Seasonal variation in fish larvae at the entrance of Guanabara Bay, Brazil

BIOLOGICAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES

Seasonal variation in fish larvae at the entrance of Guanabara Bay, Brazil

Marcia S. de CastroI, ^*; Ana Cristina Teixeira Bonecker^I; Jean L. Valentin^II

^IDepartamento de Zoologia; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; CCS; Bloco A; Ilha do Fundão; 21.941-590; Rio de Janeiro - RJ - Brazil

^IIDepartamento de Biologia Marinha; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; CCS; Bloco A; Ilha do Fundão; 21.941-590; Rio de Janeiro - RJ - Brazil

ABSTRACT

Studies were carried out to find out qualitative and quantitative temporal variations in fish larvae to relate seasonal, diurnal and tidal cycles to the density of larvae. Sampling was performed at one station, during two three-day periods in September 1995 and March 1996. Samples were collected during ebb and flood tides,in oblique hauls using a bongo net of 500 µm mesh size. A total of 42 taxa were identified. The families Engraulidae (Cetengraulis edentulus, Anchoa lyolepis) and Clupeidae (Harengula jaguana) had high mean densities and dominated both periods. Higher larval mean densities occurred in March, a period of relatively high temperatures and low salinities. The diurnal pattern of larval abundance consisted of high densities at night and low densities during the day. The observed diversity values stress the importance of this system for the maintenance of many species of fishes.

Key words: Fish larvae, seasonal variation, tidal cycle, diurnal variation, coastal bay, Guanabara Bay

RESUMO

Devido a crescente ação antrópica a qual está sujeita e sua importância sócio-econômica, a baía de Guanabara vem despertando grande interesse na comunidade científica. O presente trabalho objetivou analisar a variação quali-quantitativa temporal das larvas de peixes, relacionar a densidade das larvas com o ciclo nictemeral e verificar a influência dos ciclos de maré. Foram realizadas coletas, em um ponto localizado na entrada da baía, em setembro de 1995 e março de 1996. As coletas ocorreram nas marés de enchente e vazante ao longo de três dias. Os arrastos foram oblíquos, utilizando uma rede do tipo bongô com malhas de 500 µm. Foi coletado um total de 42 táxons. As famílias Engraulidae (Cetengraulis edentulus e Anchoa lyolepis) e Clupeidae (Harengula jaguana) ocorreram em grandes densidades e dominaram nas duas campanhas. As maiores densidades de larvas de peixes ocorreram durante a campanha de março, que apresentou altas temperaturas e baixas salinidades. Observou-se um padrão nictemeral em relação a abundância de larvas, com altas densidades durante a noite e baixas durante o dia. Os altos índices de diversidade encontrados ressaltam a importância desse ecossistema para várias espécies de peixes.

INTRODUCTION

Coastal bays are large water bodies which can be more complex and variable than coastal estuaries (Kjerfve et al., 1997). Guanabara Bay in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, is classified as a coastal bay; however, it also contains regions, such as the inner part and the entrance channel that have typical estuarine features. Coastal systems such as bays, estuaries and lagoons play an important role in the reproduction, growth, and protection of many marine teleosts (Blaber and Blaber, 1980; Miller and Dunn, 1980; Haedrich, 1983; Olney and Boehlert, 1988; Boehlert and Mundy, 1988; Yoklavich et al., 1992; Monteleone, 1992). Many species spend their entire life cycles within estuaries, or recruit in these environments from coastal or offshore spawning grounds by passive tidal transport. Most commercially important fishes of the tropical and subtropical continental shelf depend on estuaries (Yáñez-Arancibia, 1986). An intensive energy exchange occurs between estuaries and coastal waters, because of transport of organic matter, nutrients, and organisms. These exchanges have focused scientific attention towards understanding the transport and recruitment mechanisms of fish larvae within estuarine environments (Norcross and Shaw, 1984; Shaw et al., 1988; Wang, 1988; Whitfield, 1989; Ré, 1990; Neira and Potter, 1992; Schwamborn and Bonecker, 1996).

Although Guanabara Bay has great socio-economic and ecological importance, few studies about ichthyoplankton community have been developed (Kraus and Bonecker, 1994; Kraus, 1995; Bonecker, 1997), and the same has been observed for adult community (Mazzetti and Hubold, 1982; Barroso, 1989; Tubino, 1996). The present study analyzed seasonal variation in abundance of fish larvae, and evaluated the influence of tidal and day/night cycles on larval density.

STUDY AREA

Guanabara Bay is located on the coast of the state of Rio de Janeiro (22°50'S, 43°10'W). The bay is 36 km long, with a mean depth of 7.6 m, reaching 30 m in the entrance channel; the total water volume is 3 x 10⁹ m³ (Amador, 1997). The estimated renewal time of 50% of the bay water volume is 11.4 days (Kjerfve et al., 1997). The region has semi diurnal tides, with low amplitude and 0.7 m of mean variation. Tidal currents account for most circulation within Guanabara Bay. Maximum currents in the channel attain 1.6 m.s^-1 near the entrance (FEEMA/JICA, 1994). The climate is humid-tropical (Kjerfve et al., 1997) with a warm rainy season (December through March) and a cool dry season (July through August) (Mayr et al., 1989; Paranhos and Mayr, 1993). The mean annual air temperature is 23.7 °C; mean salinity in the bay ranges from 21.0 to 34.5 ‰ (Kjerfve et al., 1997). The bay is surrounded by one of the largest metropolitan area in Brazil, with more than 11 million inhabitants (FEEMA, 1990). The degraded bay environment can be divided into five sectors according to water quality, determined by pollution foci and circulation patterns (Villac et al., 1991). Water quality is poorest towards the inner bay, while the well-mixed channel area has the best water quality, where sampling was conducted.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Sampling was done at one station in the entrance channel of Guanabara Bay (22°54'44"S, 43°08'42"W); this area is influenced by coastal waters. Samplings were done during two periods, 13-15 September 1995 (dry season) and 13-15 March 1996 (rainy season) and 11-10 samples were collected respectively. Two replicate were done, representing a total of 42 ichthyoplankton samples. They were obtained during both ebb and flood tides along three days (each month), with 6 hours intervals in the syzygy period. Ichthyoplankton was collected by 10-minute oblique hauls using cylindrical-conical plankton nets (bongo net), each with a 60 cm-diameter mouth and 500 µm mesh. The maximum sampling depth was 25 m. Flowmeters (Hydrobios and General Oceanics models) were fitted in the mouth of each net to determine the amount of water filtered per tow. Samples were preserved in 4% buffered formalin-seawater. Fish larvae were sorted from the catches using a binocular microscope (Zeiss model SV6) and were identified to the lowest possible taxonomic level. Densities of fish larvae were standardized according to the number collected per 100 m³ of filtered water. Salinity and temperature profiles were taken at one-meter intervals using a LabComp conductivity thermosalinometer. Only the surface and 20 m depth data were used in the present study.

Data analysis

The mean density of fish larvae in each sample collected at the same time (replicates) was estimated. Shannon's diversity index (H') and equitability (Evenness) were calculated to evaluate the degree of community organization during the two sampling periods. Densities differences among ebb and flood, and night and day in dry and rainy season were analyzed separately using non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA (Siegel, 1975). All data were homogenized according to Ibanez (1976) by log _{(x + 1)}.

RESULTS

Hydrographic conditions

Water temperature ranged between 22.5-24.5°C at the surface and 22.6-22.9°C at 20 m during September. Salinity values at surface (32.0 to 34.4‰) and at 20 m depth (32.4 to 34.5‰) were similar during all sampling. In September, the water column was considered homogeneous in terms of temperature and salinity. In March, water temperature varied from 26 to 28°C at the surface, and from 21.6 to 27.1°C at 20 m. (a)

Salinity ranged from 26 to 29.5‰ at the surface and from 32.8 to 35.2‰, at 20 m depth. At this period, the surface water was less saline and warmer, while water at the 20 m depth was more saline and colder.

Larvae fish mean densities

During the dry season, mean densities of fish larvae ranged between 23.9 and 598.1 larvae.100 m^-3 (Fig. 1a). In March, the mean densities were higher and ranged from 351 to 6,100 larvae.100 m^-3 (Fig. 1b). Total larval densities in both sampling periods were higher during night and ebb tide (or early flood tide) and were lower during the day (Fig. 1).

Season (KW = 25.21; p = 0.0002) and day/night variation (KW = 8.4; p = 0.012) influenced significantly the fish larvae density. Although higher densities values were found during ebb tides, this factor did not influence significantly fish larvae density.

Fish larvae occurrence and composition

A total of 15,285 fish larvae comprising 42 taxa were caught. More species and genus were recorded in March (38) than in September (28). More demersal than pelagic families were represented. However, the latter group was more abundant, comprising 88% of the total catch in September and 94.5% in March.

Members of the family Engraulidae (Cetengraulis edentulus and Anchoa lyolepis) were the most abundant, comprising more than 80% of total larval numbers in both March and September. Clupeids (Harengula jaguana) represented more than 4.5% of the total. Members of the families Sciaenidae, Blenniidae, Gobiidae, and Ephippidae were also abundant. Members of other families comprised less than 5% of the total. Fish larvae which were damaged or in unidentifiable early life stages were grouped as "other", and contributed less than 3%. Most taxa had higher mean densities during ebb tide and night sampling (Table 1).

During September, the diversity index was 2.87, while in March the index was 0.87. Equitability values in September and March were 0.60 and 0.17, respectively. These values reflected the dominance of such species as C. edentulus and H. jaguana in March.

DISCUSSION

According to temperature and salinity results obtained in the present study, the entrance channel functioned as a partially mixed estuary during the dry season (September) and as a salt-wedge estuary in the rainy season (March). Nogueira et al. (1989) also found similar results during another study in Guanabara Bay. The species collected in the present study were all coastal fishes common in estuaries and other coastal regions of Brazil (Phonlor, 1973, 1975; Oliveira and Krau, 1976; Weiss, 1981; Sinque et al., 1982; Bonecker et al., 1991; Katsuragawa et al., 1993; Castro and Bonecker, 1996; Ibagy and Muelbert, 1997). In addition to the species identified in this study, members of the families Synodontidae, Exocoetidae, Mugilidae, Atherinidae, Fistularidae, Dactyloscopidae, Sphyraenidae, and Bothidae also occurred in Guanabara Bay (Bonecker, 1997).

The families Engraulidae and Clupeidae were the most abundant taxa in Guanabara Bay and were widespread on the southeastern coast of Brazil (Mazzetti and Hubold, 1982; Matsuura, 1983; Houde and Lovdal, 1984; Spach, 1990; Katsuragawa et al., 1993; Bonecker, 1997). High egg and larval densities of these families in Guanabara Bay, mainly during summer (Kraus and Bonecker, 1994; Bonecker, 1997) could be related to the fact that some species have short life cycle and high reproductive capacity (Katsuragawa et al., 1993). Two engraulids were identified in the bay: the anchovy A. lyolepis that used coastal waters and Guanabara Bay as nurseries, and C. edentulus that completed its life cycle entirely within the bay (Mazzetti and Hubold, 1982). Among the clupeids found in the bay, H. jaguana seem to be the best-adapted species to this environment (Mazzetti and Hubold, 1982).

In Guanabara Bay entrance seasonality and day/night variation are the main factors that influence fish larvae density. Temperature increase is a controller of spawning and recruitment periods, because most species spawn during the summer months (Phonlor, 1984). Along the Brazilian coast, densities of fish larvae increase during summer (December to March) (Phonlor, 1973, 1984; Weiss, 1981; Sinque et al., 1982; Kraus, 1995; Katsuragawa et al., 1993; Castro and Bonecker, 1996; Bonecker, 1997). Because Guanabara Bay is situated in a tropical region, spawning occurs from January to April (Vazzoler, 1992), which is the hottest period of the year .

The higher larval densities recorded during night sampling at Guanabara Bay and in other studies (Bridger, 1956; Phonlor, 1973; Castro and Bonecker, 1996; Hettler et al., 1997) could be related to net avoidance by larger larvae during the day (Matsuura, 1977) and to vertical migration so that the larvae assembled near the bottom during the day and dispersed through the water column at night (Bridger, 1956; Bonecker et al., 2002). Other meroplanktonic organisms such as decapod larvae have a similar diurnal pattern in Guanabara Bay (Fernandes et al., 2002).

Although tide cycle did not influence significantly larval densities in the present study, higher values during ebb and early flood tide at night sampling, could be an indication that fish larvae be exported from the bay at this period. In Guanabara Bay, most larvae collected were at preflexion and flexion stages and had low swimming ability, suggesting a pattern of passive transport at the bay entrance. Small larvae are passively transported by the same processes as particle distribution (Ré, 1990), and depend on the net or residual circulation near the bay entrance and larval density (Wang, 1988). In estuaries strongly influenced by tidal currents, such as Guanabara Bay, the effects of tidal cycles on planktonic organisms are more evident. Although estuarine fish faunas tend to have low diversity (Haedrich, 1983; Ré, 1984), the index obtained for the entrance of Guanabara Bay is high (Bonecker, 1997) and typical of coastal regions (Margalef, 1983).

The dominance of Clupeidae and Engraulidae recorded in the bay probably accounted for the decrease in diversity, mainly during the summer when their abundance was higher. Dominance by relatively few groups was a common feature of the ichthyoplankton community (Katsuragawa et al., 1993), which might decrease the local community diversity (Ré, 1984). The large number of species collected in the bay entrance emphasized the importance of this environment as a nursery area for many species. In spite of increasing pollution, there were more than 125 species of fishes in the bay (FEEMA, 1990), and the coastal region supported an important fishery (Hubold and Gurgel, 1978).

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We thank the CNPq for financial support. We also thank Prof. Francisco Matos and all colleagues of the Integrated Zooplankton and Ichthyoplankton Laboratory of Biology Institute of Federal University of Rio de Janeiro for their assistance during the sampling. We extend our thanks to Dr. Janet W. Reid for reviewing the English text.

Received: April 11, 2003;

Revised: January 30, 2004;

Accepted: July 12, 2004.

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*

Author for correspondence

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  15 Apr 2005
• Date of issue
  Jan 2005

History

• Received
  11 Apr 2003
• Reviewed
  30 Jan 2003
• Accepted
  12 July 2004