Non-CF
(1)
ekise akeha naha itaõ ake isitãdũdote kaküngi leha etijilüingo
ekise
ake=ha
naha
itaõ
ake
is-ita-tuN-tote
3.DIST
COM=TOP
EM
woman
COM
3-marry-VBLZ-TEMP1
kaküngi
leha
etijilü-ingo
many
COMPL
sprouted-FUT
‘If he marries with her, with that woman, he will have/may have/should have many children.’
CF
(2)
inhalü isinümingo uma ekubetsü! isitoteha uãke tügekuili leha tisipolü
inhalü
is-i-nümingo
uma
ekubetsü
is-i-tote=ha
uãke
NEG1
3-be-PNCT.FUT
ITJ
INTS
3-be-TEMP1=TOP
EV.PST
tügekuili
leha
tis-i-po-lü
happy
COMPL
1.3-be-HYP-PNCT
‘He will not come, too bad! If he came, we would be happy.’
(3a)
kangamuke inilũdagü
kangamuke
iniluN-tagü
child
cry-DUR
‘A child is crying.’,
‘The child is crying.’, ‘Children are crying.’, ‘The children are crying.’
(3b)
isinilũdagü
is-iniluN-tagü
3-cry-DUR
‘She/He is crying.’
(4a)
kangamuke engetagü uakungagü heke
kangamuke
enge-tagü
u-akunga-gü
heke
child
eat-DUR
1-shadow-POSS
ERG
‘My shadow is scaring (a/the) child/children.’
(4b)
u-enge-tagü u-akunga-gü heke
u-enge-tagü
u-akunga-gü
heke
1-eat-DUR
1-shadow/soul-POSS
ERG
‘My shadow is scaring me.’
Table 1
The structure of the Kuikuro nominal word. Legends: Abs/Pers = absolutive (internal argument) pronominal prefixes; Ncat = low nominal categorizer; NMLZ = nominalizer; POSS = possessive; FUT = future; NTM = nominal tense marker; COP = non-verbal copula.
Table 2
The structure of the Kuikuro verbal word. Legends: Abs/Pers = absolutive (internal argument) pronominal prefixes; DTR = detransitivizer; Vcat = low verbal categorizer; VBLZ = verbalizer; TR = transitivizer; FUT = future; NTM = nominal tense marker; COP = non-verbal copula.
(5a)
kangamuke atsakulü
kangamuke
atsaku-lü
child
run-PNCT
‘The child ran.’
(5b)
konige kangamuke atsakulü
konige
kangamuke
atsaku-lü
yesterday
child
run-PNCT
‘Yesterday the child ran.’
(5c)
*kangamuke atsakulü ãde ekugu
kangamuke
atsaku-lü
ãde
ekugu
child
run-PNCT
now
INTS
‘The child runs right now.’
(6a)
konige kangamuke atsakutagü
konige
kangamuke
atsakutagü
yesterday
child
run-DUR
‘Yesterday the child was running.’
(6b)
kangamuke atsakutagü ãde ekugu
kangamuke
atsaku-tagü
ãde
ekugu
child
run-DUR
now
INTS
‘The child is running right now.’
(7)
imükuhegipügü leha ungu heke leha
imü-kuhegi-pügü
leha
ungu
heke
leha
face-drip-PRF
COMPL
blood
ERG
COMPL
'The blood had dripped over the face.'
(8)
‘k-ingajomo-ko heke ngapale ihi-pügü leha ige-i'
k-ingajomo-ko
heke
ngapale
ihi-pügü
ige-i
1.2-sisters-PL
ERG
maybe
stir-PRF
DPROX-COP
‘Maybe this is the stirred by our sisters.’ (maybe this is what/where our sisters have stirred it)
(9)
inha apugati i hotakipügü leha
inha
apugati
i
hotaki-pügü
leha
hole
to.inside
wood
sharp-PRF
COMPL
‘At the bottom of the hole (there were) sharp sticks.’ (whose tips had been sharpened)
(10)
aminga utelüingo Canaranana
aminga
u-te-lü-ingo
Canarana-na
in.few.days
1-go-PNCT-FUT
Canarana-ALL
‘In a few days I will go to Canarana.’
(11)
inhalü gehale i agugijüingo hõhõ uheke
inhalü
gehale
i
agugi-jü-ingo
hõhõ
u-heke
NEG1
again
wood
cut-PNCT-FUT
EMPH
1-ERG
‘I can't again, I have to cut firewood.’
(12)
kogetsi kongoho ngingilüingo, uge apa inhümingo gele üngá
kogetsi
kongoho
ngingi-lü-ingo
uge
tomorrow
rain
rain-PNCT-FUT
1.D
apa
i-nhümi-ingo
gele
üngá
father
be-PNCT-FUT
still
home.INE2
‘If it rains tomorrow, my dad will stay still at home.’
(13a)
ege hungupe uãke kagaiha ngihologui uãke
ege
hungu-pe
uãke
kagaiha
ngiholo-gu-i
uãke
DDIST
SIM1-NTM
EV.PST
White
ancestor-POSS-COP
EV.PST
‘They were like that, the ancestors of the Whites.’
(13b)
ngiholo eale uãke tü-te-ga-tinhü-pe kagaiha ngiholo-gu
ngiholo
e-ale
uãke
tü-te-ga-tinhü-pe
kagaiha
ngiholo-gu
ancestor
kill-SIMLT
EV.PST
ANA-go-DUR-NANMLZ-NTM
White
ancestor-POSS
‘The ancestors of the Whites were those who were going killing (our) ancestors.’
(14a)
hikutaha eseii uingãdzu ngengetagüi
hikutaha
ese-i
u-ingãdzu
ng-enge-tagü-i
turtle
3.PROX-COP
1-sister
O-eat-DUR-COP
‘It is the/a turtle that my sister is eating.’
(14b)
hikutaha ekisei uingãdzu ngengetagüi
hikutaha
ekise-i
u-ingãdzu
ng-enge-tagü-i
turtle
3.DIST-COP
1-sister
O-eat-DUR-COP
‘It was the/a turtle that my sister was eating.’
(14c)
hikutaha esei/ekisei uingãdzu ngengelüingoi kogetsi
hikutaha
ese-i/ekise-i
u-ingãdzu
ng-enge-lü-ingo-i
kogetsi
turtle
3.PROX-COP/3.DIST-COP
1-sister
O-eat-PNCT-FUT-COP
tomorrow
‘It will be the/a turtle that my sister will eat.’
(15)
üngelepeha ekisei ongĩdinhi
üngele-pe=ha
ekise-i
ongiN-tinhi
LOG-NTM=TOP
3DIST-COP
bury-ANMLZ
‘This was the one who had buried her.’
(16)
ẽbuta iliholüha ege-i u-heke
ẽbuta
ili-ho-lü=ha
ege-i
u-heke
medicine
drink-HYP-PNCT=TOP
DDIST-COP
1-ERG
‘Maybe I drink the medicine.’
(17)
kogetsi ũbege kanga engeholü uheke
kogetsi
ũbege
kanga
enge-ho-lü
u-heke
tomorrow
FR
fish
eat-HYP-PNCT
1-ERG
‘Maybe I will eat fish tomorrow.’
(18)
angí uẽbolü
angí
u-ẽN-po-lü
INT
1-enter-HYP-PNCT
‘Can I come in?’
(19)
ekege apüngũbotagü leha
ekege
apünguN-ho-tagü
leha
jaguar
die-HYP-DUR
COMPL
‘Maybe the jaguar is dying.’
(20)
kogetsi uehugu ihipütehopügü leha uheke
kogetsi
u-ehu-gu
ihipüte-ho-pügü
leha
u-heke
tomorrow
1-boat-POSS
buy-HYP-PRF
COMPL
1-ERG
‘Tomorrow I will have already bought my boat.’
(21)
uinha akatsange isipolü
u-inha
akatsange
is-i-po-lü
1-DAT1
really
3.come-HYP-PNCT
‘Maybe he will come to me.’
(22)
engapa tihí leha hüle anügü leha nügü iheke
engapa
t-ihí
leha
hüle
a-nügü
leha
EM.if
ANA-ran.away.PTCP
COMPL
CNTR
stay-PNCT
COMPL
nügü
i-heke
say.PNCT
3-ERG
‘But it may be that he ran away.’, ‘He said to him.’
(23)
angíkaha uteholü aakeni
angí=kaha
u-te-ho-lü
a-ake-ni
INT=EM
1-go-HYP-PNCT
2-COM-PL
‘Can I go with you?’
(24)
kongoho ngingihopügü ãde leha
kongoho
ngingi-ho-pügü
ãde
leha
rain
rain-HYP-PRF
today
COMPL
‘It should have rained today.’ (but it didn't)
(25)
itaõ uhitsü ipopügü telope ake leha isitãdu
itaõ
u-hi-tsü
i-po-pügü
telo-pe
ake
leha
is-itãdu
woman
1-wife-POSS
be-HYP-PRF
other-NTM
COM
COMPL
3-marry.woman.PNCT
‘The woman, who was going to be my wife, married another man.’
(26)
latsi ekugu ulamakiholü
latsi
ekugu
u-lamaki-ho-lü
almost
INTS
1-fell-HYP-PNCT
‘I almost fell.’ (but I didn't)
(27)
konige latsi ekugu katsogo apiholü uheke
konige
latsi
ekugu
katsogo
aPI-ho-lü
u-heke
yesterday
almost
INTS
dog
hurt-HYP-PNCT
1-ERG
‘Yesterday I almost hurt a/the dog.’ (but I didn't)
(28)
isünkgügoteha ihüsoho ünkgüngalü tühitsetiale tinahulunale gehale
is-ünkgü-gote=ha
i-hüsoho
ünkgü-nga-lü
tü-hitse-ti-ale
3-sleep-TEMP1=TOP
3-mother.in.law
sleep-HAB-PNCT
REFL-fart-VBLZ-SIMLT
t-inahuluN-ale
gehale
REFL-snore-SIMLT
also
‘When he was sleeping, his mother-in-law always slept farting and also snoring.’
(29)
kangamuke gele uãke uatai ekege he-lü uheke takiko
kangamuke
gele
uãke
u-atai
ekege
child
still
EV.PST
1-TEMP2
jaguar
he-lü
uheke
takeko
kill-PNCT
1-ERG
two
‘When I was still a child, I killed two jaguars.’
(30)
Context: the speaker explains why it is not acceptable to count beyond the number 20, using the toes on another person’s foot.
angínaha telo tapügü ipolü iheke inhalü leha etuhupolüi
angí=naha
telo
tapü-gü
i-po-lü
i-heke
EM.if=EM
other
foot-POSS
take-HYP-PNCT
3-ERG
‘If he takes the foot of another person.’
inhalü
leha
et-uhu-po-lü-i
NEG1
COMPL
3.DTR-know-HYP-PNCT-COP
‘It is not clear.’
(31a)
aitsükütiha ukatsũdagü ĩde
(31b)
aitsükütsüha ĩde akatsũdagü
aitsükü=tiha
u-katsuN-tagü
ĩde
aitsükü=tsüha
ĩde
a-katsũN-tagü
much=CR1
1-work-DUR
here
much=CR2
here
2-work-DUR
‘I'm working really a lot here.’
‘You are working a lot here.’(the speaker listened to comments)
Table 3
Types of construction for non-CFs and CFs in Kuikuro.
Non-CF
(32)
Leijalu heke ẽbuta ilisote ãde/kogetsi aminga tsüha leha inhanguingo
Leijalu
heke
ẽbuta
ili-sote
ãde/kogetsi
Leijalu
ERG
medicine
drink-TEMP1
today/tomorrow
aminga
tsüha
leha
inh-angu-ingo
other.day
CR2
COMPL
3-dance-FUT
‘If Leijalu takes medicine today/tomorrow, she will be able to dance the next day.’
CF
(33a)
Leijalu heke naha ẽbuta ilisote konige, ãde leha inhangumbolü
Leijalu
heke
naha
ẽbuta
ili-sote
konige
Leijalu
ERG
EM
medicine
drink-TEMP1
yesterday
ãde
leha
inh-anguN-po-lü
today
COMPL
3-dance-HYP-PNCT
‘If Leijalu had taken medicine yesterday, today she would dance.’(I know she didn't, as you also know)
(33b)
Leijalu heke naha ẽbuta ilisote konige ãde tsüha leha inhangumbolü
Leijalu
heke
naha
ẽbuta
ili-sote
konige
Leijalu
ERG
EM
medicine
drink-TEMP1
yesterday
ãde
tsüha
leha
inh-anguN-po-lü
today
CR2
COMPL
3-dance-HYP-PNCT
‘If Leijalu had taken medicine yesterday, today she would dance.’(I don't know if she took it or not)
(33c)
Leijalu heke ẽbuta ilisote naha uãke hekite tsüha leha ipopügü
Leijalu
heke
ẽbuta
ili-sote
naha
uãke
Leijalu
ERG
medicine
drink-TEMP1
EM
EV.PST
hekite
tsüha
leha
i-po-pügü
good
CR2
COMPL
3-HYP-PRF
‘If Leijalu had taken medicine time ago, she would have been fine.’ (I think that she didn't)
Non-CF
(34)
kogetsi naha etegote ehüluinha hiuna leha etĩbelüingo kogetsingopenginhe
kogetsi
naha
e-te-gote
e-hülu-inha
tomorrow
EM
2-go-TEMP1
2-walk-DAT2
hiu-na
leha
e-tĩbe-lü-ingo
kogetsi-ngo-PE-nginhe
Rio-ALL
COMPL
2-arrive-PNCT-FUT
tomorrow-NMLZ-NTM-ABL
‘If you travel tomorrow, you will arrive in Rio the day after tomorrow.’
CF
(35)
aminga naha tegiküi atai konige leha tetĩbe ipopügü
aminga
naha
t-egiküí
atai
konige
leha
t-etĩbé
i-po-pügü
other.day
EM
ANA-travel.PTCP
TEMP2
yesterday
COMPL
ANA-arrive.PTCP
be-HYP-PRF
‘If he had traveled the day before yesterday, he would have arrived yesterday.’
(36)
kuigiku ilisote uheke hekite ekuleha uünkgülüingo
11
kuigiku
ili-sote
u-heke
hekite
eku=leha
u-ünkgü-lü-ingo
kuigiku
drink-TEMP1
1-ERG
well
INTS=COMPL
1-sleep-PNCT-FUT
‘When/if I take kuigiku today, I will sleep well.’
(37)
atanga hetegoteha eheke telope hanümingo leha uheke
atanga
he-te-gote=ha
e-heke
telo-pe
ha-nümingo
leha
u-heke
flute
break-TEMP1=TOP
2-ERG
other-NTM
make-PNCT.FUT
COMPL
1-ERG
‘When/if you break the flute, I’ll make another one for you.’
(38)
anetü ügünũdoteha hüatiko ingenümingo tuhugu leha kupehe
anetü
ügünuN-tote=ha
hüati-ko
inge-nümingo
tuhugu
leha
kupehe
chief
be.sick-TEMP1=TOP
shaman-PL
call-PNCT.FUT
PL
COMPL
2.ERG
‘If the chief gets sick, we'll call all the shamans.’
(39)
kuigiku ilitela leha uatai ãde hesinhüi leha uünkgülüingo
kuigiku
ili-te-la
leha
u-atai
ãde
hesinhü-i
leha
u-ünkgü-lü-ingo
kuigiku
drink-NMLZ-PRIV
COMPL
1-TEMP2
today
bad-COP
COMPL
1-sleep-PNCT-FUT
‘If I don't take kuigiku today, I will sleep badly.’
(40)
[ahukugu helüingo] naha eheke ukotuingo leha
ahukugu
he-lü-ingo
naha
e-heke
u-ko-tuN-ingo
leha
pot
break-PNCT-FUT
EM
2-ERG
1-rage-VBLZ-FUT
COMPL
‘If you break the pot, I will be angry.’ (I'm afraid you will break the pot)
(41)
[tegipanetila] naha einhümingo inhalü tsüma ilainha atahehijü uhunümingo eheke
t-eg-ipane-ti-la
naha
e-i-nhümingo
inhalü
tsüma
ANA-2.DTR-accustom-PTCP-PRIV
EM
2-be-FUT
NEG1
EM
ilainha
at-ahehi-jü
uhu-nümingo
e-heke
D.DIR
DTR-trace-PNCT
know-FUT.NEG
2-ERG
‘If you don't study, you won't write.’ (I'm not so sure that you will dedicate yourself to study)
(42)
[engapaha isinümingo isitote] naha tügekuili leha tisinhümingo
engapaha
is-i-nümingo
is-i-tote
naha
may.be
3-come-PNCT.FUT
3-be-TEMP1
EM
tü-gekuili
leha
tis-i-nhümingo
ANA-be.happy.PTCP
COMPL
1.3-be-PNCT.FUT
‘I don't know if he will come, (but) if he comes, we will be happy.’
(43)
konige kongoho ngingilü atai uge apa ipolü gele üngá
konige
kongoho
ngingi-lü
atai
uge
yesterday
rain
rain-PNCT
TEMP2
1.D
apa
i-po-lü
gele
üngá
father
be-HYP-PNCT
still
home.INE2
‘If it had rained yesterday, my father would have stayed at home.’
(44)
(From the narrative ĩbe opogipügü, ‘the appearing (origin) of the pequi tree’)12
nügü ataiha egei iheke
nügü
atai=ha
ege-i
i-heke
(speak).PNCT
TEMP1=TOP
DDIST-COP
3-ERG
‘If (pequi) had spoken to him (Taũgi).’
ihü pekugiti ihisü ipogagü
ihü
pekugiti
i-hi-sü
i-po-gagü
body
full
3-fruit-POSS
be-HYP-DUR
‘In the full body/trunk its fruits would have remained.’
Ĩbe hisü ipogagü
ĩbe
hi-sü
i-po-gagü
pequi
fruit-POSS
be-HYP-DUR
‘The pequi fruits would have remained.’
ĩkungu pekugiti ihisü ipogagü
ĩkungu
pekugiti
i-hi-sü
i-po-gagü
arm
full
3-fruit-POSS
be-HYP-DUR
‘In its full arms / branches would have remained.’
(45)
uge amape apüngu leha ege isuã tapünginhüpei atai ige isuã ülegote umukugu ingiholü iheke
13
uge
ama-pe
apünguN
leha
ege
isuã
1.D
mother-NTM
die.PNCT
COMPL
DDIST
dry.season
t-apüngi-nhü-PE-i
atai
ige
isuã
üle-gote
ANA-die.PTCP-NANMLZ-NTM-COP
TEMP2
DPROX
dry.season
LOG-TEMP1
u-muku-gu
ingi-ho-lü
i-heke
1-son-POSS
see-HYP-PNCT
3-ERG
‘My mother died last year; if she had died this year, then she would have met my son.’
(46)
tüihetinhüi uãke uatai ege isuã ãde ekuguha kaküngi kuiginhu ipopügü ungipi
tü-ihe-ti-nhü-i
uãke
u-atai
ege
isuã
ãde
ANA-plant-PTCP-NANMLZ-COP
EV.PST
1-TEMP2
DDIST
dry.season
now
ekugu=ha
kaküngi
kuiginhu
i-po-pügü
u-ngipi
INTS=TOP
many
manioc.flour
be-HYP-PRF
1-have
‘If I had planted manioc last year, now I would have a lot of manioc flour.’
(47)
tankginhüi uatai alemanhate uipolü leha alemaĩ uitaginhũbolü leha alemaũ
t-ankgi-nhü-i
u-atai
Alemanha-te
u-i-po-lü
leha
ANA-nascer-NANMLZ-COP
1-TEMP2
Germany-INE1
1-be-HYP-PNCT
COMPL
alemã-i
u-itaginhuN-po-lü
leha
alemaũ
German-COP
1-speak-VBLZ-HYP-PNCT
COMPL
German
‘If it had been born in Germany, I would be German and I would speak German.’
(48)
konige hungu kohotsi kuigiku ilinhi uatai hekite uünkgüholü
konige
hungu
kohotsi
kuigiku
ili-nhi
u-atai
yesterday
SIM1
evening
kuigiku
drink-ANMLZ
1-TEMP2
hekite
u-ünkgü-ho-lü
well
1-sleep-HYP-PNCT
‘If yesterday afternoon I had kuigiku, I would have slept well.’
(49)
(Context: A claims to have seen Bruna on the way to the bathing place; B replies)
tuãka naha tütenhüi atai inhalüha ege ima eteholüi
tuã-ka
naha
tü-te-nhü-i
atai
water-AQU.INE
EM
ANA-go-NANMLZ-COP
TEMP2
inhalü=ha
ege
ima
e-te-ho-lü-i
NEG1=TOP
DDIST
path
3-go-HYP-PNCT-COP
‘If she was going to bathe, she wouldn't be walking that way.’
(50)
kagaiha atai naha tapakĩbüngü ina ngiholo geleha kupopügüko ãde
kagaiha
atai
naha
t-apaki-mbüngü
ina
White
TEMP2
EM
ANA-appear.PTCP-NMLZ
here.ALL
ngiholo
gele=ha
ku-po-pügü-ko
ãde
ancestor
still=TOP
2-HYP-PRF-PL
now
‘If White people hadn’t arrived here, we would still be today (like) the ancestors.’
(51)
Ahinhuka atai naha kagahina tũdinhi kinhani kagaiha leha ãde kupopügüko
Ahinhuka
atai
naha
kagahina
tuN-tinhi
k-inha-ni
Ahinhuka
TEMP2
EM
carbine
give-ANMLZ
2-DAT1-PL
kagaiha
leha
ãde
ku-po-pügü-ko
White
COMPL
now
2-HYP-PRF-PL
‘If Ahinhuka had given carbine to kuge14, today we would be (like) the White people.’
(52)
tühepãdĩbüngü naha katamini kagutu ikihopügü leha konige giti elü hata
tü-hepaN-ti-mbüngü
naha
k-atamini
kagutu
iki-ho-pügü
ANA-be.mourning-PTCP-NMLZ
EM
1.2-TEMP2.PL
kagutu
play-HYP-PRF
leha
konige
giti
e-lü
hata
COMPL
yersterday
sun
kill-PNCT
TEMP3
‘If we weren't in mourning, the kagutu flutes would have played yesterday in the eclipse of the sun.’
(53)
ngikogo heke naha eholü ehüngüngü heke leha ueholü
ngikogo
heke
naha
e-ho-lü
e-hüngüngü
heke
leha
u-e-ho-lü
wild.indian
ERG
EM
2-HYP-PNCT
2-nostalgia
ERG
COMPL
1-kill-HYP-PNCT
‘If a wild Indian would kill you, I would miss you (lit. missing you would kill me).’
(54)
umugu heke naha Kuikuro akisü uhupolü aake leha itaginhũbolü
u-mu-gu
heke
naha
Kuikuro
aki-sü
uhu-po-lü
1-filho-POSS
ERG
EM
kuikuro
word-POSS
know-HYP-PNCT
a-ake
leha
itagi-nhuN-po-lü
2-COM
COMPL
speech-VBLZ-HYP-PNCT
‘If my son knew the Kuikuro language, he would talk to you.’ (my son doesn't know)
(55)
Bruna heke naha ahῖtsa ikenipolü inegetumbolü leha üngá tinhügü heke ünga
Bruna
heke
naha
ahῖtsa
ikeni-po-lü
inege-tuN-po-lü
Bruna
ERG
EM
ghost
believe-HYP-PNCT
fear-VBLZ-HYP-PNCT
leha
t-i-nhügü
heke
üngá
COMPL
ANA-be-PNCT
PRSP
house.INE2
‘If Bruna believed in ghosts, she would be afraid to stay home.’ (she doesn't believe in ghosts)
(56)
kapehe naha uipolü egena leha hügeku tüiholü uheke kapehe
kapehe
naha
u-i-po-lü
ege-na
leha
hügeku
high
EM
1-be-HYP-PNCT
DDIST-ALL
COMPL
headdress
tüi-ho-lü
u-heke
kapehe
put-HYP-PNCT
1-ERG
high
‘If I were tall, I would put the headdress up there.’ (I'm not tall)
Non-CF
(57)
enaha eteholü eügünũbolü leha
enaha
e-te-ho-lü
e-ügü-nuN-po-lü
leha
EM.if
2-go-HYP-PNCT
2-sick-VBLZ-HYP-PNCT
COMPL
‘If you go, you can get sick.’
(58)
enaha ahakiholü kohotsi inhalü leha eteholüi kuigi ãdati
enaha
ahaki-ho-lü
kohotsi
inhalü
EM.if
awake-HYP.PNCT
evening
NEG1
leha
e-te-ho-lü-i
kuigi
ãdati
COMPL
2-ir-HYP-COP
manioc
garden.ALL
‘If you wake up late, you will not be able to go to the manioc garden.’
CF
(59)
enaha itüholü iheke inkgugipolü leha iheke
enaha
itü-ho-lü
i-heke
inkgugi-po-lü
leha
i-heke
EM.if
answer-HYP-PNCT
3-ERG
deceive-HYP-PNCT
COMPL
3-ERG
‘If he had answered, he would have deceived him.’
1
1st person
DDIST
distal deictic
2
2nd person
DPROX
proximate deictic
3
3rd person
DTR
detransitivizer
1.2
1st person dual inclusive
DUR
durative
1.2.ERG
1st person dual inclusive ergative
EM
epistemic
1.3
1st person plural exclusive
EM.if
hypothetical epistemic
1.D
1st person deictic
EMPH
emphatic
3.PROX
3rd person proximal
ERG
ergative heke
3.DIST
3rd person distal
EV.PST
evidential, distant past
ABL
ablative
FR
frustrative
ALL
allative
FUT
future
ANA
anaphoric
HAB
habitual
ANMLZ
agent nominalizer
HYP
hypothetical (mood)
AQU.INE
inessive into a liquid substance
INE1
inessive
COM
comitative
INE2
inessive (inside a container)
COMPL
completive (aspectual particle)
INTS
intensifier
COP
copula
INT
interrogative
CNTR
contrastive
ITJ
interjection
CR1
epistemic of strong certainty (tiha)
LOG
logophoric
CR2
epistemic of weak certainty (tsüha)
NANMLZ
non-agent nominalizer
DAT1
benefactive
NMLZ
nominalizer
DAT2
positive goal
NEG1
negation (inhalü)
D.DIR
directional deictic
NTM
nominal tense marker
O
object
REFL
reflexive
PL
plural
SIM1
alike (hungu)
PNCT
punctual (aspect)
SIMLT
simultaneous
POSS
possessive
TEMPI
temporal -tote
PRF
perfect
TEMP2
temporal atai
PRSP
perspective heke
TEMP3
temporal hata
PRIV
privative
TOP
topic
PTCP
participle
VBLZ
verbalizer