Green Tropical Phytoextracts - Promising Anticancer Alternative

The anticancer potential of aqueous extracts of tropical plants Ficus deltoidea and Labisia pumila were tested on human prostate carcinoma (DU145) cells. The effects of these extracts on the cells were observed through several tests such as cytotoxicity MTT assay, trypan blue exclusion assay (for cell viability), fluorescence and morphological observations. Both of the plant extracts had a growth repression effect on the cells with different concentrations. The best concentration (1x10^-3 μg/mL) was chosen by determining their cytotoxic effects on human prostate cancer as well as fibroblast (normal) cells. The F. deltoidea extract showed more potency and killed the cells faster than L. pumila. Morphologically both extracts affected the cells in a similar way, i.e. the cells became irregular shaped, detached themselves and kept floating in the medium.

Key words:
Labisia pumila; Ficus deltoidea; Anticancer Plant Extract; Prostate cancer.

Authorship

Abid Ali Khan

COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Department of Biosciences, Islamabad, Pakistan;COMSATS Institute of Information TechnologyPakistanIslamabad, PakistanCOMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Department of Biosciences, Islamabad, Pakistan;

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Institute of Bioproduct Development, Skudai, johor, Malaysia;Universiti Teknologi MalaysiaMalaysiaSkudai, johor, MalaysiaUniversiti Teknologi Malaysia, Institute of Bioproduct Development, Skudai, johor, Malaysia;

Kosar Ali Omer

Ayesha Talib

Haroon Ahmed

Mohamad Arshad Javed ^{^*}*Authors for correspondence: mroji@ibd.utm.my

Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Malaysia.Universiti Teknologi MalaysiaMalaysiaJohor Bahru, MalaysiaDepartment of Industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Malaysia.

Roji Mohamad Sarmidi ^{^*}*Authors for correspondence: mroji@ibd.utm.my

*Authors for correspondence: mroji@ibd.utm.my

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Tables

Figures (5)
Tables (1)

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Figure 1:
Schematic representation of the experimental studies in this report. DU 145 cells were grown and maintained by determining their growth curve. The cultured cancer cells were treated with aqueous extracts of F. deltoidea and L. pumila along with human fibroblast (HSF 1184) cells as control. The cancer (DU 145) as well as normal (HSF 1184) were analysed under the effect of the tropical plant extracts for MTT, cell viability and apoptotic (morphological) tests.

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Figure 2:
The complete growth profile of DU145 cell line

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Figure 3:
Comparative study shows the effect of aqueous extracts of (a) F. deltoidea and (b) L. pumila on human prostate carcinoma (DU145) and human fibroblast (HSF1184) cell lines. The statistical analysis of variances by ANOVA proved that there are significant differences between the DU145 and HSF1184 cell viability and concentration of the F. deltoidea aqueous extract, were the significant value (P) was less than 0.05 (P<0.05).

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Figure 4:
Effect of F. deltoidea and L. pumila aqueous extracts on the viability of the DU145 cells

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Figure 5:
Effect of the extracts on the morphology of the cells (a) shows effect of F. deltoidea extract under inverted microscope (i) first day of treatment, (ii) fourth day of treatment, (iii) last day of treatment (viability 0%), (b) shows effect of L. pumila extract under inverted microscope (i) first day of treatment, (ii) fourth day of treatment, (iii) last day of treatment (viability 0%), and (c) shows the apoptotic body study of both extract (i) negative control, (ii) Effect of F. deltoidea extract, (iii) Effect of L. pumila extract. Note: (L = Living cells, A= Apoptotic cells and LA= Late Apoptotic body)

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Table 1:
Summary of results: Effects of tropical plant extracts on human prostate carcinomas (DU145)

Figure 1: Schematic representation of the experimental studies in this report. DU 145 cells were grown and maintained by determining their growth curve. The cultured cancer cells were treated with aqueous extracts of F. deltoidea and L. pumila along with human fibroblast (HSF 1184) cells as control. The cancer (DU 145) as well as normal (HSF 1184) were analysed under the effect of the tropical plant extracts for MTT, cell viability and apoptotic (morphological) tests.

Figure 2: The complete growth profile of DU145 cell line

Figure 3: Comparative study shows the effect of aqueous extracts of (a) F. deltoidea and (b) L. pumila on human prostate carcinoma (DU145) and human fibroblast (HSF1184) cell lines. The statistical analysis of variances by ANOVA proved that there are significant differences between the DU145 and HSF1184 cell viability and concentration of the F. deltoidea aqueous extract, were the significant value (P) was less than 0.05 (P<0.05).

Figure 4: Effect of F. deltoidea and L. pumila aqueous extracts on the viability of the DU145 cells

Figure 5: Effect of the extracts on the morphology of the cells (a) shows effect of F. deltoidea extract under inverted microscope (i) first day of treatment, (ii) fourth day of treatment, (iii) last day of treatment (viability 0%), (b) shows effect of L. pumila extract under inverted microscope (i) first day of treatment, (ii) fourth day of treatment, (iii) last day of treatment (viability 0%), and (c) shows the apoptotic body study of both extract (i) negative control, (ii) Effect of F. deltoidea extract, (iii) Effect of L. pumila extract. Note: (L = Living cells, A= Apoptotic cells and LA= Late Apoptotic body)

Table 1: Summary of results: Effects of tropical plant extracts on human prostate carcinomas (DU145)

	Ficus deltoidea	Labisia pumila
Most Effective Concentration	1 x 10^-3 µg/mL (OD 0.4)	1 x 10^-3 µg/mL (OD 0.59)
Complete Loss of Cell Viability	7 days	9 days
Morphological Observations through Fluorescent Microscopy	Appearance of blabbing cells, apoptotic cells and late apoptotic bodies Less viable cells than Labisia pumila	Appearance of blabbing cells, apoptotic cells and late apoptotic bodies More viable cells than Ficus deltoidea
Efficacy	Relatively more potent than L. pumila extract	Relatively less potent than F. deltoidea extract

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[1] *Authors for correspondence: mroji@ibd.utm.my