| Capitalist Values |
Schwartz (1992Schwartz, S. H. (1992). Universals in the content and structure of values: Theoretical advances and empirical tests in 20 countries. In M. Zanna (Eds). Advances in experimental social psychology (pp. 1-65). Orlando, FL: Academic Press., 1994Schwartz, S. H. (1994). Are there universal aspects in the content and structure of values? Journal of Social Issues, 50(4), 19-45.); Bruna Junior et al (2010Bruna Junior, E. D., Ensslin, S. R., Ensslin, L., Lezana, A. G. R., & Garcia, J. R. (2010). Um diagnóstico organizacional com base no ciclo de vida das empresas e características dos empreendedores. Revista CAP, 4(4), 23-31.); Dolan and Altman (2012Dolan, S. L.; Altman, Y. (2012). Managing by values: The leadership spirituality connection. People and Strategy, 35(4), 20-26.), Procópio (2012Procópio, M. L. (2012). Administração e valores: em busca de novos caminhos para a compreensão do comportamento administrativo. Revista Eletrônica de Ciência Administrativa, 11(2), 233-254.), Focus Group. Being rich is important to him. He likes to be recognized for his professional success. He believes that the company should provide him with money so that he can enjoy the pleasures of life. |
| Ethics |
Schwartz (1992Schwartz, S. H. (1992). Universals in the content and structure of values: Theoretical advances and empirical tests in 20 countries. In M. Zanna (Eds). Advances in experimental social psychology (pp. 1-65). Orlando, FL: Academic Press., 1994Schwartz, S. H. (1994). Are there universal aspects in the content and structure of values? Journal of Social Issues, 50(4), 19-45.); Tan, Williams and Tan (2005Tan, W. L., Williams, J., & Tan, T. M. (2005). Defining the “social” in “social entrepreneurship”: Altruism and entrepreneurship. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 1(3), 353-365.); Dolan and Altman (2012Dolan, S. L.; Altman, Y. (2012). Managing by values: The leadership spirituality connection. People and Strategy, 35(4), 20-26.) and Procópio (2012Procópio, M. L. (2012). Administração e valores: em busca de novos caminhos para a compreensão do comportamento administrativo. Revista Eletrônica de Ciência Administrativa, 11(2), 233-254.), Focus Group. He respects labor and tax legislation, even when he disagrees or feels hurt by it. Therefore, it does not make informal agreements with employees. He believes that the current labor legislation generates opportunistic lawsuits and is therefore favorable to its reform. He is not able to work fully within the legal framework all the time. |
| Family History |
Julien et al. (2010Julien, P., Marchesnay, M., & Machado, H. V. (2010). Interdisciplinaridade da pesquisa em empreendedorismo e em PME: Por uma teoria empreendedora que contemple diferenças culturais. Revista Gestão e Planejamento, 11(2), 355-368. ); Artuso et al (2012Artuso, S. B., Sutter, M. B., Krakauer, P. V. C., Polo, E. F., & Almeida, M. I. R. (2012). The influences on business students to become entrepreneurs. African Journal of Business Management, 6(42), 10616-10624.); Silva, Couto and Coelho (2012Silva, F., Couto, G., & Coelho, H. (2012). Entrepreneurial potential in the younger generation. Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship, 25(1), 93-102.) and Vuong, Do and Vuong (2016Vuong, Q. H., Do, T. H., & Vuong, T. T. (2016). Resources, experience, and perseverance in entrepreneurs’ perceived likelihood of success in an emerging economy. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 5(18), 1-24.) and Focus Group. He comes from a family whose parents also owned a business. His parents did not advise him to be employed. Your parents have always encouraged you to be an entrepreneur. |
| Business Affinity |
Boaventura and Melo (2012Boaventura, M. G., & Melo, M. C. O. L. (2012). Criação de empresas por microempreendedores. Revista de Administração FACES, 2(2),11-26.); Costa, Caetano and Santos (2016Costa, S. F., Caetano, A., & Santos, S. C. (2016). Entrepreneurship as a career option: Do temporary workers have the competencies, intention and willingness to become entrepreneurs? The Journal of Entrepreneurship, 25(2), 129-154.). He has affinity with his area of expertise. He does not think about changing his industry. He likes his job. |
| Risk |
Carland, Boulton and Carland (1984Carland, J. W., Boulton, W. R., & Carland, J. A. C. (1984). Differentiating entrepreneurs from small business owners: A conceptualization. Academy of Management Review, 9(2), 354-359.); Schwartz (1992Schwartz, S. H. (1992). Universals in the content and structure of values: Theoretical advances and empirical tests in 20 countries. In M. Zanna (Eds). Advances in experimental social psychology (pp. 1-65). Orlando, FL: Academic Press., 1994Schwartz, S. H. (1994). Are there universal aspects in the content and structure of values? Journal of Social Issues, 50(4), 19-45.); Filion (1997Filion, L. J. (1997). From entrepreneurship to entreprenology. Usasbe Annual National Conference - Entrepreneurship: The Engine of Global Economic Development (pp. 13). San Francisco, CA.); Kuratko (2011Kuratko, D. F. (2011). Entrepreneurship theory, process, and practice in the 21st century. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 13(1), 8-17.); Silva, Couto and Coelho (2012Silva, F., Couto, G., & Coelho, H. (2012). Entrepreneurial potential in the younger generation. Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship, 25(1), 93-102.); Filardi, Barros and Fischmann (2014Filardi, F., Barros, F. D., & Fischmann I, A. A. (2014). Do homo empreendedor ao empreendedor contemporâneo: Evolução das características empreendedoras de 1848 a 2014. Revista Ibero-Americana de Estratégia, 13(3), 123-140.); Arafeh (2016Arafeh, L. (2016). A entrepreneurial key competencies’ model. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 5(26), 1-26.); Costa, Caetano and Silva (2016Costa, S. F., Caetano, A., & Santos, S. C. (2016). Entrepreneurship as a career option: Do temporary workers have the competencies, intention and willingness to become entrepreneurs? The Journal of Entrepreneurship, 25(2), 129-154.) and Mattingly and Kushev (2016Mattingly, E. S., & Kuschev, T. (2016). Most new businesses fail, but mine won’t… right? The Journal of Entrepreneurship, 25(1), 70-88.); Focus Group. He has a willingness to take risks. He needs to manage billing fluctuations, as sales in his segment are seasonal. He is cautious when assessing risk and would never compromise the company’s financial structure. He prefers not to try to expand the business if it threatens his financial balance and quality of life. |
| Innovativeness |
Schumpeter (1934Schumpeter, J. A. (1934). The theory of economic development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.); Schwartz (1992Schwartz, S. H. (1992). Universals in the content and structure of values: Theoretical advances and empirical tests in 20 countries. In M. Zanna (Eds). Advances in experimental social psychology (pp. 1-65). Orlando, FL: Academic Press., 1994Schwartz, S. H. (1994). Are there universal aspects in the content and structure of values? Journal of Social Issues, 50(4), 19-45.); Filion (1999Filion, L. J. (1999). Empreendedorismo: empreendedores e proprietários-gerentes de pequenos negócios. Revista de Administração da USP, 34(2), 5-28.); Peredo and Mclean (2006Peredo, A. M., & Mclean, M. (2006). Social entrepreneurship: A critical review of the concept. Journal of World Business, 41(1), 56-65. ); Leitão, Sasch and Thurik (2011Leitão, J., Lasch, F., & Thuriki, R. (2011). Globalisation, entrepreneurship and regional environment. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 12(2), 129-138.); Kuratko (2011Kuratko, D. F. (2011). Entrepreneurship theory, process, and practice in the 21st century. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 13(1), 8-17.); Moraes et al (2012Moraes, M. J., Hashimoto, M., Albertine, T. Z., & Sbarini, J. (2012). Análise comparativa do perfil empreendedor entre motoristas autônomos e funcionários no transporte rodoviário de cargas. Revista da Micro e Pequena Empresa, 6(2), 107-124.); and Arafeh (2016Arafeh, L. (2016). A entrepreneurial key competencies’ model. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 5(26), 1-26.); Focus Group. He considers innovation to be very important for maintaining competitiveness and for the survival of the company. He constantly questions the efficiency of traditional processes. He seeks new forms of relationship with the customer. |
| Independence |
Stevenson and Jarilho (1990Stevenson, H. H. & Jarillo, J. C. (1990). A paradigm of entrepreneurship: Entrepreneurial management. Strategic Management Journal, 11(5), 17-27.); Schwartz (1992Schwartz, S. H. (1992). Universals in the content and structure of values: Theoretical advances and empirical tests in 20 countries. In M. Zanna (Eds). Advances in experimental social psychology (pp. 1-65). Orlando, FL: Academic Press., 1994Schwartz, S. H. (1994). Are there universal aspects in the content and structure of values? Journal of Social Issues, 50(4), 19-45.); Carton, Hofer and Meeks (1998Carton, R. B., Hofer, C. W., & Meeks, M. D. (1998). The entrepreneur and entrepreneurship: Operational definitions of their role in society. Annual International Council for Small Business (pp. 1-12) Sentosa, SE, Singapore.); Sesen and Pruett (2014Sesen, H., & Pruett, M. (2014). The impact of education, economy and culture on entrepreneurial motives, barriers and intentions: A comparative study of the United States and Turkey. The Journal of Entrepreneurship, 23(2), 231-261.) and Costa, Caetano and Santos (2016Costa, S. F., Caetano, A., & Santos, S. C. (2016). Entrepreneurship as a career option: Do temporary workers have the competencies, intention and willingness to become entrepreneurs? The Journal of Entrepreneurship, 25(2), 129-154.); Focus Group. It is important for him to make his own decisions freely. He considers it important for the company to have someone at the top of the hierarchy with autonomy to eliminate deadlocks.He doesn’t like his work to depend on other people. |
| Problem-solving ability |
Gartner (1988Gartner, W. B. (1989). “Who is an entrepreneur?” is the wrong question. ET&P - Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 13(4), 47-68.) and Arafeh (2016Arafeh, L. (2016). A entrepreneurial key competencies’ model. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 5(26), 1-26.); Focus Group. He has the ability to solve administrative problems. He has difficulty solving problems related to people management. He spends a lot of time solving unforeseen problems. |
| Centralization |
Mintzberg (2003Mintzberg, H. (2003). Criando organizações eficazes: estruturas em cinco configurações. São Paulo: Editora Atlas.); O’Gorman, Bourke and Murray (2005O’Gorman, C., Bourke, S., & Murray, J. A. (2005). The nature of managerial work in small growth-oriented businesses. Small Business Economics, 25(1), 1-16.); Slack and Parent (2006Slack, T., & Parent, M. M. (2006). Understanding sport organizations: the application of organization theory. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.) and GEM (2013Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) (2013). Empreendedores brasileiros: Perfis e percepções. São Paulo.); Focus Group. He is responsible for several departments. He finds it difficult to leave the company because he has no substitute. He does not delegate the financial area due to the absence of control mechanisms. |
| Strategy |
Carland, Boulton and Carland (1984Carland, J. W., Boulton, W. R., & Carland, J. A. C. (1984). Differentiating entrepreneurs from small business owners: A conceptualization. Academy of Management Review, 9(2), 354-359.); O’Gorman, Bourke and Murray (2005O’Gorman, C., Bourke, S., & Murray, J. A. (2005). The nature of managerial work in small growth-oriented businesses. Small Business Economics, 25(1), 1-16.); Mattingly (2015Mattingly, E. S. (2015). Dependent variables in entrepreneurship research. The Journal of Entrepreneurship, 24(2), 223-241.) and Wakkee, Veen and Eurlings (2015Wakkee, I., Veen, M. V. D., & Eurlings, W. (2015). Effective growth paths or SMEs. The Journal of Entrepreneurship, 24(2), 169-185.); Sa and Chai (2020Sa, M. L. L., & Chai, Y. K. (2020). Managerial orientations and business performance in small and medium tourism accommodation businesses (SMTABs): A resource advantage-knowledge creation approach.The International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation,21(1), 17-37. ); Focus Group. He is more concerned with operational efficiency than with competitor actions. He has no long-term projects. It does not have a formalized strategy. |
| Professionalism |
Bruna Junior et al (2010Bruna Junior, E. D., Ensslin, S. R., Ensslin, L., Lezana, A. G. R., & Garcia, J. R. (2010). Um diagnóstico organizacional com base no ciclo de vida das empresas e características dos empreendedores. Revista CAP, 4(4), 23-31.); Muzzio (2012Muzzio, H. (2012). Racionalidades em jogo em um processo de profissionalização organizacional. Revista Administração Contemporânea, 16(6), 827-844., 2013) and Belmonte and Freitas (2013Belmonte, V. A. B., & Freitas, W. R. S. (2013). Empresas familiares e a profissionalização da gestão: estudo de casos em empresas paulistas. Revista de Administração da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 6(1),71-90.). It rewards employees based on performance appraisal. It rationalizes decision-making based on analysis and does not rely on intuition alone. He seeks theoretical knowledge through courses in the field of Administration. It adopts management tools, has pre-defined processes and monitoring criteria. He understands accounting, especially tax mechanics. |
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Source: The Authors based on SmartPLS 3.0.