Fruits of the Brazilian Cerrado: Possibilities of Uses for the Manufacture of Food ProductsAbstract
The Cerrado is an important South American biome, with a wide diversity of fruit species, with attractive sensory characteristics and high nutritional value. In this scenario, the industrial production of food products made from Cerrado fruits is a viable alternative to favor their use and commercialization. From this perspective, this study presents an overview of food products made from Cerrado fruits, such as pequi, cagaita, baru, buriti, and caja-manga. Our data indicate that jellies, flours, beverages, and other by-products of Cerrado fruits have similar physical-chemical characteristics to those produced with conventional fruits, in addition to good sensorial acceptability and stability regarding microbiological standards. Therefore, the processing of Cerrado fruits constitutes an interesting alternative for the sustainable use of native fruits and may represent an income alternative for small rural producers, contributing to the protection of biodiversity and biome preservation. However, further research is still needed on the subject, especially with regard to processing practices and product quality.
Keywords:
Native fruits; Sustainability; Production technologies
HIGHLIGHTS
Fruits of the Brazilian Cerrado have potential for use in food products.
Products with Cerrado fruits present sensory acceptability.
Beverages with Cerrado fruits may contain antioxidant compounds.
INTRODUCTION
The United Nations (UN) promotes sustainable development through 17 sustainable development goals (SDGs) meant to be achieved by 2030 by its member states, including Brazil [1]. These goals encourage strategies directed toward the elimination of poverty and growth promotion through environmental and climate preservation [1].
However, the Cerrado biome, which occupies about 23% of the Brazilian territory and is home to important watersheds, has been extensively degraded, in a process primarily related to agricultural and cattle ranching expansion and timber extraction, which has triggered the loss of 43.4% of the natural cover of this biome [2, 3]. Thus, human intervention in the Cerrado can result in significant environmental damage, e.g., the extinction of species still unknown to science and interference with nationally important watersheds [3]. The Cerrado harbors an estimated 5% of the global biodiversity and is home to more than 13,000 plant species, justifying its classification as a global biodiversity hotspot [4, 5]. Therefore, strategies to analyze this biodiversity and provide sustainable management alternatives are essential for its conservation [5].
In this scenario, the wide variety of Cerrado fruit species stands out due to their sensory attractiveness, high nutritional value, and bioactive and antioxidant compounds, favoring their use by the food industry [6, 7, 8]. Furthermore, the processing could help reduce the fresh fruits losses, increasing their commercial value and expanding their consumer market, thus contributing to the appreciation of culture and local identity [9, 10].
In addition, processing techniques can also result in longer fruit shelf life usually limited to short periods, whereas the products has higher added value, with positive impact in the income generation for the involved population [8, 11]. From this perspective, strategies for processing Cerrado fruits can contribute to achieving the United Nations SDGs by stimulating the appreciation and sustainable use of native fruits [10].
PROCESSING OPTIONS
Different processing strategies can be used to process Cerrado fruits. However, studies should still be developed in the area as most of the research developed so far focuses on the production of jams, jellies, flours, beverages, and their use as flavor adjuvants, which will be addressed in the following topics.
Jams and jellies
Jellies are made from fruit juice or pulp, sugar, pectin, and acid, which are cooked until obtaining the characteristic gelatinous texture of the semi-solid state of this product [12]. The formulation can also include acidulants or pectin when these components are insufficient in the fruits used as raw materials [12]. However, developing strategies to minimize sensory and nutritional losses is one of the challenges for jelly production, which arises from using high temperatures during the cooking process [10]. In addition, developing manufacturing protocols to reduce the sugar content used in the formulation is also relevant to meet the growing consumer demand for healthier products with less sugar [11].
Similarly, fruit candy production is also a simple process that results in highly accepted products with significant market potential [13]. Fruit candy production involves variations that determine the classification of the product: fruit pieces or whole fruits (with or without peels, seeds, and stones) are cooked in water and sugar solution to obtain candy syrup [14]. On the other hand, paste-like sweets are made using fruit pulp and are classified according to their consistency as creamy or paste-like [15]. Thus, creamy sweets are characterized as a homogeneous paste with a soft texture. On the other hand, bulk candies, also known as cut candies, have a firm texture that allows their partition into pieces [15]. In general, sweets are free of chemical additives and have high nutritional value when appropriate processing techniques are used [16, 17].
Jams and jellies production requires few ingredients and equipment and is considered a simple technique, favoring its artisanal production, which is advantageous for production in small communities [9, 11]. On the other hand, the negative aspects of artisanal production may include products with less hygienic-sanitary rigor, no standardized recipes, and lack of necessary information in packaging and labels [16]. Therefore, more studies should be conducted to improve the production and marketing conditions of these products [16, 18].
Several studies have demonstrated the possibility of using Cerrado fruits, e.g., cagaita (Eugenia dysenterica), buriti (Mauritia flexuosa), umbu (Spondias tuberosa), umbu-caja (Spondias sp.), seriguela (Spondias purpurea), murici (Brysonima ssp.), caja-manga (Spondias cytherea Sonn.), wild passion fruit (Passiflora cincinnata), cajui (Anacardium occidentale), gabiroba (Campomanesia xanthocarpa), Dog marmalade fruit (Alibertia sessilis) and others to make jellies or sweets (Table 1). These studies usually evaluate the physicochemical and microbiological parameters, sensory acceptability, and commercial stability of fruit-based products (Table 1).
Furthermore, the physicochemical characteristics of jellies and jams made from Cerrado fruits are generally similar to those produced with traditional fruits, with values within or very close to the range established by current regulations [9, 20, 22, 27-28, 31-35, 39]. Jelly stability during storage has been evidenced by several studies, demonstrating the satisfactory technological conditions of this product after storage [22-23, 37-38]. On the other hand, there are few published studies on the stability of fruit sweets during the storage period, although changes in physicochemical parameters, e.g., titratable acidity, soluble solids, total sugars, carotenoids and phenolic compounds were observed after 180 days in marolo (Annona crassiflora) sweets with sweet passion fruit and soursop [31].
Moreover, microbiological safety, assessed according to the compliance with established standards, has also been evidenced for jams and jellies made from different fruits, e.g., wild passion fruit jelly [38], cagaita jelly [23], umbu jelly with mangaba [36], murici jam [10], umbu-caja jam [37], cagaita jam with mangaba [24], seriguela jam [32], marolo jam with sweet passion fruit [20], and umbu jam [34] (Table 1). From this perspective, the maintenance of microbiological safety throughout storage demonstrates the feasibility of production techniques for manufacturing safe products for consumption, as evidenced in the analysis of the mixed jam of marolo, passion fruit and soursop during 180 days of storage [31], murici jam for 12 months [10] and wild passion fruit jam for 150 days [38].
Cerrado fruits show a diversity of colors and flavors, which influence the sensory characteristics of jellies and sweets. In general, the studies conducted with these products indicate good sensory acceptability, as seen in jellies made from cagaita [23], buriti [22], umbu-caja [11], murici [10], umbu with mangaba [36], cajui [19] and gabiroba [29], and in the jams of seriguela [32], banana 'pacovan' with wild passion fruit [20], umbu [35], caja-manga [27] and araticum [17].
Moreover, adding adjuvants and aromatic herbs, e.g., pepper and mint, positively impacts the sensory acceptability of fruit-based products [26, 40]. One such example is the jelly made from caja-manga and added with mint and pepper, which achieved percentages higher than 80% for all evaluated attributes, highlighting its good sensory acceptability [26].
These data demonstrate the feasibility of using the aforementioned processing techniques for Cerrado fruits. However, the few available studies, especially those addressing the issue of characterization during storage, highlight the need to expand research in this field in order to better assess the technical feasibility of production [8].
Flours
Flours are products obtained from the processing of cereals, tubers, legumes, fruits, seeds, and rhizomes [41]. Their moisture content should be lower than 15%, achieved by adopting drying and milling methods that characterize the flour production process as simple while favoring artisanal production [42-43]. With regarding their use, flours are widely employed in cakes, breads, cookies, and other preparations [44-46].
In this context, some Cerrado fruits have the potential for producing flours, e.g., pequi, baru, and jatoba, which can be used either individually or as ingredients of other food preparations (Table 2) [45, 52, 56]. Furthermore, one of the benefits of producing flours from Cerrado fruits is better food preservation since moisture removal during production results in a less perishable product, with long shelf life and easy storage [42]. In addition, this form of processing allows using whole of some fruits instead of just certain parts [48, 56].
Nutritional quality is another interesting factor in Cerrado fruit flours since they are rich in bioactive substances, e.g., phenolic compounds, antioxidants, and dietary fiber [48, 54]. Nutrients and their contents vary according to the type of fruit and the fruit part used [48, 54]. One such example is the flour made from the buriti shell, rich in carotenoids, phenolic compounds, and vitamin C [48]. Moreover, the flour produced from marolo pulp contains fibers, vitamin C, and minerals such as phosphorus, calcium, and magnesium [54].
Improving the nutritional quality of flours by using Cerrado fruits can benefit human health [52]. An example to justify this statement is the study conducted by Silva and coauthors [52] with breads made from jatoba flour instead of wheat flour, which showing high fiber and polyphenol contents in the final product. In that study, jatoba flour bread induced a lower dose-independent glycemic response in the in vitro digestion. This result stems from the synergistic effects of fiber and phenolic compounds on glucose metabolism, significantly inhibiting the activity of α-amylase and α-glucosity. In this respect, jatoba and its by-products could be consumed by individuals with chronic diseases such as diabetes [52].
Cerrado fruit flours and their by-products show good sensory acceptability and high market potential [44, 56]. The food bars produced with different concentrations of marolo pulp flour (20, 30, 40 and 50%) are one such example, with their sensory acceptability increasing proportionally to the concentration of fruit flour [54].
However, flours made from fruits with marked sensory characteristics, e.g., pequi, should be used with caution since brownies produced with high proportions of pequi peel flour showed low sensory acceptability and purchase intention [56]. These results highlight the need to determine the ideal proportion of flour to be used in partial or complete replacement of other flours for each fruit and product.
Another important point about this processing strategy is choosing the appropriate dehydration method since nutritional and sensory losses may occur depending on the temperature and exposure time, thus decreasing the quality of the flour [42].
Beverages
Another processing option is using of Cerrado fruits to produce alcoholic or non-alcoholic beverages.
Non-alcoholic beverages
Nine different fruits (araticum, buriti, cagaita, gabiroba, mangaba, umbu, umbu-caja, seriguela, wild passion fruit) already show potential for the production of soft drinks e.g., juices and pulps, with mangaba, umbu and cagaita ranking as the most common species for that purpose [59-73].
The physicochemical characteristics of beverages made from fruit species native to the Cerrado were similar to those observed with other fruits, although influenced by the characteristics of each fruit used [66-67]. Therefore, highly acidic fruits, such as umbu and mangaba, result in highly acidic products, as demonstrated by the low pH value of the nectars of mangaba [66] and umbu with mangaba [67], and the umbu pulp [69]. This characteristic is interesting since it assist in product preservation by inhibiting microorganisms.
Furthermore, several studies highlight the good shelf life stability of fruit products throughout storage, e.g., the pulps of araticum [60] and umbu-caja pulp [71], and gabiroba nectar [65]. Storage induced only minor variations in the physicochemical characteristics, which were insufficient to alter product quality [65].
However, preparation techniques and the addition of adjuvants can influence product stability, with variations according to the fruit used. For example, araticum pulp showed greater stability with regard to vitamin contents (all-trans-α-carotene and all-trans-β-carotene) when a combination of pasteurization and freezing was used [60]. In contrast, even with pasteurization, there was a reduction in the pH, soluble solids, and vitamin C content of umbu-caja pulp [71]. In another study, the addition of maltodextrin to seriguela and wild passion fruit pulps contributed to increasing the sugar, starch, pH, and total soluble solids, as well as negatively influenced preservation by increasing the amount of water and reducing the amount of ash [68, 72].
The microbiological quality of fruit products has been evidenced by microbiological analyses, with results within the parameters established by current regulations, as seen in the nectars of umbu and mangaba [67], mangaba and cagaita [63], buriti [62] and in umbu-caja pulp [71]. These results highlight the role of adequate production processes to obtain safe products for commercial purposes.
Moreover, products based on native Cerrado fruits also showed good sensory acceptability, both in beverages made with single fruits [62, 65-66, 72] and blends, as demonstrated for the nectars of mangaba and cagaita [63-64] and umbu and mangaba [67].
In addition, Cerrado fruits can also be used as ingredients for producing of probiotic beverages, as observed in a product made from wild passion fruit added with Lactobacillus rhamnosus [73]. This strategy is highlighted by potential functional claims that could be favored by the good nutritional characteristics of the fruits, which contain antioxidant compounds, vitamins, and minerals [62].
Alcoholic beverages
Fermented alcoholic beverages have a sweet and pleasant taste and alcohol contents between 4 and 15% [74]. Except for grapes, they can be obtained through fruit fermentation, thus favoring the use of various fruit sources and contributing different flavors to the beverage [75, 76].
The potential of Cerrado fruits for alcoholic beverage production is relevant due to the high consumption of this type of product, especially distilled beverages [77]. Several fruits can be used for producing fermented beverages, e.g., murici [78], umbu [74], and cagaita [79], whereas distilled spirits can be made from fruits, such as caja-manga [80], gabiroba [81], cajui [82], and buriti [83].
The physicochemical characteristics of these beverages usually meet the standards established by current regulations and are similar to those of analogous products [74, 76, 78, 83]. However, fruits with low sugar contents, e.g., caja-manga, may result in drinks with lower alcohol content [80], or require sugar addition during processing, as demonstrated with the fermented drink made from murici [78].
In addition, fruits with low acidity, e.g., umbu, can reflect on lower beverage acidity [74]. Other characteristics of production, e.g., wort management, the yeast characteristics, and time and temperature control, can also influence the parameters of the beverage, including its volatile acidity [84].
Beverages made from Cerrado fruits generally show good sensory acceptability and purchase intention, as demonstrated by the results obtained by Almeida and coauthors [76] when evaluating a fermented beverage made from mangaba. On the other hand, one of the advantages of using Cerrado fruits for producing alcoholic beverages is the presence of antioxidant compounds that remain in the product, as observed in gabiroba liqueur, which antioxidant compounds increased with the age of the product [81], and in cashew brandy [82].
However, further research in the area is required since technological challenges are to be overcome to reduce costs and make large-scale production feasible [83]. In this scenario, the possibility of using fruits with high perishability and low added value, e.g., gabiroba, cajui and cagaita could be an interesting alternative [79, 81-82].
Cerrado fruits as flavor adjuvants
The outstanding flavors of Cerrado fruits can contribute to the sensory characteristics of different products, e.g., chocolate bars [85], ice cream [86-87], paçoca type candies [88], cookies [89-90], cheeses [91] and yogurts [92], among others.
Products incorporated from Cerrado fruits generally show good sensory acceptability [87-93]. In addition, the good nutritional quality of such fruits can contribute to increasing the nutrient content of their by-products, as demonstrated by the increased protein and fiber contents after adding of baru nuts (Dipteryx alata Vogel) to ice cream [87] and paçoca type candies [88]. Similarly, the addition of pequi nuts to cookie type cookies also resulted in higher protein, lipid, and ash contents [89].
Therefore, using Cerrado fruits as flavor adjuvants in different products is an interesting strategy to favor the sensory acceptability of fruit products and improve their nutritional characteristics [87-89].
CONCLUSIONS
Cerrado fruits species have an outstanding potential to be use in different products, e.g., jam, sweets and alcoholic beverages. However, further research should be conducted to establish production technologies and analyze nutritional characteristics during storage and sensory acceptance of products, especially with use of methods based in consumer attitude and perception. These technologies can favor the valorization and sustainable use of native fruits, with positive impacts on job and income generation, and, consequently, on the preservation of natural resources of the Cerrado biome.
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Publication Dates
-
Publication in this collection
19 Aug 2024 -
Date of issue
2024
History
-
Received
22 Mar 2023 -
Accepted
29 Nov 2023
