Influence of meteorological elements on behavioral responses of gir cows and effects on milk quality

This study aimed to analyze the principal components of the meteorological variables, physiological and behavioral response of cows subjected to different cooling times and their influence on milk quality, in the dry and rainfall periods, and to establish multiple regression models for milk quality. The data used in the study came from an experiment conducted in the Agreste Region of Pernambuco. The pre-milking cooling time was 10, 20, 30 min. and the control (without cooling). Sixteen multiparous lactating Gir cows were selected. Data were analyzed by principal component analysis and a multiple regression analysis was applied to determine milk quality. There was a strong relationship between somatic cell count (SCC) and activity of the animal in the shade for dry, and lying for rainfall, with increased SCC in cow milk. It was possible to establish two multiple regression models to determine milk quality in dry and rainfall periods. According to the principal component analysis, the cooling time to meet the thermal requirement of the animals was 20 min., regardless of the season and milking shift.

Keywords:
animal activity; somatic cells; cooling; principal components

Authorship

Marcos Vinícius da Silva ^** Author for correspondence. E-mail: marcolino_114@hotmail.com

Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rua Manuel de Medeiros, s/n., 52171-900, Dois Irmãos, Recife, Pernambuco, BrazilUniversidade Federal Rural de PernambucoBrazilDois Irmãos, Recife, BrazilDepartamento de Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rua Manuel de Medeiros, s/n., 52171-900, Dois Irmãos, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1318-2320

Gledson Luiz Pontes de Almeida

Héliton Pandorfi

Alex Souza Moraes

Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Dois Irmãos, Recife, Pernambuco, BrazilUniversidade Federal Rural de PernambucoBrazilDois Irmãos, Recife, BrazilDepartamento de Química, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Dois Irmãos, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil

Gleidiana Amélia Pontes de Almeida Macêdo

Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Dois Irmãos, Recife, Pernambuco, BrazilUniversidade Federal Rural de PernambucoBrazilDois Irmãos, Recife, BrazilDepartamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Dois Irmãos, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil

Pedro Henrique Dias Batista

Rodes Angelo Batista da Silva

Cristiane Guiselini

* Author for correspondence. E-mail: marcolino_114@hotmail.com

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Tables

Figures (3)
Tables (4)

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Figure 1
Location of the farm in the municipality of Capoeiras, State of Pernambuco, Brazil.

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Figure 2
Principal components for environmental variables, rectal temperature, behavioral parameters and milk somatic cell count in the morning shift in dry and rainfall periods (A); Principal components of the time of operation of the evaporative adiabatic cooling system in the morning (B). T: air temperature; RH: relative humidity; Ws: wind speed; RT: rectal temperature; SCC: somatic cell count; EACS: evaporative adiabatic cooling system (0, 10, 20 and 30 min.).

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Figure 3
Principal components for environmental variables, rectal temperature, behavioral parameters and milk somatic cell count in the afternoon shift in dry and rainfall periods (A); Principal components of the time of operation of the evaporative adiabatic cooling system in the afternoon (B). T: air temperature; RH: relative humidity; Ws: wind speed; RT: rectal temperature; SCC: somatic cell count; EACS: evaporative adiabatic cooling system (0, 10, 20 and 30 min.).

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Table 1
Principal components of environmental variables, rectal temperature, behavioral parameters and somatic cell count in milk from dairy cows in the morning shift in dry and rainfall periods.

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Table2. Principal
components of environmental variables, rectal temperature, behavioral parameters and somatic cell count in milk from dairy cows in the afternoon shift in dry and rainfall periods.

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Table 3
Analysis of variance for the multiple regression model of the dry period.

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Table 4
Analysis of variance for the multiple regression model of the rainfall period.

Figure 1 Location of the farm in the municipality of Capoeiras, State of Pernambuco, Brazil.

Figure 2 Principal components for environmental variables, rectal temperature, behavioral parameters and milk somatic cell count in the morning shift in dry and rainfall periods (A); Principal components of the time of operation of the evaporative adiabatic cooling system in the morning (B). T: air temperature; RH: relative humidity; Ws: wind speed; RT: rectal temperature; SCC: somatic cell count; EACS: evaporative adiabatic cooling system (0, 10, 20 and 30 min.).

Figure 3 Principal components for environmental variables, rectal temperature, behavioral parameters and milk somatic cell count in the afternoon shift in dry and rainfall periods (A); Principal components of the time of operation of the evaporative adiabatic cooling system in the afternoon (B). T: air temperature; RH: relative humidity; Ws: wind speed; RT: rectal temperature; SCC: somatic cell count; EACS: evaporative adiabatic cooling system (0, 10, 20 and 30 min.).

Table 1 Principal components of environmental variables, rectal temperature, behavioral parameters and somatic cell count in milk from dairy cows in the morning shift in dry and rainfall periods.

Variable	Principal Component Dry Period		Principal Component Rainfall Period
Variable	^*PC1	PC2	PC1	PC2
¹T	-0.251	0.104	-0.207	0.209
²RH	0.251	-0.104	0.222	0.186
³Ws	0.193	-0.219	0.200	-0.211
⁴SCC	-0.122	-0.067	-0.212	0.168
⁵RT	-0.214	-0.192	-0.119	-0.298
Shade	-0.130	0.281	0.207	0.170
Sun	0.056	-0.331	-0.191	-0.207
Ruminating	0.239	-0.056	-0.262	0.020
Walking	0.196	-0.216	0.099	0.304
Lying	0.227	-0.172	-0.219	-0.189
Stand	-0.234	0.124	0.223	0.090
Eating	0.173	0.177	-0.104	-0.311
Drinking	0.124	0.069	0.227	0.160
Eigenvalue	14.334	8.575	14.334	8.575
Proportion	0.551	0.330	0.551	0.330
Cumulative	0.551	0.881	0.551	0.881

¹T: air temperature; ²RH: relative humidity; ³Ws: wind speed; ⁴SCC: somatic cell count; ⁵RT: rectal temperature; ^*PC: principal component.

Table2. Principal components of environmental variables, rectal temperature, behavioral parameters and somatic cell count in milk from dairy cows in the afternoon shift in dry and rainfall periods.

Variable	Principal Component Dry Period		Principal Component Rainfall Period
Variable	^*PC1	PC2	PC1	PC2
¹T	-0.245	0.071	-0.246	0.058
²RH	0.243	-0.083	0.247	-0.004
³Ws	0.205	-0.204	0.209	-0.184
⁴SCC	-0.149	-0.253	-0.220	0.148
⁵RT	-0.237	-0.096	-0.233	0.085
Shade	-0.145	0.276	0.172	0.224
Sun	0.082	-0.345	-0.154	-0.260
Ruminating	0.223	-0.013	-0.245	-0.028
Walking	0.207	-0.197	0.066	0.343
Lying	0.228	-0.142	-0.187	-0.243
Stand	-0.226	0.088	0.205	0.135
Eating	0.137	0.226	-0.066	-0.354
Drinking	0.120	0.092	0.194	0.216
Eigenvalue	16.112	7.287	16.112	7.287
Proportion	0.620	0.280	0.620	0.280
Cumulative	0.620	0.900	0.620	0.900

¹T: air temperature; ²RH: relative humidity; ³Ws: wind speed; ⁴SCC: somatic cell count; ⁵RT: rectal temperature; ^*PC: principal component.

Table 3 Analysis of variance for the multiple regression model of the dry period.

SV	DF	SQ	QM	Fvalue	p-value
Regression	3	657667	219222	9.820**	0.000
T	1	372390	372390	16.680**	0.000
RH	1	261536	261536	11.710**	0.002
Sh	1	80191	80191	3.590^ns	0.050
Residual	28	625174	22328
Total	31

T: air temperature (°C); RH: relative humidity (%); Sh: activity of the animal in the shade (%); SV: source of variation; DF: degrees of freedom; SQ: sum of squares; QM: mean square; *Significant at 5% probability; **Significant at 1% probability; ^nsNon-significant.

Table 4 Analysis of variance for the multiple regression model of the rainfall period.

SV	DF	SQ	QM	Fvalue	p-value
Regression	2	61207	30603	7.67**	0.007
T	1	46271	46271	11.59**	0.005
Ly	1	26185	26185	6.56*	0.025
Residual	12	47901	3992
Total	14	109108

T: air temperature (°C); Ly: activity of the lying animal (%); SV: source of variation; DF: degrees of freedom; SQ: sum of squares; QM: mean square; *Significant at 5% probability; **Significant at 1% probability; ^nsNon-significant.

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Influence of meteorological elements on behavioral responses of gir cows and effects on milk quality

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[1] * Author for correspondence. E-mail: marcolino_114@hotmail.com