Biocontrol of Tomato Mosaic Disease by Multiple Applications of Brown Alga (Sargassum angustifolium) Extract, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Bacillus subtilis

Monjezi, Elahe; Aeini*, Milad; Tabein, Saeid; Parizipour, Mohamad Hamed Ghodoum

doi:10.1590/1678-4324-2023220103

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Article - Agriculture, Agribusiness and Biotechnology • Braz. arch. biol. technol. 66 • 2023 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4324-2023220103 copy

Biocontrol of Tomato Mosaic Disease by Multiple Applications of Brown Alga (Sargassum angustifolium) Extract, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Bacillus subtilis

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Tomato mosaic disease caused by Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) reduces tomato crop production globally. Biocontrol measures using various rhizobacteria and algae have been developed to reduce the adverse effects of plant diseases. To this end, two rhizobacteria (probiotic bacteria) including Pseudomonas fluorescens, Bacillus subtilis, and aqueous extract of brown alga (Sargassum angustifolium) were applied. A certain concentration of bacterial suspension was added to the tomato rhizosphere along with the aqueous extract of brown alga and the plants were subsequently inoculated with ToMV. Semi-quantitative indirect-ELISA was performed to estimate the virus titer within inoculated plants. Also, the disease severity index was determined by visual scoring of the plants at 14 and 28 days post-inoculation. Growth indices of plants were evaluated and the data were statistically analyzed. The results showed that multiple treatments of the rhizobacteria and the aqueous extract of brown alga reduced the disease severity to 27.46%, and inhibit the ToMV accumulation up to 86.48% in tomato plants. Moreover, the growth indices of tomato plants pre-treated with a combination of the rhizobacteria and brown alga extract were significantly improved. Taken together, the results suggest that these biocontrol agents have a synergistic effect and their simultaneous application can, therefore, reduce the crop loss caused by ToMV.

Keywords:
Growth index; Indirect-ELISA; Synergism; Virus accumulation

HIGHLIGHTS

• The combination of PGPR and brown alga promotes tomato growth and, consequently, improves the host tolerance to mosaic disease.

• ELISA extinction values (OD ₄₀₅ ) were the lowest when Pf+Bs+Sa was applied to the rhizosphere of tomato plants.

• Chlorophyll content was the highest in Pf+Bs+Sa treated plants.

• The results of the current research open a new horizon of PGPR-algae interactions.

Treatment^?	Disease Severity^† (%)
Treatment^?	14 dpi	28 dpi
Pf	66.1^b	75.62^b
Sa	55.66^c	54^dc
Bs	57.33^c	53.3^c
Pf +Sa	48.66^c	47^d
Bs+Pf	57.33^c	54^dc
Sa+Bs	56^c	59.31^bc
Pf +Sa+Bs	29^d	27.46^e
Positive control (ToMV-inoculated)	76.32^a	79.65^a
Negative control (healthy plant)	0^e	0^f
SEM	2.51	2.02
P-treat	p< 0.0001	p< 0.0001

Item	CI	H (cm)	RFW (gr)	SFW (gr)	RDW (gr)	SDW(gr)
Pf	30.03^b	54.31^b	6.39^cb	29.63^b	0.93^cb	8.9^b
Sa	28.16^b	56.91^b	6.61^cb	32.63^b	0.86^cb	8^b
Bs	25.43^b	54.53^b	6.93^cb	28.57^b	0.87^cb	5.52^bc
Pf+Sa	25^b	57.5^b	6.88^cb	29.28^b	0.99^ab	6.03^bc
Bs+Pf	27.5^b	58.2^b	6.77^cb	31.86^b	0.95^cab	8.5^b
Sa+Bs	28^b	59.2^b	6.70^cb	31.81^b	0.93^cb	7.1^bc
Pf+Sa+Bs	38.4^a	66.33^a	8^a	48.1^a	1.2^a	12.3^a
PC	18.43^c	40.66^c	5.3^c	25.91^b	0.70^c	4.9^c
NC	36.98^a	54.09^b	7.23^ab	44.23^a	1^ab	13.4^a
SEM	2.082	2.46	0.651	2.22	0.070	1.053
P- treat	P< 0.0002	P< 0.0013	P< 0.006	P< 0.0001	P< 0.0107	P< 0.0003

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[1] *Correspondence: m.aeini@scu.ac.ir; Tel.: +98-61-33330011 (M.A.)