Effects of pH, Temperature and Agitation on the Decolourisation of Dyes by Laccase-Containing Enzyme Preparation from <i>Pleurotus sajor-caju</i>

Bettin, Fernanda; Cousseau, Francine; Martins, Kamila; Zaccaria, Simone; Girardi, Viviane; Silveira, Mauricio Moura da; Dillon, Aldo José Pinheiro

doi:10.1590/1678-4324-2019180338

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Article - Agriculture, Agribusiness and Biotechnology • Braz. arch. biol. technol. 62 • 2019 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4324-2019180338 linkcopy

Effects of pH, Temperature and Agitation on the Decolourisation of Dyes by Laccase-Containing Enzyme Preparation from Pleurotus sajor-caju

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

(1) Background: In this study, the effects of different pH values (2.4, 3.2, 4.4 and 5.0), temperatures (30, 35, 40, 45 and 50°C) and agitation (100 rpm) on the enzymatic decolourisation of twenty-two dyes belonging to the chromophore groups anthraquinone, azo and triphenylmethane were assessed. (2) Methods: In all conditions, it was used a crude enzyme broth containing 30 U mL^-1 laccases produced by Pleurotus sajor-caju PS-2001 in submerged process. (3) Results: Regarding the effects of pH values, the best results were obtained at pH 3.2 and 30°C, in which bleaching was observed for all dyes evaluated. In assays conducted at different temperatures, highest levels of decolourisation were observed at 35°C and pH 3.2 for nineteen of the dyes assessed. Thirteen dyes presented colour reduction exceeding 50% after the enzymatic treatment, including all acid and all disperse dyes evaluated. The reciprocal agitation of 100 rpm promoted negative effect on decolourisation. (4) Conclusion: From the results achieved, one can conclude that the laccase-containing preparation of P. sajor-caju PS-2001 has potential for the decolourisation of some dyes widely used in different industrial sectors, especially in the textile industry, and therefore could be used in future strategies for the biotreatment of coloured wastes.

Keywords:
Pleurotus sajor-caju; laccases; dye decolourisation; anthraquinone; azo; triphenylmethane

Dye	Group	Wavelenght (nm)
Acid Blue 80	Anthraquinone	628
Acid Green 28	Anthraquinone	685
Reactive Blue 220	Anthraquinone	609
Remazol Brilliant Blue R	Anthraquinone	591
Acid Red 315	Azo	493
Congo Red	Azo	494
Disperse Blue 79	Azo	539
Disperse Orange 30	Azo	464
Disperse Red 324	Azo	470
Levafix Brilliant Red E-4BA	Azo	513
Levafix Golden Yellow E-G	Azo	434
Orange G	Azo	478
Reactive Red 198	Azo	518
Reactive Yellow 15	Azo	411
Brilliant Green	Triphenylmethane	610
Bromocresol Green	Triphenylmethane	616
Bromophenol Blue	Triphenylmethane	590
Coomassie Brilliant Blue G-250	Triphenylmethane	579
Gentian Violet	Triphenylmethane	582
Malachite Green	Triphenylmethane	610
Methyl Violet	Triphenylmethane	584
Phenol Red	Triphenylmethane	433

pH	2.4		3.2		4.4		5.0
Decolourisation	%	t (h)	%	t (h)	%	t (h)	%	t (h)
Acid Blue 80	26.6	168	28.6	168	23.2	24	28.0	24
Acid Green 28	25.5	48	27.1	168	ND	---	ND	---
Reactive Blue 220	ND	---	3.56	168	23.0	168	19.1	24
Remazol Brilliant Blue R	17.8	168	10.8	72	ND	---	ND	---
Acid Red 315	5.58	168	13.8	168	ND	---	ND	---
Congo Red	ND	---	14.4	24	28.8	168	ND	---
Disperse Blue 79	16.7	24	23.5	168	ND	---	ND	---
Disperse Orange 30	5.39	168	9.87	96	10.5	72	ND	---
Disperse Red 324	ND	---	13.4	48	0.31	24	ND	---
Levafix Brilliant Red E-4BA	ND	---	2.86	168	ND	---	ND	---
Levafix Golden Yellow E-G	3.66	168	5.17	168	0.68	24	ND	---
Orange G	13.5	168	5.57	168	ND	---	ND	---
Reactive Red 198	23.6	168	25.5	168	ND	---	ND	---
Reactive Yellow 15	9.16	168	16.8	168	1.42	96	ND	---
Brilliant Green	48.8	48	45.9	168	13.0	48	19.0	168
Bromocresol Green	ND	---	26.5	168	ND	---	ND	---
Bromophenol Blue	0.08	168	4.48	168	9.43	48	ND	---
Coomassie Brilliant Blue G-250	15.7	168	35.8	168	0.18	24	ND	---
Gentian Violet	6.01	168	8.73	168	33.6	168	20.9	168
Malachite Green	1.73	96	0.79	168	1.22	24	10.3	168
Methyl Violet	15.9	168	16.8	168	16.2	96	7.64	24
Phenol Red	6.68	168	0.21	168	ND	---	ND	---

Temperature (^oC)	35		40		45		50
Decolourisation	%	t (h)	%	t (h)	%	t (h)	%	t (h)
Acid Blue 80	65.7	168	36.3	72	47.6	168	34.3	96
Acid Green 28	54.5	48	39.3	96	50.0	168	43.3	168
Reactive Blue 220	27.6	168	ND	---	17.8	168	ND	---
Remazol Brilliant Blue R	55.9	168	24.0	96	34.4	168	29.8	48/72
Acid Red 315	54.0	168	32.6	96	24.9	72	11.7	168
Congo Red	64.5	168	42.8	96	50.6	168	20.5	24
Disperse Blue 79	66.6	96	ND	---	36.3	168	ND	---
Disperse Orange 30	57.6	168	32.8	72	46.5	168	30.3	96
Disperse Red 324	62.2	96	29.9	96	39.4	72	19.5	24
Levafix Brilliant Red E-4BA	53.2	168	21.5	96	34.1	168	18.9	168
Levafix Golden Yellow E-G	44.1	168	ND	---	ND	---	ND	---
Orange G	67.7	168	ND	---	ND	---	ND	---
Reactive Red 198	57.3	168	26.7	72	42.6	168	15.6	72
Reactive Yellow 15	20.1	168	ND	---	24.6	168	ND	---
Brilliant Green	56.4	48	ND	---	7.94	168	ND	---
Bromocresol Green	20.8	168	ND	---	ND	---	ND	---
Bromophenol Blue	31.7	168	ND	---	ND	--	ND	---
Coomassie Brilliant Blue G-250	56.3	168	ND	---	6.99	72	ND	---
Gentian Violet	ND	---	ND	---	ND	---	ND	---
Malachite Green	ND	---	0.11	168	ND	---	ND	---
Methyl Violet	ND	---	ND	---	ND	---	ND	---
Phenol Red	4.09	168	ND	---	ND	---	ND	---

Temperature (^oC)	30		35
Decolourisation	%	t (h)	%	t (h)
Acid Blue 80	ND	---	15.5	96
Acid Green 28	ND	---	ND	---
Reactive Blue 220	ND	---	ND	---
Remazol Brilliant Blue R	ND	---	ND	---
Acid Red 315	ND	---	ND	---
Congo Red	ND	---	ND	---
Disperse Blue 79	ND	---	ND	---
Disperse Orange 30	ND	---	ND	---
Disperse Red 324	ND	---	ND	---
Levafix Brilliant Red E-4BA	ND	---	ND	---
Levafix Golden Yellow E-G	ND	---	ND	---
Orange G	ND	---	ND	---
Reactive Red 198	ND	---	ND	---
Reactive Yellow 15	ND	---	ND	---
Brilliant Green	13.0	96	16.7	240
Bromocresol Green	ND	---	ND	---
Bromophenol Blue	ND	---	ND	---
Coomassie Brilliant Blue G-250	ND	---	ND	---
Gentian Violet	ND	---	41.1	240
Malachite Green	1.54	96	3.06	240
Methyl Violet	0.38	240	19.6	216
Phenol Red	ND	---	ND	---

Producing fungi	Dyes	Enzymes	Assay conditions	Reference
Aspergillus alliaceus	Congo Red Indigo	Laccases and lignin peroxidases (LiP)	Microbial process: solid medium in agar plates	[⁶]
Aspergillus sp.	Reactive Blue 114 Reactive Red 239 Reactive Yellow 15	Laccases	Enzymatic process: commercial enzyme formulation	[⁵⁵]
Dichomitus squalens	Orange G Remazol Brilliant Blue R	Laccases and manganese peroxidases (MnP)	Microbial process: static liquid cultivation	[⁵⁶]
Lentinus crinitus	Reactive Blue 220	Laccases	Enzymatic process: extracellular extract	[¹²]
Lentinula edodes	Amido BlackBrilliant Cresyl BlueCongo RedEthyl VioletMethyl GreenMethyl VioletMethylene BluePoly R478 Remazol Brilliant Blue R Trypan Blue	MnP, LiP and Laccases	Microbial process: solid state cultivation	[¹⁹]
Marasmiellus palmivorus	Acid Green 28 Reactive Blue 220	Laccases	Enzymatic process: lyophilised crude enzyme extract	[⁵⁷]
Marasmiellus palmivorus	Acid Blue 80 Acid Red 315 Dianix Yellow Disperse Orange 30 Foron Rubine Navy Blue Reactive Blue 220 Reactive Red 198 Reactive Red 4BL Reactive Yellow 15 Remazol Black B	Laccases	Microbial process: submerged cultivation in shake flasks (180 rpm)	[⁴⁵]
Phanerochaete chrysosporium	Amaranth (red) New Coccine (red) Orange G (orange) Tartrazine (yellow)	MnP and (-glucosidase	Microbial process: liquid cultivation under shaking conditions	[⁴⁸]
Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Pleurotus ostreatus	Acid Blue 62 Acid Red 299 Direct Black 38 Direct Blue 1 Direct Red 81 Disperse Blue 1 Disperse Yellow 3 Reactive Black Reactive Blue 19 Reactive Red 4 Reactive Yellow 81	Laccases and MnP	Microbial process: liquid cultivations in flasks (rotary shaker at 120 rpm)	[⁵⁸]
Pleurotus calyptratus	Orange G Remazol Brilliant Blue R	Laccases, MnP and aryl-alcohol oxidase (AAO)	Microbial process: static liquid cultivation	[³⁹]
Pleurotus ostreatus	Acid Black 194 Acid Blue 185 Reactive Blue 158	Laccases	Enzymatic process: crude extract	[¹¹]
Pleurotus pulmonarius	Amido Black Brilliant Cresyl Blue Congo Red Ethyl Violet Methyl Green Methyl Violet Remazol Brilliant Blue R Trypan Blue	Laccases	Microbial process: solid and submerged cultivations Enzymatic process: crude extracellular extract	[³⁸]
Pleurotus sajor-caju	Amaranth (red) New Coccine (red) Orange G (orange) Tartrazine (yellow)	Laccases and glucose-oxidase (GOD)	Microbial process: liquid cultivation under shaking conditions	[⁴⁸]
Pleurotus sajor-caju	Acid Blue 80 Acid Green 28 Acid Red 315 Disperse Blue 79 Disperse Orange 30 Disperse Red 324 Reactive Blue 220 Reactive Red 198 Reactive Yellow 15	Laccases, MnP, LiP and veratryl-alcohol oxidase (VAO)	Microbial process: solid and submerged cultivations Enzymatic process: crude extracellular extract	[²³]
Pleurotus sajor-caju	Reactive Black 5	Laccases	Enzymatic process: purified enzyme and HBT as mediator	[⁵¹]
Pycnoporus sanguineus	Remazol Brilliant Blue R	Laccases	Enzymatic process: ultrafiltration-purified enzyme	[⁴²]
Thelephora sp.	Amido Black 10B Congo Red Orange G	Laccases, LiP and MnP	Enzymatic process: purified enzymes	[¹⁵]
Trametes hirsuta	Acid Blue 225 Acid Blue 74 Basic Red 9 Direct Blue 71 Reactive Black 5 Reactive Blue 19 Reactive Blue 221	Laccases	Enzymatic process: purified and immobilised enzyme	[⁷]
Trametes hirsuta	Acid Green 26 Acid Red 97	Laccases-mediator system	Enzymatic process: crude enzyme (violuric acid as redox mediator)	[⁵⁹]
Trametes pubescens	Remazol Brilliant Blue R	Laccases	Microbial process: temporary immersion bioreactor	[⁵]
Trametes sp.	Acid RedAmido Black 10B Congo Red Coomassie Brilliant Blue G250 Bromphenol Blue Cresol Red Crystal Violet Fast Blue RR Malachite Green Orange G Remazol Brilliant Blue R	Laccases	Enzymatic process: purified enzyme	[⁴¹]
Trametes sp.	Eriochrome Black T Malachite Green Remazol Brilliant Blue R	Laccases	Enzymatic process: purified enzyme and redox mediators	[⁶⁰]
Trametes trogii	Acid Blue 129 Acid Red 1 Reactive Black 5 Reactive Blue 4 Remazol Brilliant Blue R	Laccases	Enzymatic process: purified enzyme	[¹⁰]
Trametes versicolor	Acid Blue 74 Acid Red 27 Disperse Blue 3 Reactive Black 5 Reactive Blue 19	Laccases	Enzymatic process: immobilised enzyme on porous glass beads	[⁵⁰]
Trametes versicolor	AmaranthCibacron Brilliant YellowReactive Black 5 Remazol Brilliant Blue R	Laccases and MnP	Enzymatic process: purified enzymes	[⁶¹]
Trametes versicolor	Reactive Blue 19	Laccases	Enzymatic process: lyophilised enzyme, ABTS as mediator and non-ionic surfactant (Merpol)	[⁴⁴]
Trametes versicolor	Reactive Blue 19	Laccases	Enzymatic process: immobilised enzyme on controlled-porosity-carrier silica beads	[⁶²]
Trametes versicolor	Phenol Red	Laccases	Enzymatic process: crude enzyme and 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HBT) as redox mediator	[⁴³]
Trametes versicolor	Acid Green 27 Acid Violet 7 Indigo Carmine	Laccases	Enzymatic process: purified enzyme and redox mediators	[¹]
Trametes versicolor	Acid FuchsinAcid Green 16 Basic Fuchsin Brilliant Green 1 Methyl Green	Laccases	Enzymatic process: commercial purified enzyme	[⁴⁹]

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[TFN1] λ = wavelength of the maximum absorption for dyes obtained from scanning assays (350 to 750 nm) with solutions of dyes in concentration of 50 mg L^-1.