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REVIEW ARTICLE • Adv Weed Sci 40 (spe 1) • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.51694/AdvWeedSci/2022;40:seventy-five011 linkcopy

Herbicide mixtures: interactions and modeling

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Mixing herbicides is a common practice in agriculture, to optimize farm management practices, widen the weed control spectrum, enhance application efficiency, and manage herbicide resistance. Interactions between herbicides can occur within the spray tank, on the leaf surface, and/or inside the plant, resulting in physicochemical and physiological interactions. Additive, synergistic, or antagonistic effects can result from these interactions. Given the range in plant response and the potential for negative and positive outcomes for weed management, predicting herbicide interactions before using mixtures would be of great value. Therefore, the physiological responses in the literature can help to ensure efficient weed control and avoid unwanted effects in the field. This review compiles information on physiological and physicochemical interactions between herbicides, addressing the most known cases of synergism, antagonism, and additivity, as well as their physiological bases, and the methods for evaluating herbicide interactions. Reference models for herbicide interactions have been reported and they usually interfere interpretation of the mixture effect. Antagonistic interactions can increase the evolution of weed resistance by favoring the survival of individuals exposed to the herbicide. Physicochemical incompatibility in the spray tank usually causes herbicide antagonism, whereas both synergism and antagonism can result from increased or decreased uptake/translocation and from physiological changes in the plant.

Chemical weed control; synergism; antagonism; physiological basis

Herbicide ‘A’		Herbicide ‘B’		Reference
SOA Group	Herbicide	SOA Group	Herbicide	Reference
1	Sethoxydim	1	Fluazifop-butyl	Harker and O’Sullivan, 1991
1	Fluazifop-butyl	14	Acifluorfen	Minton et al., 1989b
		14	Fomesafen	Minton et al., 1989b
	Haloxyfop-methyl	14	Acifluorfen	Minton et al., 1989b
		14	Fomesafen	Minton et al., 1989b
	Quizalofop-ethyl	14	Acifluorfen	Minton et al., 1989b
	Sethoxydim	14	Acifluorfen	Minton et al., 1989b
2	Imazapyr	2	Imazaquin	Riley and Shaw, 1988
		2	Imazethapyr	Riley and Shaw, 1988
		2	Metsulfuron	Kudsk and Mathiassen, 2004
	Imazaquin	2	Imazethapyr	Riley and Shaw, 1988
	Imazapic	2	Imazaquin	Riley and Shaw, 1989, 1988
		2	Imazethapyr	Riley and Shaw, 1989, 1988
	Nicosulfuron	2	Rimsulfuron	Mekki and Leroux, 1994
2	Ethametsulfuron-methyl	4	Clopyralid	Blackshaw, 1989
	Imazamox	4	Dicamba	Kelley et al., 2005
	Imazethapyr	4	Dicamba	Kelley et al., 2005
	Metsulfuron	4	MCPA	Hollaway et al., 1996
2	Chlorimuron	9	Glyphosate	Norris et al., 2001
	Cloransulam	9	Glyphosate	Norris et al., 2001
	Imazapyr	9	Glyphosate	Kudsk and Mathiassen, 2004
	Imazaquin	9	Glyphosate	Hydrick and Shaw, 1994; Norris et al., 2001
	Imazethapyr	9	Glyphosate	Norris et al., 2001; Starke and Oliver, 1998
	Metsulfuron	9	Glyphosate	Kudsk and Mathiassen, 2004
2	Imazapyr	10	Glufosinate	Kudsk and Mathiassen, 2004
	Metsulfuron	10	Glufosinate	Kudsk and Mathiassen, 2004
2	Chlorimuron	14	Acifluorfen	Wesley and Shaw, 1992
		14	Fomesafen	Wesley and Shaw, 1992
		14	Lactofen	Wesley and Shaw, 1992
	Imazaquin	14	Acifluorfen	Wesley and Shaw, 1992
		14	Fomesafen	Wesley and Shaw, 1992
		14	Lactofen	Wesley and Shaw, 1992
4	Picloram	4	2,4,5-T	Bovey et al., 1968; Scifres, 1972
		4	2,4-D amine	Agbakoba and Goodin, 1970
		4	Mecoprop	Hamill et al., 1972
4	2,4-D	5	Ametryne	Diem, Davis, 1974
4	2,4-DB	6	Pyridate	Hicks et al., 1998
4	2,4-D	9	Glyphosate	Flint and Barrett, 1989a
	2,4-DB	9	Glyphosate	Wehtje and Walker, 1997
	Dicamba	9	Glyphosate	Flint and Barrett, 1989a; Kelley et al., 2005
	Fluroxypyr	9	Glyphosate	Chorbadjian and Kogan, 2002
4	Dicamba	14	Fomesafen	Kelley et al., 2005
4	2,4-DB	22	Paraquat	Wehtje et al., 1992a
	Chloramben	22	Paraquat	Wehtje et al., 1992c
	Picloram	22	Paraquat	Bovey et al., 1968
5	Propanil	3	Pendimethalin	Norsworthy et al., 1999
5	Desmedipham	5	Phenmedipham	Anderson and Arnold, 1984
	Methabenz thiazuron	5	Simazine	Faust et al., 1993
5	Propanil	10	Glufosinate	Lanclos et al., 2002
5	Propanil	15	Anilofos	Norsworthy et al., 1999
	Methabenz thiazuron	15	Metazachlor	Faust et al., 1993
5	Atrazine	27	Mesotrione	Abendroth et al., 2006
	Metribuzin	27	Mesotrione	Abendroth et al., 2006
6	Bentazon	14	Acifluorfen	Sorensen et al., 1987
6	Bentazon	22	Paraquat	Wehtje et al., 1992b
6	Bromoxynil	27	Mesotrione	Abendroth et al., 2006
9	Glyphosate	14	Acifluorfen	Norris et al., 2001
		14	Flumiclorac	Norris et al., 2001
		14	Fomesafen	Norris et al., 2001
		14	Lactofen	Norris et al., 2001
12	Norflurazon	15	Metolachlor	Wehtje and Brecke, 2004
14	Lactofen	15	Alachlor	Moore and Banks, 1991
	Flumioxazin	15	Metolachlor	Wehtje and Brecke, 2004
14	Oxyfluorfen	22	Paraquat	Pritchard et al., 1980
15	Acetochlor	1	Fluazifop-butyl	Scott et al., 1998a
		1	Sethoxydim	Scott et al., 1998a
	Dimethenamid	1	Fluazifop-butyl	Scott et al., 1998a
		1	Sethoxydim	Scott et al., 1998a; 1998b
	Metolachlor	1	Fluazifop-butyl	Scott et al., 1998a
		1	Sethoxydim	Scott et al., 1998a
15	Acetochlor	2	Imazethapyr	Scott et al., 1998a
	Dimethenamid	2	Imazethapyr	Scott et al., 1998a, 1998b
	Metolachlor	2	Imazethapyr	Scott et al., 1998a
22	Diquat	0	MSMA	Bovey and Miller, 1968

Physiological basis	Antagonizing herbicide	Antagonized herbicide	Species	Reference
Reduced uptake and/ or translocation rates	Glyphosate Dicamba	Dicamba Glyphosate	Bassia scoparia (L.) A.J. . Scott	Ou et al., 2018
	Atrazine	Nicosulfuron	Setaria viridis (L.) P.Beauv.	Schuster et al., 2007
	Glufosinate	Glyphosate	Setaria faberi Herrm.	Besançon et al., 2018
	Dicamba, Dicamba + atrazine Atrazine + Bentazon	Sethoxydim	Setaria faberi Herrm. Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench ssp. verticilliflorum (Steud.) de Wet ex Wiersema & J. Dahlb. Zea mays (L.)	Young et al., 1996
	Pyrithiobac-sodium	Fluazifop	Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.	Ferreira et al., 1995
	Tribenuron	Diclofop	Avena fatua (L.)	Baerg et al., 1996
	Dicamba 2,4-D	Glyphosate	Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.	Flint and Barrett, 1989b
	Bentazon	Haloxyfop	Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult.	Gerwick, 1988
	2,4-D amine	Glyphosate	Hordeum vulgare (L.)	O’Donovan and O’Sullivan, 1982
	Propanil	Pyribenzoxim	Echinochloa colona (L.) Link	Koo et al., 2000
	Bromoxynil	Quizalofop	Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult.	Culpepper et al., 1999
	Naptalam	Paraquat	Arachis hypogaea (L.)	Wehtje et al., 1991
Reduced metabolism	Propanil	Cyhalofop-butyl	Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv.	Ottis et al., 2005
Increased metabolism	2,4-D	Diclofop	Avena fatua (L.)	Busi et al., 2017
Effect on photosynthesis	Paraquat	Atrazine	Arachis hypogaea (L.)	Wehtje et al., 1992b
Effect on photosynthesis	Trifloxysulfuron Imazapic	Clethodim	Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.	Burke and Wilcut, 2003
Chemical interaction	Na-Bentazon	Sethoxydim	Elymus repens (L.) Gould	Wanamarta et al., 1989

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