Effect of Milk Fermented with Lactobacillus acidophilus NCDC15 on Nutrient Digestibility, Faecal Biomarkers and Immune Response in Murrah calves

Ojha, Lamella; Kumar, Sachin; Kewalramani, Neelam; Sarkar, Srobana; Tyagi, Amrish Kumar

doi:10.1590/1678-4324-2021210179

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Article - Human and Animal Health • Braz. arch. biol. technol. 64 • 2021 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4324-2021210179 copy

Effect of Milk Fermented with Lactobacillus acidophilus NCDC15 on Nutrient Digestibility, Faecal Biomarkers and Immune Response in Murrah calves

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

HIGHLIGHTS

Inclusion of Lactobacillus acidophilus NCDC15 in the form of fermented milk at 100, 200 and 300 mL/calf/day in Murrah buffalo calves.
Fermented milk improved immunity and faecal biomarkers in Murrah buffalo calves without any adverse effect on nutrient utilization
Responses were more evident in 200 and 300 mL probiotic fermented milk-fed groups as compared to 100 mL.

Abstract

In neonates, rapid change in diet imbalances gut health allowing colonization of opportunistic pathogens that confer harmful effects on animal health causing reduced digestion and malabsorption of nutrients. In this milieu, probiotic feeding can be a promising approach in promoting animal health and stabilization of gastrointestinal microbiota. Hence, the present study was designed to investigate the effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus NCDC15 enriched fermented milk on nutrient digestibility, faecal biomarkers and immune response in Murrah buffalo calves. Twenty-four, neonatal calves (5-7 days) were randomly allocated into four groups for 90 days. The control group (CT) was provided a basal diet of calf starter and green fodder (maize and jowar), without any probiotic fermented milk (PFM) supplementation. Basal diet was supplemented with probiotic fermented milk at 100, 200 and 300 mL/calf/day, in PFM100, PFM200 and PFM300 groups, respectively. Nutrient digestibility remained similar among the groups. Faecal acetate was higher (P<0.05) in PFM200 and PFM300, while, faecal butyrate was increased (P<0.05) with all levels of probiotic supplementation than control. Faecal Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium count were increased (P<0.05) with a concomitant reduction in coliform population (P<0.05) among all the treatments. Cell-mediated and humoral immune response were higher (P<0.001) in PFM200 and PFM300 than CT. Overall, it can be concluded that inclusion of Lactobacillus acidophilus NCDC15 in the form of fermented milk upto 300 mL/calf/day improved immunity and faecal biomarkers in Murrah buffalo calves without any adverse effect on nutrient utilization which may positively impact growth performance in Murrah buffalo calves.

Keywords:
Buffalo calves; Fermented milk; Faecal biomarkers; Immunity; Lactobacillus acidophilus NCDC15

Ingredients	Parts (%)
Maize	28
Bajra	5
Ground nut cake	10
Soybean meal	15
Mustard oil cake	13
Wheat Bran	15
Rice polish	11
Mineral Mixture	2
Salt	1
Chemical composition of the basal diet
Nutrients (%)	Calf starter	Maize green	Jowar green	Milk	Skim milk
DM	89.6	24.5	27.2	15	9
OM	91.2	90.4	93.5
CP	22.1	9.8	8.6
EE	4.3	2.3	1.6
NDF	24.3	63.1	61.3
ADF	14.2	30.4	32.4

Attributes	Dietary groups^†			Period mean	^₰ Significance
Attributes	CT	PFM100	PFM200	PFM300		T	P	T×P
Hip height (cm)
Initial	79.38±0.84	80.13±1.35	84.23±1.36	83.88±0.66	81.90^p±1.37	<0.001	<0.001	0.773
30 days	83.83±0.98	86.16±1.22	89.13±1.53	88.23±0.26	86.84^q±1.33
60 days	89.25±0.96	92.75±1.28	93.75±1.67	92.83±0.40	92.14^r±1.30
Final	96.18±0.72	99.21±0.86	99.50±1.58	99.16±0.69	98.51^s±1.11
Average	87.16^a±2.74	89.56^b±3.17	91.65^bc±2.75	91.03^c±2.41
Heart girth (cm)
Initial	76.91±0.89	77.00±1.06	81.75±1.23	81.66±1.11	79.33^p±1.41	<0.001	<0.001	0.865
30 days	81.21±1.23	82.33±1.20	86.50±1.23	86.41±0.88	84.11^q±1.45
60 days	85.83±1.01	88.00±1.21	92.5±1.08	92.66±0.98	89.75^r±1.58
Final	89.51±0.82	93.41±1.28	97.66±0.95	97.33±1.05	94.48^s±1.69
Average	83.37^a±2.18	85.18^a±2.79	89.60^b±2.72	89.52^b±2.66
Wither height (cm)
Initial	76.98±1.04	78.50±0.44	83.00±1.06	82.21±1.01	80.17^p±1.35	<0.001	<0.001	0.997
30 days	81.26±0.93	83.76±0.62	88.00±1.03	87.31±1.17	85.08^q±1.44
60 days	85.66±0.95	88.83±0.61	93.06±1.03	91.73±1.28	89.82^r±1.51
Final	91.96±0.96	94.95±0.51	98.78±1.03	97.13±1.43	95.70^s±1.44
Average	83.97^a±2.84	86.61^b±2.59	90.71^c±2.63	89.60^c±2.56
Body length (cm)
Initial	52.16±0.44	53.05±0.66	56.16±1.28	58.06±0.99	54.86^p±1.29	<0.001	<0.001	0.933
30 days	56.88±0.34	57.58±0.72	61.31±1.37	62.58±1.16	59.59^q±1.36
60 days	61.58±0.58	63.10±0.71	66.45±1.18	66.66±0.87	64.45^r±1.21
Final	67.68±0.53	69.65±0.79	72.65±1.06	72.06±0.94	70.51^s±1.15
Average	59.57^a±2.43	60.84^a±2.67	64.14^b±2.79	64.84^b±2.34

Attributes	Dietary groups^†				P value
Attributes	CT	PFM100	PFM200	PFM300
Dry matter
Intake (g/day)	1409.5±36.76	1524.3±85.20	1525.7±60.94	1559.6±74.00	0.428
Digested (g/day)	1045.3±36.57	1129.6±73.28	1156.3±46.12	1191.4±44.54	0.262
Digestibility (%)	73.88±1.51	73.61±1.96	75.71±1.31	76.09±1.06	0.560
Organic matter
Intake (g/day)	1221.6±43.46	1371.8±76.30	1371.9±55.00	1402.2±66.56	0.189
Digested (g/day)	979.7±78.82	1083.2±67.21	1105.4±48.38	1137.0±45.74	0.327
Digestibility (%)	78.19±3.65	78.49±1.55	80.46±1.29	80.84±0.95	0.755
Crude protein
Intake (g/day)	152.41±7.78	170.79±7.21	167.27±7.44	166.29±9.08	0.395
Digested (g/day)	109.08±7.22	123.02±6.88	122.50±5.78	124.13±5.97	0.336
Digestibility (%)	71.26±1.86	71.96±2.44	73.25±1.18	74.83±1.14	0.467
Neutral detergent fiber
Intake (g/day)	837.93±32.81	931.43±54.05	958.28±29.16	982.81±41.95	0.095
Digested (g/day)	579.69±28.37	629.04±43.11	670.74±19.90	690.73±18.41	0.064
Digestibility (%)	68.76±1.70	66.69±1.94	69.84±1.38	69.89±1.01	0.442
Acid detergent fiber
Intake (g/day)	522.02±18.40	563.21±38.57	572.76±25.89	535.68±32.46	0.606
Digested (g/day)	327.05±18.16	357.02±28.82	367.23±14.38	352.51±33.38	0.709
Digestibility (%)	61.86±2.09	62.40±2.57	64.03±2.64	61.55±3.51	0.922

Attributes	Dietary groups^†				Significance^₰
Attributes	CT	PFM100	PFM200	PFM300	T	P	T×P
Feacal Score (1-4 point)	2.81±0.10	2.69±0.13	2.62±0.13	2.60±0.15	0.434	<0.001	0.999
Feacal pH	7.33^b±0.08	6.98^a±0.12	6.89^a±0.11	6.89^a±0.12	<0.001	<0.001	0.099
Ammonia (µmol/g) of fresh feces	5.80^a±0.22	5.12^b±0.21	5.01^b±0.23	5.04^b±0.23	0.002	<0.001	0.952
Lactate (µmol/g) of fresh feces	3.38^a±0.03	3.99^b±0.03	4.03^b±0.03	4.01^b±0.02	<0.001	0.005	0.936

Attributes	Dietary groups^†			Period mean	Significance^₰
Attributes	CT	PFM100	PFM200	PFM300		T	P	T×P
Health positive bacteria (log₁₀cfu/g of fresh faeces) Lactobacillus (log ₁₀ cfu/g of fresh faeces)
0 day	10.00±01	9.96±0.02	10.01±0.01	9.99±0.01	9.99^p±0.01	<0.001	0.018	0.048
30 days	9.88^a±0.7	10.06^b±0.01	10.11^b±0.04	10.10^b±0.03	10.04^p±0.03
60 days	9.69^a±0.4	10.11^b±0.02	10.12^b±0.04	10.11^b±0.03	10.01^p+±0.04
90 days	9.83±0.9	10.13±0.03	10.14±0.04	10.12±0.02	10.05^p±0.07
Average	9.85^a±0.07	10.07^b±0.02	10.09^b±0.02	10.08^b±0.02
Bifidobacterium (log ₁₀ cfu/g of fresh faeces)
0day	9.86±0.03	9.86±0.02	9.85±0.03	9.80±0.05	9.84^p±0.04	0.019	<0.001	0.091
30 days	9.95^ab±0.02	9.94^a±0.02	10.01^b±0.01	10.00^ab±0.02	9.97^q±0.02
60 days	9.99±0.02	10.02±0.02	10.04±0.01	10.04±0.02	10.02^qr±0.02
90 days	9.98^a±0.01	10.09b±0.01	10.08^b±0.01	10.08^b±0.02	10.06^r±0.02
Average	9.94^a±0.02	9.98^b±0.02	9.99^ab±0.02	9.98^ab ±0.03
Health negative bacteria (log₁₀cfu/g of fresh faeces) Coliform (log ₁₀ cfu/g of fresh faeces)
0day	9.88±0.05	9.86±0.03	9.90±0.02	9.89±0.03	9.89^q±0.02	<0.001	0.022	0.413
30 days	9.87±0.04	9.81±0.05	9.83±0.02	9.87±0.03	9.84^pq±0.02
60 days	9.90±0.04	9.79±0.03	9.80±0.03	9.80±0.04	9.82^pq±0.02
90 days	9.90^b±0.03	9.76^a±0.02	9.77^a±0.03	9.78^ab±0.04	9.80^p±0.02
Average	9.89^b±0.02	9.80^a±0.02	9.82^a±0.02	9.84^a±0.02
Clostridia (log ₁₀ cfu/g of fresh faeces)
0day	9.69±0.05	9.70±0.07	9.70±0.05	9.72±0.06	9.70^q±0.05	0.087	0.001	0.396
30 days	9.70±0.08	9.66±0.07	9.65±0.03	9.62±0.09	9.66^pq±0.07
60 days	9.69±0.07	9.59±0.07	9.58±0.08	9.59±0.07	9.61^p±0.08
90 days	9.72±0.06	9.53±0.09	9.52±0.08	9.52±0.09	9.57^p±0.11
Average	9.70±0.01	9.62±0.02	9.61±0.02	9.61±0.02

Attributes	Dietary groups^†			Period Mean		Significance^₰
Attributes	CT	PFM100	PFM200	PFM300		T	P	T×P
Acetate (µmol/g) of fresh feces
0 day	34.03±1.38	32.55±1.47	35.99±0.67	36.78±0.96	34.84±0.71	<0.001	0.472	0.364
30 days	33.10±1.05	35.13±1.35	35.00±1.11	37.08±0.33	35.08±0.61
60 days	34.02±0.87	35.43±0.79	36.99±0.61	36.91±0.76	35.84±0.49
90 days	32.16±0.93	35.64±1.17	37.28±0.59	36.98±0.48	35.52±1.42
Average	33.33^a±1.03	34.69^a±1.29	36.32^b±0.86	36.94^b±0.29
Propionate (µmol/g) of fresh feces
0 day	12.55±0.42	16.65±1.14	17.89±0.63	18.43±1.57	16.38±0.82	<0.001	0.452	0.996
30 days	12.45±0.68	17.56±0.55	18.14±0.58	19.39±1.27	16.89±0.87
60 days	12.87±0.51	17.93±0.45	19.16±1.05	18.90±1.20	17.22±0.85
90 days	12.69±0.39	17.69±0.72	19.06±0.71	19.80±1.14	17.31±0.90
Average	12.64^a±0.22	17.46^b±0.36	18.57^bc±0.37	19.13^c±0.58
Butyrate (µmol/g) of fresh feces
0 day	4.09±0.19	4.90±0.23	4.67±0.26	4.42±0.27	4.52±0.14	0.013	0.702	0.817
30 days	4.02±0.21	4.53±0.33	4.53±0.31	5.00±0.17	4.52±0.15
60 days	4.51±0.30	4.71±0.34	4.64±0.28	4.80±0.22	4.66±0.13
90 days	4.13±0.24	4.83±0.27	4.84±0.33	4.99±0.36	4.70±0.16
Average	4.19^a±0.12	4.74^b±0.13	4.6^b±0.13	4.80^b±0.13

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