THE JUNGLE (A SELVA) BY FERREIRA DE CASTRO: SCENARIO, DIMENSION, AND SUSTAINABILITY

ARAÚJO, WILSON ALVES DE; BRITO, GEORGE NATHAN SOUZA; PROFICE, CHRISTIANA CABICIERI

doi:10.1590/1809-4422asoc0182r1vu18L3AO

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Original Article • Ambient. soc. 21 • 2018 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1809-4422asoc0182r1vu18L3AO copy

THE JUNGLE (A SELVA) BY FERREIRA DE CASTRO: SCENARIO, DIMENSION, AND SUSTAINABILITY

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

This paper proposes to analyze the work of Ferreira de Castro, A Selva (The Jungle), published in 1930, under the perspective of sustainability. For that, the 3-D Sustainability Model was used, which presents a new approach to objectively evaluate hierarchies and the definition of priorities in the relationship between economic, social, and environmental sustainability. The methodology used in this research is classified as narrative and bibliographic review research. The limits of environmental capacity were observed, and it is necessary to re-evaluate human actions on the Amazonian environment. There is a need for greater emphasis on the preservation of fauna, flora, rivers and streams, as well as changes in management practices and preservation of the rubber tree. The complexity of the man-Amazon relationship is clear when the economic, social, and environmental dynamics is observed.

Keywords :
Amazon; Culture; Rubber Tapper; Environment; Sustainability

Criteria		Perceptions Extracted From The Book The Jungle
Capital	Environmental	• Extensive natural richness: an account of the magnitude of the flora (extensive and diverse) and fauna (fish, jaguars, snakes, peccaries, dark, pardos, and honey color animals, tapirs, capybaras, deer, and pacas, among others); • abundance of land; and • abundant water resources (rivers and streams);
	Social	• Rubber tappers (mate of “cut”, mateiro, and camboieiros); • Local people (caboclo); • Native Brazilians; • immigrants (Northeast people, Japanese, etc..); and • entrepreneurs.
	Economic	• Extractive activity, fishing, and agriculture; • river transport; • employment in the rubber; • fall in profits (oscillation of the price of rubber).
Capacity	Environmental	• Latex (limitation); • wood.
	Social	• Social relations in the rubber plantation: labor exploitation; • strong hierarchy (owners of rubber plantations and aviators); • gender in the rubber plantations: man (absence of families); • subjection: debts of rubber tappers; • change of customs and habits; • diversity of cultures and ethnicities; and • little supply of labor: importation of social capital (northeasterners, etc.).
	Economic	• Amazon: large producer of richness (economic extraction system of latex, wood, others); great job offer; • debts obtained from the boss to work as a rubber tapper; • low salary; • river: large fleet of cages (transport); • crops in the rubber plantations: cassava, cane, and corn; and • potential: valuation of orchids; • maximizing profits.
Sustainability Analysis		• Reevaluate human actions about the environment; • need for management and preservation of rubber trees, being against the predatory extraction of latex; • impact of introduction of species such as maize and cane; and • preservation of fauna, flora, rivers and streams.

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