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Environmental Sciences • Braz. arch. biol. technol. 61 • 2018 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4324-2017160650   copy

Diversity of Plant Species in The Steel City of Odisha, India: Ethnobotany and Implications for Conservation of Urban Bio-Resources

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

The vegetation of the Steel City (Rourkela) of Odisha, India has high ethnobotanical values by virtue of its rich floral diversity. People in the urban area are highly dependent on the plants available in and around the city for their primary needs. The present study highlights the use of local flora, explore, identification, ethnobotany and conservation of wild and cultivated plant species in the city of Rourkela, Odisha, India. It also pays heed to the proper utilization of urban flora as a way of highlighting its ethnopharmacological importance. A field survey was conducted to collect information about floral diversity in and around the city. Data on the use of plants was collected with a semi-structured questionnaire and from the peer-reviewed literature. A total of 154 plant species, belonging to 128 genera and 55 families, were identified, along with their botanical name, vernacular name, family and habitat. Of these plant species, 53 are medicinal, 43 are ornamental, and 33 are edible, while 23 are weeds. Paderia foetida and Saraca asoka fall into the RET (rare, endangered and threatened) group and are very effective against various diseases. Traditional uses of local plants in an urban area like Rourkela are very interesting. This shows that, not only rural and tribal areas are rich in useful bio-resources but so are urban or semi-urban areas. The documentation of all useful flora with ethnomedicinal potential is helpful in conserving plant biodiversity as well as in environmental studies along with potential applications in drug discovery and oriental medicine.

Key words:
conservation; ethnobotany; ethnopharmacology; floral diversity

INTRODUCTION

Human beings cannot survive on this planet without floral diversity which provides resources for life in the form of food, shelter, clothing and, more essentially, atmospheric oxygen for breathing [11 Tilman D, Lehman C. Human caused environmental change: Impacts on plant diversity and evolution. Proceed. Nat Acad Sci United States Amer. 2001; 98: 5433-5440.]. Floral diversity provides food, medicine, and fodder and has paramount economic and socio-cultural worth throughout the world [22 Maity D, Pardhan N, Chauhan AS. Folk uses of some medicinal plants from North Sikkim. Ind J Trad Know. 2004; 3: 66-71.]. Floral diversity is the prime component of biological diversity, represented by medicinal, edible, economic, and socio-cultural plants as well as by diverse other floras that are beneficial to humans and the environment [33 Alves RRN, Rosa IML. Biodiversity, traditional medicine and public health: where do they meet. J Ethno Ethnomed. 2007; 3: 1-14.,44 Sedelnikov VP, Naumenko YV, Sedelnikova NV, Gorbunova IA, Pisarenko OY, Shaulo DN. Biodiversity and spatial arrangement of Siberian flora. Contemp Problem Ecol. 2008; 1: 14-21.]. These plants are either wild or cultivated [55 Panskus AB, Breckling B, Hamberger S. Cultivation-independent establishment of genetically engineered plants in natural populations: current evidence and implications for EU regulation. Environ Sci. Europ. 2013;25:34-35.]. Of all these plants, edible and medicinal plants in particular play an important role in human life [66 Akpabio UD, Ikpe EE. Proximate composition and nutrient analysis of Aneilema aequinoctiale leaves. Asian J Plant Sci Rese. 2013; 3: 55-61.]. They provide primary food and medicine to local communities [77 Dahlberg AC, Trygger SB. Indigenous medicine and primary health care: The importance of lay knowledge and use of medicinal plants in rural South Africa. Hum Ecol. 2009; 37: 79-94.,8]. Even in the modern era, most rural and tribal communities who live close to the forest depend on plants for their daily food and healthcare needs [99 Sen S, Chakraborty R, De B, Devanna N. 2011. An ethanobotanical survey of medicinal plants used by ethnic people in west and south district of Tripura, India. J Forest Res. 2011; 22: 417-426.,1010 Sahu CR, Nayak RK, Dhal NK. The plant wealth of Boudh district of Odisha, India with reference to ethanobotany. Int J Curr Biot. 2013; 1: 4-10.]. The medicinal uses of plants and plant parts are ancient practices [1111 Aliotta G, Mallik UM, Pollio A. 2008. Historical Examples of Allelopathy and Ethanobotany from the Mediterranean Region. Allelo Sust Agri Forest. 2008; 1: 11-24.,1212 Tizio AD, Luczaj LJ, Quave CL, Redzic S, Pieroni A. Traditional food and herbal uses of wild plants in the ancient South-Slavic diaspora of Mundimitar/Montemitro(Southern Italy). J Ethano Ethnomed. 2012;8:21-21.]. Ancient Indian literature indicates that therapeutic uses of plants have been practiced since as long ago as 5000-4000 B.C. [1313 Posey DA, Dutfield G. Beyond Intellectual property: toward traditional resource rights for Indigenous people and local communities, Canada. Int Develop Res 1996; 303: 1-10.].

Floral diversity is directly proportional to chemical diversity (bioactive compounds), as reflected in the traditional knowledge of the aboriginal peoples and this area of science is known as “ethnobotany,” or sometimes ethnopharmacology [1414 Catarino L, Havik PJ, Romeiras MM. Medicinal plants of Guinea-Bissau: therapeutic applications, ethnic diversity and knowledge transfer. Ethnopharmacol. 2016; 183:71-94., 1515 Sadeghi Z, Mahmood A. Ethno-gynecological knowledge of medicinal plants used by Baluch tribes, southeast of Baluchistan, Iran. Revi Brasilei de Farmacogno. 2014; 24(6): 706-715.]. Ethno-medicinal studies offer immense scope and opportunities for biodiversity conservation and sustainable development of local communities around the world [1616 Chaudhary S, Kumar R. Some important medicinal trees of district Bijnor. Rece Res Sci Tech. 2011;3:96-100.]. Wild plants are used in the form of fruits, tubers, flowers, leafy vegetables etc. for food and medical purposes [1717 Banarjee A, Mukherjee A, Sinhababu A. Ethanobotanical documentation of some wild edible plants in Bankura district, West Bengal, India. J Ethan Trad Med. 2013; 120: 585-590.]. The World Health Organization (WHO) has estimated that as much as 80% of the world’s population depends on traditional medicine for their primary healthcare requirements [1818 Singh A. Vascular floristic wealth of Banaras Hindu University main campus, India. Int J Plant Sci. 2013a;2:124-149.]. Traditional medicine is a combination of both knowledge and practices, whether explainable or not; it is used in disease diagnosis and treatment, prevention and elimination of physical, mental, or social imbalance, and relies exclusively on practical experience and observations that are transferred from generation to generation by individuals [1919 Padal SB, Sandhyasri B. Ethanomedicinal investigation of medicinal plants of Sovva panchayat, Dumbriguda Mandalam, Visakhapatanam district, Andhra Pradesh. Int J Eng Sci. 2013; 2: 55-61.]. Today, there is an increasing desire to reveal the role of ethno-botanical knowledge by capturing centuries-old traditional folk knowledge from elderly people as well as by searching for new plants species of medicinal and economic importance [2020 Mohmood A, Qureshi RA, Mahmood A, Sangi Y, Shaheen H, Ahmad I, Nawaz Z. Ethnobotanical survey of common medicinal plants used by people of district Mirpur, AJK. Pak J Med Plants Res. 2011; 5: 4493-4498.].

The medicinal potential of plant species and parts that are used for the preparation and administration of various drugs vary with climate and environmental conditions [2121 Verma AK, Kumar M, Bussmann RW.Medicinal plants in an urban environment: the medicinal flora of Banaras Hindu University, Uttar Pradesh. J Ethn Ethnomed. 2007; 3: 35-35.]. However, the knowledge of herbal medicine is gradually dying out, although some traditional herbal healers around the world continue to practice the art of herbal healing effectively [2222 Saxena N, Yadav VK, Verma RK. Traditional knowledge of medicinal plants used to cure gastro intestinal problems in Jalan district of Utter Pradesh, India. J Med Plant Stud. 2014; 2: 24-28.]. Floral diversity is not only rich in or near the forest or rural areas, but it is also rich in small patches of urban areas, mainly campuses of educational institutions and other government bureaus. These areas play a vital role in balancing pollution and other environmental factors in urban environments. Keeping this in mind, an attempt has therefore been made to document the useful flora in and around the Steel City (Rourkela) of Odisha State in India and its ethnobotanical potential.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Study area

Rourkela is known as the Steel City of Odisha State in India. It is unique in floral diversity in an urban environment. It is situated between 22°14' 57" N and 82° 54' 58" E (Plate 1). In recent years, the natural wild flora of the city has been adversely affected by the spread of concrete forests and other anthropogenic activities like mining industries and factory construction.

Plate-1
Geographical location of the study area

The average height of the study area is about 219 m above mean sea level. Geographically, it is a land mass of red and laterite soils and quite rich in minerals, particularly iron ore (Plate 1). The study area is very close to Vedvyas, where the Koel and Sankha rivers meet and form a single river named Brahmani. The city enjoys a tropical climate and receives high rainfall during the Southeast monsoon and the retreating Northeast monsoon. Average annual rainfall is about 160 to 200 cm. It has semi-evergreen or tropical dry deciduous forest [2323 Prusti AB, Behera KK. Ethno-Medico Botanical study of Sundargarh district, Orissa, India. Ethnobot Leaf. 2007;11:148-163.

24 Acharya BC, Subudhi HN, Panda SP. Check list of economic plants of Rourkela and adjoining regions (Sundargarh district)- Odisha. Bull Pure App Sci Bot. 2010; 29: 53-57.

25 Pasayat SK, Sahoo P, Mallick SN. Ethno-toxic effects of some common angiosperms plants studies in and around Rourkela, Sundargarh, Odisha. Life Sci Leaf. 2013;4:12-15.-2626 Mallick SN, Ram JP, Parida N. Study of ethnomedicinal values of some shrub in Rourkela steel city and its surroundings, Sundergarh, Odisha. Int J Appl Biol Pharm Tech. 2014; 5: 123-130.].

Enumeration of plant species and their ethnobotany

Field studies were carried out in different seasons of the year of 2014-2015 with the aim of enumerating the floral wealth in the city area of Rourkela by means of the Bentham & Hooker system followed by Christian and Brigitte [2727 Christian RV, Brigitte VL. Tools and methods for data collection in ethnobotanical studies of homegardens. Field Method. 2004;16:285-306.]. Seasonal variations and the frequency of occurrence of plants were noted during the field study. During field visits, surveys were undertaken in different locations, namely, waste land, bare land, play grounds, road sides, grass land, gardens, and plant species were recorded. Common and ethnobotanical uses of different plant species were recorded from people inhabiting the city and surrounding areas through a set of questionnaires in the form of a passport data form. Plant species were identified by the first author on the basis of flora books [2828 Haines HH. The Botany of Bihar and Orissa. Adlard & Sons and West Newman Ltd; London; 1921.,2929 Saxena HO, Brahmam M. Flora of Orissa. Orissa Forest Development Corporation & Regional Research Laboratory; Bhubaneswar; 1994.] and published articles [3030 Kumar S, Satapathy MK. Medicinal plants in an urban environment; herbaceous medicinal flora from the campus of regional Institute of Education, Bhubaneswar, Odisha. Int J Pharma Life Sci. 2011; 2: 1206-1210.]. Each species was tabulated together with its botanical name, local/common name, habit, nature and type of the plant species.

RESULTS

The field survey showed that the city of Rourkela, Odisha, India is blessed with a large number of beneficial plants with medicinal importance. During the present study, 154 plant species in 128 genera and 55 families were recorded (Fig. 1). Survey results demonstrated the wide diversity of plant species in the city. Taxa included monocotyledonous and diocotyledons. Asteraceae contributed the largest number with 12 species, followed by apocynaceae and caselpinaceae with 9 species, euphorbiaceae contributed 7 species, and fabaceae and malvaceae contributed 6 species each. Of the identified species, most were trees (45) and herbs (49); shrubs were also common (28). Climbers were rare (20) and grasses were the least common (5) (Fig. 2). The most common usage classifications of taxa were medicinal (53) (Table 1), ornamental (43) (Table 3), edible (33) (Table 2), common weed (23), timber (14), and cultural (2) (Fig. 3). The study indicates that the largest number of medicinal plants belong to tree group (Fig. 2, 3 and 4).

Figure 1
The eight dominant families in city of Rourkela, Odisha, India.

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Table 1:
List of medicinal plants in the City of Rourkela, Odisha, India

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Table 2:
Edible plants and their common uses in the City of Rourkela, Odisha, India

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Table 3:
List of socio-cultural, economic, and ornamental plants and common weeds in the City of Rourkela, Odisha, India

Figure 2:
Diversity of plant species by habitat.

Figure 3:
Plants used for different purposes.

Figure 4:
Number of plant species in each family.

The most common medicinal plants are Triumfetta pentandra (Plate 2.9), Leonotis nepetifolia (Plate 2.5), Passiflora foetida (Plate 2.3, Plate 2.8), Borehivia diffusa, Terminalia bellarica (Plate 2.4), Paderia foetida, Saraca asoka and Abutilon indicum; edible plants are Dioscorea bulbifera, Amaranthus spinosus, Annona reticulate (Plate 2.2), Annona squamosa, Artocarpus heterophyllus, Commelina benghalensis, Dillenia indica, Dioscorea alata, Emblica officinalis, and Mitragyana parviflora; common weeds are Pelicetum penicellatum, Ipomea carnea, Tridex procumbens, and Xanthium strumarium; common cultivated plants are Peltophorum pterocarpum, Allamanda cathartica, Bauhinia acuminate, and Canna indica. There are some plant found in this region which are categorized as RET (Plate 3). The medicinal and ethnobotanical values of the different collected plant species are provided in Table 1-3 and Fig. 1-4.

Plate 2:
Photos showing selected plant species from Rourkela city, Odisha, India, Flowers and fruits of Melia azadirachta L., 2) Fruit of Annona reticulata L., 3) Fruits of Passiflora foetida L., 4) Fruits of Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb., 5) Flowers of Leonotis nepetifolia (L.) R.Br., 6) Fruits and leaves of Saraca asoca (Roxb.) Willd., 7) Seeds of Abrus precatorius L., 8) Flower of Passiflora foetida L., 9) Triumfetta pentandra A. Rich.

Plate 3:
Some RET plant species of the district Sundargarh (Rourkela city is situated in this district), Odisha, India, 1) flowers of Rauvolfia serpentina; 2) Flowers of Gloriosa superba; 3) Flowers of Ceropegia hirsuta*; 4) Plantlet of Celastrus paniculatus. *Authors found very less population in the state.

DISCUSSION

Traditional knowledge and the use of local plants for primary needs remain important, not only in rural or tribal areas but even in urban and semi-urban areas. The collected information on the useful plants in and around Rourkela city, Odisha, India, includes some that are medicinal, some that are edible, and some that are socio-cultural plants. As therapeutics, the hitherto unknown claims from local people, such as use of the root and bark of Abutilon indicum as nervine tonic, of the leaves of Paderia foetida against diarrhea were documented (Table 1), of the flowers of Saraca asoka (Plate 2.6) in painful menses, and of the leaves of Datura metel to cure different types of fungal infections. Of the edible plants, the fruits of Aegle marnelos are consumed in summer as a cooling agent (Table 2), the leaves of Basella alba are used as leafy vegetables in a delicious local dish, the tubers of Dioscorea bulbifera are eaten as vegetables (Table 2) after successive boiling owing to the presence of some unsavory factors such as tannin, the fruit of Emblica officinalis is used to make a medicinal pickle, and the leaves of Murraya koenigii are used to give aroma to vegetables and other foods of the state, etc. (Present study). Very interesting socio-cultural and economic plants are available in the city, such as the flowers of Plumeria alba, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, and Mirabilis jalapa (Table 3) that are used during worship, and the timber of Tectona grandis, Eucalyptus tereticornis, and Melia azadirachta (Plate 2.1) that are used in making furniture etc. (Present study).

Globally, the bio-resources of some urban areas with a view to conservation have been reported by various researchers. Ma and Liu [5656 Ma J, Liu Q. Flora of Beijing: an overview and suggestion for future research. Urb Habit. 2003;1:30-44.] have reported about 455 plants in the urban area of Beijing, China, whereas Grdovic and Stevanovic [5757 Grdovic S, Stevanonvic V. The moss flora in the central urban area of Belgrade. Arch Biol Sci Belg. 2006; 58: 55-59.] have documented 58 plant species in the central urban area of Belgrade, Serbia. Thompson and McCarthy [5858 Thompson K, McCarthy MA. Traits of British alien and native urban plants. J Ecol. 2008; 96: 853-859.] have reported 822 vascular plants in the cities of Sheffield and Birmingham, in the United Kingdom. Muratet et al. [5959 Muratel A, Porcher E, Devictor V, Arnal G, Moret J, Wright S, Machon N. Evaluation of floristic diversity in urban areas as a basis for habitat management. Appl Veg Sci. 2008; 11: 451-460.] have documented 626 vascular plants in the urban area of the Hauts-de-Seine district bordering Paris, France, while Yavorska [6060 Yavorska OG. The North American species of the non-native flora of Kyiv urban area (Ukraine). Biod Res Conserv. 2009; 13: 25-30.] has reported about 114 plant species in the urban area of Kyiv, Ukraine. Pieniak and Chylinski [6161 Pieniak BF, Chylinski K. Diversity of spontaneous flora of unused industrial buildings in Warsaw. Poland Ekolo Bratisal. 2012; 31: 379-389.] have reported 26 spontaneously-occurring floras in industrial buildings of Warsaw, Poland. Recently, Goraya et al. [6262 Goraya K, Iqbal Z, Sajid MS, Muhammad G, Ain QU, Saleem M. Diversity in selected per-urban areas of Punjab, Pakistan. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2013;http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-9-70
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-9-70... ] have reported about 60 plant species with medicinal value in the peri-urban areas of Punjab in Pakistan. Many domestic researchers have likewise reported on urban flora and its ethnomedicinal importance. Singh [6363 Singh A, Singh MK, Singh R. Traditional medicinal flora of the district Buxar (Bihar, India). J Pharma Phytochem. 2013b; 2: 41-49.] has reported around 765 medicinal plant species in the urban area of Varanasi, India. Kumar and Satapathy [3030 Kumar S, Satapathy MK. Medicinal plants in an urban environment; herbaceous medicinal flora from the campus of regional Institute of Education, Bhubaneswar, Odisha. Int J Pharma Life Sci. 2011; 2: 1206-1210.] have reported a total of 72 herbaceous plants in the urban area of Bhubaneshwar, India. Singh [6464 Singh A. Exotic flora of Banaras Hindu University Main campus, India. J Ecol Nat Environ. 2011; 3: 337-343.] has reported around 119 vascular plants at Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India. Verma et al. [2121 Verma AK, Kumar M, Bussmann RW.Medicinal plants in an urban environment: the medicinal flora of Banaras Hindu University, Uttar Pradesh. J Ethn Ethnomed. 2007; 3: 35-35.] have reported about 72 medicinal plants on the campus of Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India. Recently, Pasayat et al. [2525 Pasayat SK, Sahoo P, Mallick SN. Ethno-toxic effects of some common angiosperms plants studies in and around Rourkela, Sundargarh, Odisha. Life Sci Leaf. 2013;4:12-15.] have reported about 20 ethno-toxic effects of some common angiosperms found around Rourkela city, India.

The present study revealed that most of the plant species belong to the asteraceae and apocynacea families and showed a rich diversity of useful wild and cultivated species with potential ethnomedicinal value. However, in contrast to the above findings, Mallick et al. [6565 Mallick SN, Maharana MR, Acharya BC. Weed flora of Rourkela and adjoining areas of Sundargarh district, Odisha, India. J Eco Tax Bot. 2015; 39: 131-137.] have reported that the city enjoys a flora of asteraceae and poaceae and most of the plants are weeds. Though the grasses that belong to the family asteraceae and poaceae are dominant in the urban area, but there are many other plants found in this area which are not weeds, they are wild in nature with prominent medicinal values. Gradually, when these area developed to an urban area, the wild plants available in these areas were later on termed as the urban floras but not as weeds. In 2013, Pasayat et al. [2525 Pasayat SK, Sahoo P, Mallick SN. Ethno-toxic effects of some common angiosperms plants studies in and around Rourkela, Sundargarh, Odisha. Life Sci Leaf. 2013;4:12-15.] reported about 20 ethno-toxic plant species from the present study area. Among these species, they claimed that parts of Datura metal L. are toxic, whereas the present study focused on ethnomedicinal properties and found that all plant parts are very much effective against all types of skin infections (Table 1), while the flowers have socio-cultural and economic value and are sold for worship outside Hindu temples around India. In 2014, Mallick et al. [2626 Mallick SN, Ram JP, Parida N. Study of ethnomedicinal values of some shrub in Rourkela steel city and its surroundings, Sundergarh, Odisha. Int J Appl Biol Pharm Tech. 2014; 5: 123-130.] documented 30 ethnomedicinal shrubs in the city of Rourkela, India. They reported that the leaves of Paederia foetida L. are used against joint pain, gastric problems, and diarrhea, while the present study has found that this is a very important ethno-medicinal plant of the city as it falls in the RET (rare, endangered and threatened) group and the leaves are frequently used in urban communities in the study area against diarrhea (Table 1). The present study supports the claim that seed oil of Ricinus communis L. is used to cure skin infections and is also effective against joint pain [2626 Mallick SN, Ram JP, Parida N. Study of ethnomedicinal values of some shrub in Rourkela steel city and its surroundings, Sundergarh, Odisha. Int J Appl Biol Pharm Tech. 2014; 5: 123-130.]. Ives et al. [6666 Ives CD, Lentini PE, Threlfall CG, Ikin K, Shanahan DF, Garrard GE, Bekessy SA, Fuller RA, Mumaw L, Rayner L, Valentine LE, Kendal D. Cities are hotspots for threatened species. Glob Ecol Bio. 2016; 25: 117-126.] reported that cities are the hotspots of RET (rare, endangered and threatened) plant species. The forest patches of the district is rich with many RET plant species (Plate 3). Among them, present study also suggests that the city is home to two RET plants (Saraca asoka and Paederia foetida) of the state and an ongoing study addresses the sustainable harvesting of these two useful plants of the Steel City of Rourkela, Odisha, India. Many other plant species found in this area are of potential medicinal importance.

CONCLUSION

Urbanization has increased tremendously over the last 60 years around the world, with the result that more than 50 percent of the world population now live in cities. This is especially true for developing countries, and it is expected that developing countries will take the lead in future urban population growth. Increasing urbanization has serious consequences for the environment, as it fragments and changes natural habitats and alters environmental conditions. Therefore, there is a need for more exploration and awareness of research with the aim of conserving urban floras. It is has also emerged quite recently that not only natural and semi-natural landscapes can be highly diverse in terms of flora, but that urban, institutional and industrial areas may also harbor a wide variety of habitats, organisms, and communities. The use of local floras as primary medical resources and traditional practices of plant-based medico-foods are still alive in the modern urban or semi-urban areas such as Steel City (Rourkela) of the State of Odisha, India. The present study illustrates to what extent urban communities may depend on various plants to meet their needs and to cure various diseases and disorders by means of traditional medicines. Appropriate conservation planning is therefore required to conserve these useful floras and to maintain biodiversity in this urban area, which underpins traditional knowledge.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors are grateful to the local people around the Rourkela city, Odisha, India for their support and cooperation during field surveys and for providing information on the medicinal potential of the plant species. This work was supported by Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (IPET) through the Agricultural Research Center Project and Agricultural Bio-Technology Development Program funded by Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs(MAFRA)(710003-07-7-SB120, 116075-3).

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Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    2018

History

  • Received
    03 Feb 2016
  • Accepted
    14 July 2016
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