen, A., & Peters, K. J. (1998). Methane emissions from sheep. Small Ruminant Research, 27(2), 137-150. )
9.8	65	United Kingdom	Murray, Moss, Lockyer, and Jarvis (1999Murray, P. J., Moss, A., Lockyer, D. R., & Jarvis, S. C. (1999). A comparison of systems for measuring methane emissions from sheep. The Journal of Agricultural Science, 133(4), 439-444. )
5.7	35	New Zealand	Ulyatt, Lassey, Shelton, and Walker (2002Ulyatt, M. J., Lassey, K. R., Shelton, I. D., & Walker, C. F. (2002). Methane emission from dairy cows and wether sheep fed subtropical grass dominant pastures in midsummer in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, 45(4), 227-234. )
7.3	47	New Zealand	Hammond et al. (2014Hammond, K. J., Pacheco, D., Burke, J. L., Koolaard, J. P., Muetzel, S., & Waghorn, G. C. (2014). The effects of fresh forages and feed intake level on digesta kinetics and enteric methane emissions from sheep. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 193, 32-43. )
7.5	42	New Zealand	Pinares-Patiño et al. (2011Pinares-Patiño, C. S., Lassey, K. R., Martin, R. J., Molano, G., Fernandez, M., MacLean, S., ... Clark, H. (2011). Assessment of the sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) tracer technique using respiration chambers for estimation of methane emissions from sheep. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 166, 201-209. )
6.1	36	New Zealand	Sun, Hoskin, Muetzel, Molano, and Clark (2011Sun, X. Z., Hoskin, S. O., Muetzel, S., Molano, G., & Clark, H. (2011). Effects of forage chicory (Cichorium intybus) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) on methane emissions in vitro and from sheep. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 166, 391-397. )
9.2	51	New Zealand	Hammond et al. (2014Hammond, K. J., Pacheco, D., Burke, J. L., Koolaard, J. P., Muetzel, S., & Waghorn, G. C. (2014). The effects of fresh forages and feed intake level on digesta kinetics and enteric methane emissions from sheep. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 193, 32-43. )
8.3	35	Brazil	Savian et al. (2014Savian, J. V., Neto, A. B., de David, D. B., Bremm, C., Schons, R. M. T., Genro, T. C. M., ... Bayer, C. (2014). Grazing intensity and stocking methods on animal production and methane emission by grazing sheep: Implications for integrated crop-livestock system. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 190, 112-119. )
14.6	59	Brazil	Savian et al. (2014Savian, J. V., Neto, A. B., de David, D. B., Bremm, C., Schons, R. M. T., Genro, T. C. M., ... Bayer, C. (2014). Grazing intensity and stocking methods on animal production and methane emission by grazing sheep: Implications for integrated crop-livestock system. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 190, 112-119. )
8.6	60	Australia	Goopy et al. (2014Goopy, J. P., Donaldson, A., Hegarty, R., Vercoe, P. E., Haynes, F., Barnett, M., & Oddy, V. H. (2014). Low-methane yield sheep have smaller rumens and shorter rumen retention time. British Journal of Nutrition, 111(4), 578-585. )
6.6	52	Mongolia	Zhai et al. (2015Zhai, X., Lu, T., Tang, S., Liu, X., Ma, X., Han, G., … Wang, C. (2015). Methane emission from sheep respiration and sheepfolds during the grazing season in a desert grassland. The Open Atmospheric Science Journal, 9(1), 23-28. )
8.6	24	Brazil	Savian et al. (2018Savian, J. V., Schons, R. M. T., Marchi, D. E., Freitas, T. S., Silva Neto, G. F., Mezzalira, J. C., ... Carvalho, P. C. F. (2018). Rotatinuous stocking: A grazing management innovation that has high potential to mitigate methane emissions by sheep. Journal of Cleaner Production, 186, 602-608. )
7.2	56	France	Archimède et al. (2018Archimède, H., Rira, M., Eugène, M., Fleury, J., Lastel, M. L., Périacarpin, F., … Doreau, M. (2018). Intake, total-tract digestibility and methane emissions of Texel and Blackbelly sheep fed C4 and C3 grasses tested simultaneously in a temperate and a tropical area. Journal of Cleaner Production, 185, 455-463. )

Emission (kg CH₄ year^-1)	BW (kg)	Local	Source
Non Dairy Goats
5	40	Global	IPCC (2006)Intergovernamental Panel on Climate Change [IPCC]. (2006). IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories. Kanagawa, JP: Institute for Global Environmental Strategies.
6.8	34	USA	Animut et al. (2008Animut, G., Puchala, R., Goetsch, A. L., Patra, A. K., Sahlu, T., Varel, V. H., & Wells, J. (2008). Methane emission by goats consuming diets with different levels of condensed tannins from lespedeza. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 144(3-4), 212-227. doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.10.014 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.200... )
3	25	Africa	Herrero, Thornton, Kruska, and Reid (2008Herrero, M., Thornton, P. K., Kruska, R., & Reid, R. S. (2008). Systems dynamics and the spatial distribution of methane emissions from African domestic ruminants to 2030. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 126(1-2), 122-137. )
9	40	New Zealand	MAF (2012)Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry [MAF]. (2012). Methane emissions and nitrogen excretion rates for New Zealand goats. Wellington, NZ: MAF.
6.2	24	China	Yang, Mao, Long, and Zhu (2012Yang, C. J., Mao, S. Y., Long, L. M., & Zhu, W. Y. (2012). Effect of disodium fumarate on microbial abundance, ruminal fermentation and methane emission in goats under different forage: concentrate ratios. Animal, 6(11), 1788-1794. )
5	45	South Korea	Jeong et al. (2012Jeong, W. Y., Yi, O. H., Choi, H. J., Nam, K. T., Kim, B. G., & Lee, S. R. (2012). Effects of dietary vegetable oils on intake, digestibility and methane emission from black goats. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 11(24), 4689-4692. )
5.8	34	Japan	Bhatta et al. (2013Bhatta, R., Enishi, O., Yabumoto, Y., Nonaka, I., Takusari, N., Higuchi, K., … Kurihara, M. (2013). Methane reduction and energy partitioning in goats fed two concentrations of tannin from Mimosa spp. The Journal of Agricultural Science, 151(1), 119-128. )
5.6	34	India	Miri, Tyagi, Ebrahimi, and Mohini (2013Miri, V. H., Tyagi, A. K., Ebrahimi, S. H., & Mohini, M. (2013). Effect of cumin (Cuminum cyminum) seed extract on milk fatty acid profile and methane emission in lactating goat. Small Ruminant Research, 113(1), 66-72. )
4.6	45	Denmark	Nielsen, Kiani, Tejada, Chwalibog, and Alstrup (2014Nielsen, M. O., Kiani, A. l., Tejada, E., Chwalibog, A., & Alstrup, L. (2014). Energy metabolism and methane production in llamas, sheep and goats fed high-and low-quality grass-based diets. Archives of Animal Nutrition, 68(3), 171-185. )
5	38	Spain	Martínez-Fernández et al. (2014Martínez-Fernández, G., Abecia, L., Ramos-Morales, E., Martin-García, A. I., Molina-Alcaide, E., & Yáñez-Ruiz, D. R. (2014). Effects of propyl propane thiosulfinate on nutrient utilization, ruminal fermentation, microbial population and methane emissions in goats. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 191, 16-25. )
9	47	Spain	Ibáñez, López, Criscioni, and Fernández (2015Ibáñez, C., López, M. C., Criscioni, P., & Fernández, C. (2015). Effect of replacing dietary corn with beet pulp on energy partitioning, substrate oxidation and methane production in lactating dairy goats. Animal Production Science, 55(1), 56-63. ) Criscioni and Fernández (2016)Criscioni, P., & Fernández, C. (2016). Effect of rice bran as a replacement for oat grain in energy and nitrogen balance, methane emissions, and milk performance of Murciano-Granadina goats. Journal of Dairy Science, 99(1), 280-290.
6.6	30	Brazil	Lima et al. (2016Lima, A. R. C., Fernandes, M. H. M. R., Teixeira, I. A. M. A., Frighetto, R. T. S., Bompadre, T. F. V., Biagioli, B., ... Resende, K. T. (2016). Effects of feed restriction and forage: concentrate ratio on digestibility, methane emission, and energy utilization by goats. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 45(12), 781-787. )
9.7	46	Spain	Criscioni, and Fernández (2016Criscioni, P., & Fernández, C. (2016). Effect of rice bran as a replacement for oat grain in energy and nitrogen balance, methane emissions, and milk performance of Murciano-Granadina goats. Journal of Dairy Science, 99(1), 280-290. )
6	20	Brazil	Barbosa et al. (2018Barbosa, A. L., Voltolini, T. V., Menezes, D. R., Moraes, S. A., Nascimento, J. C. S., & Rodrigues, R. T. S. (2018). Intake, digestibility, growth performance, and enteric methane emission of Brazilian semiarid non-descript breed goats fed diets with different forage to concentrate ratios. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 50(2), 283-289. )
3.4	19	South Korea	Na, Li, and Lee (2017Na, Y., Li, D. H., & Lee, S. R. (2017). Effects of dietary forage-to-concentrate ratio on nutrient digestibility and enteric methane production in growing goats (Capra hircus hircus) and Sika deer (Cervus nippon hortulorum). Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 30(7), 967-972. )
0.5	7	Bangladesh	Hoque, Islam, Selim, Ahmed, and Rahman (2017Hoque, S. A. M., Islam, M. M., Selim, A. S. M., Ahmed, S., & Rahman, M. M. (2017). Estimation of total methane emission from enteric fermentation of ruminant livestock in Bangladesh. Asian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 3(2), 245-253. )
0.85	13	Bangladesh	Hoque et al. (2017Hoque, S. A. M., Islam, M. M., Selim, A. S. M., Ahmed, S., & Rahman, M. M. (2017). Estimation of total methane emission from enteric fermentation of ruminant livestock in Bangladesh. Asian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 3(2), 245-253. )
Dairy Goats
14.3		France	Vermorel et al. (2008Vermorel, M., Jouany, J. P., Eugène, M., Sauvant, D., Noblet, J., & Dourmad, J.-Y. (2008). Evaluation quantitative des émissions de méthane entérique par les animaux d’élevage en 2007 en France. INRA - Producones Animales, 21(5), 403-418. )
13.7		Spain	Ibáñez et al. (2016Ibáñez, C., Criscioni, P., Arriaga, H., Merino, P., Espinós, F. J., & Fernández, C. (2016). Murciano-Granadina goat performance and methane emission after replacing barley grain with fibrous by-products. PlosOne, 11(3), e0151215. )